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- Publisher
- Springer Journals
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2002 by Nature Publishing Group
- Subject
- Life Sciences; Life Sciences, general; Cell Biology; Cancer Research; Developmental Biology; Stem Cells; Biochemistry, general
- ISSN
- 1471-0072
- eISSN
- 1471-0080
- DOI
- 10.1038/nrm949
- Publisher site
- See Article on Publisher Site
Abstract
The Escherichia coli clamp loader, γ-complex, loads the ring-shaped β-clamp onto DNA in an ATP driven reaction in which the clamp is cracked open, brought to a primed site and closed around the DNA. AAA+ (ATPases associated with a variety of cellular activities) proteins are involved in many different aspects of DNA metabolism. The γ- and δ′-subunits of the γ-complex are AAA+ proteins and so are clamp-loader subunits from eukaryotes, archaea and T4 bacteriophage. The recent crystal structure of the γ3δδ′-assembly, an active clamp loader, indicates that the clamp loader is a pentameric ring. A striking feature of this assembly is the location of ATP sites at the interfaces of the subunits. Clamp loaders from eukaryotes, archaea and T4 bacteriophage share similarities to the E. coli γ-complex and models similar to that of of the E. coli γ-complex can be made for each of these clamp loaders. Many other replication proteins are AAA+ proteins, including the replication initiation proteins, DnaA, the origin recognition complex (ORC), Mcm2–7, Cdc6 and DnaC. The similarities between the γ-complex subunits and other AAA+ proteins that are involved in replication initiation, lead to a model for the function of the replication-initiation proteins based on γ-complex structural and biochemical data.
Journal
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology – Springer Journals
Published: Nov 1, 2002