Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
Long Jin, Bartolome Burguera, Marta Couce, Bernd Scheithauer, Jesse Lamsan, Norman Eberhardt, E. Kulig, Ricardo Lloyd (1999)
Leptin and leptin receptor expression in normal and neoplastic human pituitary: evidence of a regulatory role for leptin on pituitary cell proliferation.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 84 8
P. Trayhurn (2005)
The biology of obesity, 64
M. Bokarewa, D. Bokarew, O. Hultgren, A. Tarkowski (2003)
Leptin consumption in the inflamed joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritisAnnals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 62
M. Otero, R. Lago, F. Lago, F. Casanueva, C. Diéguez, J. Gómez-Reino, O. Gualillo (2005)
Leptin, from fat to inflammation: old questions and new insightsFEBS Letters, 579
P. Härle, Georg Pongratz, C. Weidler, R. Büttner, J. Schölmerich, R. Straub (2004)
Possible role of leptin in hypoandrogenicity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritisAnnals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 63
Christian Bjørbæk, K. El-Haschimi, J. Frantz, J. Flier (1999)
The Role of SOCS-3 in Leptin Signaling and Leptin Resistance*The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274
Gwo-Hwa Lee, Gwo-Hwa Lee, Proenca Ricardo, Proenca Ricardo, J. Montez, K. Carroll, J. Darvishzadeh, Jinwon Lee, J. Friedman, J. Friedman (1996)
Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic miceNature, 379
I. Farooqi, G. Matarese, Graham Lord, J. Keogh, E. Lawrence, Chizo Agwu, V. Sanna, S. Jebb, F. Perna, S. Fontana, R. Lechler, A. DePaoli, S. O’Rahilly (2002)
Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency.The Journal of clinical investigation, 110 8
G. Fantuzzi, J. Sennello, A. Batra, I. Fedke, H. Lehr, M. Zeitz, B. Siegmund (2005)
Defining the role of T cell‐derived leptin in the modulation of hepatic or intestinal inflammation in miceClinical & Experimental Immunology, 142
H. Fei, H. Okano, C. Li, G. Lee, C. Zhao, R. Darnell, J. Friedman (1997)
Anatomic localization of alternatively spliced leptin receptors (Ob-R) in mouse brain and other tissues.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94 13
(1999)
J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84
J. Howard, Graham Lord, G. Matarese, S. Vendetti, M. Ghatei, M. Ritter, R. Lechler, S. Bloom (1999)
Leptin protects mice from starvation-induced lymphoid atrophy and increases thymic cellularity in ob/ob mice.The Journal of clinical investigation, 104 8
R. Faggioni, K. Feingold, C. Grunfeld (2001)
Leptin regulation of the immune response and the immunodeficiency of malnutrition 1The FASEB Journal, 15
E. Fliers, F. Kreier, P. Voshol, L. Havekes, H. Sauerwein, A. Kalsbeek, R. Buijs, J. Romijn (2003)
White Adipose Tissue: Getting NervousJournal of Neuroendocrinology, 15
Graham Lord, G. Matarese, J. Howard, R. Baker, S. Bloom, R. Lechler (1998)
Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppressionNature, 394
M. Kimura, S. Tanaka, F. Isoda, K. Sekigawa, T. Yamakawa, H. Sekihara (1998)
T lymphopenia in obese diabetic (db/db) mice is non-selective and thymus independent.Life sciences, 62 14
F. Caldefie-Chézet, A. Poulin, Arlette Tridon, B. Sion, M. Vasson (2001)
Leptin: a potential regulator of polymorphonuclear neutrophil bactericidal action?Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 69
P. Sarraf, R. Frederich, E. Turner, Grace Ma, N. Jaskowiak, D. Rivet, J. Flier, B. Lowell, D. Fraker, H. Alexander (1997)
Multiple Cytokines and Acute Inflammation Raise Mouse Leptin Levels: Potential Role in Inflammatory AnorexiaThe Journal of Experimental Medicine, 185
Víctor Sánchez-Margalet, Consuelo Martín-Romero (2001)
Human leptin signaling in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: activation of the JAK-STAT pathway.Cellular immunology, 211 1
Z. Tian, R. Sun, Haiming Wei, B. Gao (2002)
Impaired natural killer (NK) cell activity in leptin receptor deficient mice: leptin as a critical regulator in NK cell development and activation.Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 298 3
M. Ozata, I. Ozdemir, J. Licinio (1999)
Human leptin deficiency caused by a missense mutation: multiple endocrine defects, decreased sympathetic tone, and immune system dysfunction indicate new targets for leptin action, greater central than peripheral resistance to the effects of leptin, and spontaneous correction of leptin-mediated defeThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 84 10
R. Faggioni, G. Fantuzzi, C. Gabay, A. Moser, C. Dinarello, K. Feingold, C. Grunfeld (1999)
Leptin deficiency enhances sensitivity to endotoxin-induced lethality.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 276 1
M. Otero, R. Lago, F. Lago, J. Reino, O. Gualillo (2005)
Signalling pathway involved in nitric oxide synthase type II activation in chondrocytes: synergistic effect of leptin with interleukin-1Arthritis Research & Therapy, 7
G. Raso, M. Pacilio, E. Esposito, Anna Coppola, R. Carlo, R. Meli (2002)
Leptin potentiates IFN‐γ‐induced expression of nitric oxide synthase and cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 in murine macrophage J774A.1British Journal of Pharmacology, 137
D. Fraser, J. Thoen, J. Reseland, Ø. Førre, J. Kjeldsen-Kragh (1999)
Decreased CD4+ Lymphocyte Activation and Increased Interleukin-4 Production in Peripheral Blood of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients After Acute StarvationClinical Rheumatology, 18
M. Heiman, R. Ahima, Libbey Craft, B. Schoner, T. Stephens, J. Flier (1997)
Leptin inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in response to stress.Endocrinology, 138 9
S. Kamohara, R. Burcelin, J. Halaas, J. Friedman, M. Charron (1997)
Acute stimulation of glucose metabolism in mice by leptin treatmentNature, 389
F. Buttgereit, Gerd-Rüdiger Burmester, Martin Brand (2000)
Bioenergetics of immune functions: fundamental and therapeutic aspects.Immunology today, 21 4
G. Feng (2006)
Shp2 as a therapeutic target for leptin resistance and obesityExpert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 10
Hui Zhang, Sudhesh Kumar, A. Barnett, M. Eggo (2000)
Tumour necrosis factor-α exerts dual effects on human adipose leptin synthesis and releaseMolecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 159
M. Otero, J. Reino, O. Gualillo (2003)
Synergistic induction of nitric oxide synthase type II: in vitro effect of leptin and interferon-gamma in human chondrocytes and ATDC5 chondrogenic cells.Arthritis and rheumatism, 48 2
B. Siegmund, J. Sennello, J. Jones-Carson, F. Gamboni‐Robertson, H. Lehr, A. Batra, I. Fedke, M. Zeitz, G. Fantuzzi (2004)
Leptin receptor expression on T lymphocytes modulates chronic intestinal inflammation in miceGut, 53
(1997)
Glucocorticoids as counterregulatory hormones of leptin: toward an understanding of leptin resistanceDiabetes, 46
(1997)
Endocrinology, 138
F. Peelman, K. Beneden, L. Zabeau, H. Iserentant, Peter Ulrichts, Delphine Defeau, A. Verhee, Dominiek Catteeuw, D. Elewaut, J. Tavernier (2004)
Mapping of the Leptin Binding Sites and Design of a Leptin Antagonist*Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279
A. Garcia-Gonzalez, L. Gonzalez-Lopez, I. Valera-Gonzalez, E. Cardona-Muñoz, M. Salazar-Páramo, M. González-Ortiz, E. Martínez-Abundis, J. Gámez-Nava (2002)
Serum leptin levels in women with systemic lupus erythematosusRheumatology International, 22
A. Cava, G. Matarese (2004)
The weight of leptin in immunityNature Reviews Immunology, 4
G. Matarese, A. Giacomo, V. Sanna, Graham Lord, J. Howard, A. Tuoro, S. Bloom, R. Lechler, S. Zappacosta, S. Fontana (2001)
Requirement for Leptin in the Induction and Progression of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis1The Journal of Immunology, 166
D. Good (2000)
How Tight Are Your Genes? Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulation of the Leptin Receptor, NPY, and POMC GenesHormones and Behavior, 37
L. Williams, Laura Bradley, Alexandra Smith, B. Foxwell (2004)
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Is the Dominant Mediator of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of IL-10 in Human MacrophagesThe Journal of Immunology, 172
Heike Münzberg, M. Björnholm, S. Bates, M. Myers (2005)
Leptin receptor action and mechanisms of leptin resistanceCellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 62
R. Ceddia, W. William, F. Lima, P. Flandin, R. Curi, J. Giacobino (2000)
Leptin stimulates uncoupling protein-2 mRNA expression and Krebs cycle activity and inhibits lipid synthesis in isolated rat white adipocytes.European journal of biochemistry, 267 19
F. Caldefie-Chézet, A. Poulin, M. Vasson (2003)
Leptin Regulates Functional Capacities of Polymorphonuclear NeutrophilsFree Radical Research, 37
H. Zarkesh-Esfahani, G. Pockley, R. Metcalfe, M. Bidlingmaier, Zida Wu, A. Ajami, A. Weetman, C. Strasburger, R. Ross (2001)
High-Dose Leptin Activates Human Leukocytes Via Receptor Expression on Monocytes1The Journal of Immunology, 167
R. Imrich (2002)
The role of neuroendocrine system in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases (minireview).Endocrine regulations, 36 2
D. White, L. Tartaglia (1996)
Leptin and OB-R: body weight regulation by a cytokine receptor.Cytokine & growth factor reviews, 7 4
G. Frühbeck (2006)
Intracellular signalling pathways activated by leptin.The Biochemical journal, 393 Pt 1
G. Matarese, S. Moschos, C. Mantzoros (2005)
Leptin in Immunology1The Journal of Immunology, 174
W. Blum, P. Englaro, Sigrid Hanitsch, A. Juul, N. Hertel, Jørn Müller, N. Skakkebæk, M. Heiman, M. Birkett, A. Attanasio, W. Kiess, W. Rascher (1997)
Plasma leptin levels in healthy children and adolescents: dependence on body mass index, body fat mass, gender, pubertal stage, and testosterone.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 82 9
N. Ghilardi, Sandra Ziegler, A. Wiestner, R. Stoffel, M. Heim, R. Skoda (1996)
Defective STAT signaling by the leptin receptor in diabetic mice.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93 13
A. Teichtahl, A. Wluka, J. Proietto, F. Cicuttini (2005)
Obesity and the female sex, risk factors for knee osteoarthritis that may be attributable to systemic or local leptin biosynthesis and its cellular effects.Medical hypotheses, 65 2
V. Dixit, M. Mielenz, D. Taub, N. Parvizi (2003)
Leptin induces growth hormone secretion from peripheral blood mononuclear cells via a protein kinase C- and nitric oxide-dependent mechanism.Endocrinology, 144 12
J. Chan, K. Heist, A. DePaoli, J. Veldhuis, C. Mantzoros (2003)
The role of falling leptin levels in the neuroendocrine and metabolic adaptation to short-term starvation in healthy men.The Journal of clinical investigation, 111 9
M. Heek, D. Compton, C. France, R. Tedesco, A. Fawzi, Michael Graziano, E. Sybertz, C. Strader, H. Davis (1997)
Diet-induced obese mice develop peripheral, but not central, resistance to leptin.The Journal of clinical investigation, 99 3
R. Ahima, D. Prabakaran, C. Mantzoros, D. Qu, B. Lowell, E. Maratos-Flier, J. Flier (1996)
Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fastingNature, 382
M. Otero, R. Lago, R. Gómez, F. Lago, C. Diéguez, J. Gómez-Reino, O. Gualillo (2006)
Changes in plasma levels of fat-derived hormones adiponectin, leptin, resistin and visfatin in patients with rheumatoid arthritisAnnals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 65
O. Gualillo, S. Eiras, F. Lago, C. Diéguez, F. Casanueva (2000)
Elevated serum leptin concentrations induced by experimental acute inflammation.Life sciences, 67 20
Alexander Banks, Sarah Davis, S. Bates, M. Myers (2000)
Activation of Downstream Signals by the Long Form of the Leptin Receptor*The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275
A. Tuzun, A. Uygun, Z. Yeşilova, A. Ozel, A. Erdil, H. Yaman, S. Bağcı, M. Gulsen, N. Karaeren, K. Dağalp (2004)
Leptin levels in the acute stage of ulcerative colitisJournal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 19
C. Popa, M. Netea, T. Radstake, P. Riel, P. Barrera, J. Meer (2005)
Markers of inflammation are negatively correlated with serum leptin in rheumatoid arthritisAnnals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 64
N. Busso, A. So, V. Chobaz-Péclat, C. Morard, E. Martínez-Soria, D. Talabot‐Ayer, C. Gabay (2002)
Leptin Signaling Deficiency Impairs Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses and Attenuates Experimental Arthritis1The Journal of Immunology, 168
M. Lõhmus, Michael Olin, L. Sundström, M. Troedsson, T. Molitor, M. Halawani (2004)
Leptin increases T-cell immune response in birds.General and comparative endocrinology, 139 3
H. Dumond, N. Presle, B. Terlain, D. Mainard, D. Loeuille, P. Netter, P. Pottie (2003)
Evidence for a key role of leptin in osteoarthritis.Arthritis and rheumatism, 48 11
V. Sanna, A. Giacomo, A. Cava, R. Lechler, S. Fontana, S. Zappacosta, G. Matarese (2003)
Leptin surge precedes onset of autoimmune encephalomyelitis and correlates with development of pathogenic T cell responses.The Journal of clinical investigation, 111 2
M. Goldring (2000)
The role of the chondrocyte in osteoarthritis.Arthritis and rheumatism, 43 9
O. Gualillo, S. Eiras, D. White, C. Diéguez, F. Casanueva (2002)
Leptin promotes the tyrosine phosphorylation of SHC proteins and SHC association with GRB2Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 190
Maryse Barbier, C. Cherbut, A. Aubé, H. Blottière, J. Galmiche (1998)
Elevated plasma leptin concentrations in early stages of experimental intestinal inflammation in ratsGut, 43
M. Wabitsch, Per Jensen, W. Blum, C. Christoffersen, P. Englaro, E. Heinze, W. Rascher, W. Teller, H. Tornqvist, H. Hauner (1996)
Insulin and Cortisol Promote Leptin Production in Cultured Human Fat CellsDiabetes, 45
Piet Vos, R. Saladin, J. Auwerx, B. Staels (1995)
Induction of ob Gene Expression by Corticosteroids Is Accompanied by Body Weight Loss and Reduced Food Intake (*)The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270
Christian Bjørbæk, J. Elmquist, J. Frantz, S. Shoelson, J. Flier (1998)
Identification of SOCS-3 as a potential mediator of central leptin resistance.Molecular cell, 1 4
J. Rüter, Torsten Hoffmann, H. Demuth, P. Moschansky, B. Klapp, Martin Hildebrandt (2004)
Evidence for an interaction between leptin, T cell costimulatory antigens CD28, CTLA-4 and CD26 (dipeptidyl peptidase IV) in BCG-induced immune responses of leptin- and leptin receptor-deficient mice, 385
M. Kruse, S. Bornstein, K. Uhlmann, G. Paeth, W. Scherbaum (1998)
Leptin down-regulates the steroid producing system in the adrenal.Endocrine research, 24 3-4
(1999)
Leptin and Leptin Receptor Expression in Normal and Neoplastic Human Pituitary: Evidence of a Regulatory Role for Leptin on Pituitary Cell ProliferationJ Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84
(1996)
Insulin and cortisol promote leptin production in cultured human fat cellsDiabetes, 45
K. Zakrzewska, I. Cusin, A. Sainsbury, F. Rohner-Jeanrenaud, B. Jeanrenaud (1997)
Glucocorticoids as Counterregulatory Hormones of Leptin: Toward an Understanding of Leptin ResistanceDiabetes, 46
P. Mancuso, C. Canetti, Andrew Gottschalk, P. Tithof, M. Peters-Golden (2004)
Leptin augments alveolar macrophage leukotriene synthesis by increasing phospholipase activity and enhancing group IVC iPLA2 (cPLA2gamma) protein expression.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology, 287 3
G. Matarese, V. Sanna, R. Lechler, N. Sarvetnick, S. Fontana, S. Zappacosta, A. Cava (2002)
Leptin accelerates autoimmune diabetes in female NOD mice.Diabetes, 51 5
(2001)
J Leukoc Biol, 69
P. Cammisotto, Y. Gélinas, Y. Deshaies, L. Bukowiecki (2005)
Regulation of leptin secretion from white adipocytes by insulin, glycolytic substrates, and amino acids.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 289 1
Y. Figenschau, G. Knutsen, Suzan Shahazeydi, O. Johansen, B. Sveinbjørnsson (2001)
Human articular chondrocytes express functional leptin receptors.Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 287 1
G. Boden, Xinhua Chen, J. Kolaczynski, M. Polansky (1997)
Effects of prolonged hyperinsulinemia on serum leptin in normal human subjects.The Journal of clinical investigation, 100 5
G. Matarese, P. Carrieri, A. Cava, F. Perna, V. Sanna, V. Rosa, Daniela Aufiero, S. Fontana, S. Zappacosta (2005)
Leptin increase in multiple sclerosis associates with reduced number of CD4(+)CD25+ regulatory T cells.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102 14
L. Tartaglia, M. Dembski, Xun Weng, N. Deng, J. Culpepper, R. Devos, G. Richards, L. Campfield, F. Clark, J. Deeds, C. Muir, Sean Sanker, A. Moriarty, K. Moore, J. Smutko, Gail Mays, Elizabeth Wool, Cheryl Monroe, R. Tepper (1995)
Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-RCell, 83
Yiying Zhang, R. Proenca, M. Maffei, M. Barone, L. Leopold, J. Friedman (1994)
Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologueNature, 372
Faming Zhang, Yanyun Chen, M. Heiman, R. DiMarchi (2005)
Leptin: structure, function and biology.Vitamins and hormones, 71
(2000)
LeptinAnnu Rev Physiol, 62
M. Goldring, F. Berenbaum (2004)
The regulation of chondrocyte function by proinflammatory mediators: prostaglandins and nitric oxide.Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 427 Suppl
(2002)
Endocr Regul, 36
Leptin is a 16 kDa adipocyte-secreted hormone that regulates weight centrally and links nutritional status with neuroendocrine and immune function. Since its cloning in 1994, leptin's role in regulating immune and inflammatory response has become increasingly evident. Actually, the increase of leptin production that occurs during infection and inflammation strongly suggests that leptin is a part of the cytokines loop which governs the inflammatory-immune response and the host defence mechanism. Indeed, leptin stimulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines from cultured monocytes and enhances the production of Th1 type cytokines from stimulated lymphocytes. Several studies have implicated leptin in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory conditions such as type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and chronic bowel disease. Obesity is characterized by elevated circulating leptin levels which might contribute significantly to the so called low-grade systemic inflammation, making obese individuals more susceptible to the increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes or inflammatory articular degenerative disease such as osteorathritis (OA). As a matter of fact, a key role for leptin in OA has been recently demonstrated since leptin exhibits, in synergy with other pro-inflammatory cytokines, a detrimental effect on articular cartilage cells by promoting nitric oxide synthesis. This review will focus prevalently on the complex relationships existing among leptin, inflammatory response and immunity, trying to provide surprising insights into leptin's role and to discuss challenges and prospects for the future.
Rheumatology – Oxford University Press
Published: Aug 1, 2006
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.