Get 20M+ Full-Text Papers For Less Than $1.50/day. Start a 7-Day Trial for You or Your Team.

Learn More →

Large formamidinium lead trihalide perovskite solar cells using chemical vapor deposition with high reproducibility and tunable chlorine concentrations

Large formamidinium lead trihalide perovskite solar cells using chemical vapor deposition with... The world uses ∼12.5 terawatt of energy and approximately 80% of it comes from fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and gas.1 Due to the rapidly declining costs of silicon solar cell production, the cost of photovoltaic electricity has reached parity with grid energy in many parts of the world.2 Solar energy production should now be viewed as cost-competitive, in addition to having a carbon footprint an order of magnitude lower than fossil fuel technologies.1 The field of organometal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is rapidly growing,3 and low-temperature processing and low-cost materials promise to further reduce the cost per watt. PSCs have demonstrated up to 20.2% efficiency,4 which is competitive with commercial silicon solar cells, and have demonstrated solar areas up to 100 cm2 with 4.3% efficiency.5 PSCs have been fabricated by a variety of methods such as spin coating,6,7 vapor assisted solution process,8 blade coating,9 slot die,10 dual-source vapor deposition,11 hybrid deposition,12 chemical vapor deposition (CVD),13 spray coating,14etc. Some of these, like spin-coating, may be difficult to scale up, while CVD is used for a wide variety of industrial processes.15,16 Perovskite materials have the general formula of ABX3 and a wide variety of PSCs have been reported. Typically, the A component is methyl ammonium or formamidinium. B is a metal, such as lead or tin, and X is a halide, typically chlorine, iodine, or bromine. This work shows that formamidinium iodide (FAI)-based perovskite is a promising alternative to the widely studied methylammonium-based perovskite for solar cell applications. Solar cells typically need to operate under high temperature conditions, and FAI perovskite's improved temperature stability will facilitate a longer lifetime.17 Furthermore, the smaller energy band gap of ∼1.5 eV of FAI solar cells has a broader absorption band and potentially better performance. The current record PSC uses FAI containing perovskite.4 To date, almost all solar cells made with FAI have been prepared using a solution process.17–28 CVD offers an inexpensive way to scale-up PSCs because it is amenable to batch-processing. In addition to a higher throughput, batch processing can improve sample-to-sample uniformity. The self-limiting nature of perovskite formation by CVD improves batch-to-batch reproducibility. Furthermore, because perovskite growth is performed at temperatures commonly used for annealing, no additional annealing step is required, which improves reproducibility and reduces equipment requirements. This work is the first demonstration of fabrication of FAI-based PSCs using CVD that are stable even after 155 days, with efficiencies as high as 14.2%. Solar cells with areas as large as 1 cm2 provide efficiencies reaching 7.7%. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Journal of Materials Chemistry A Royal Society of Chemistry

Large formamidinium lead trihalide perovskite solar cells using chemical vapor deposition with high reproducibility and tunable chlorine concentrations

Leyden, Matthew R.; Lee, Michael V.; Raga, Sonia R.; Qi, Yabing
Royal Society of Chemistry — Jul 29, 2015
Download PDF
7 pages

Loading next page...
 
/lp/royal-society-of-chemistry/large-formamidinium-lead-trihalide-perovskite-solar-cells-using-oC9DkneJr8

References (30)

Datasource
Royal Society of Chemistry
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

The world uses ∼12.5 terawatt of energy and approximately 80% of it comes from fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and gas.1 Due to the rapidly declining costs of silicon solar cell production, the cost of photovoltaic electricity has reached parity with grid energy in many parts of the world.2 Solar energy production should now be viewed as cost-competitive, in addition to having a carbon footprint an order of magnitude lower than fossil fuel technologies.1 The field of organometal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is rapidly growing,3 and low-temperature processing and low-cost materials promise to further reduce the cost per watt. PSCs have demonstrated up to 20.2% efficiency,4 which is competitive with commercial silicon solar cells, and have demonstrated solar areas up to 100 cm2 with 4.3% efficiency.5 PSCs have been fabricated by a variety of methods such as spin coating,6,7 vapor assisted solution process,8 blade coating,9 slot die,10 dual-source vapor deposition,11 hybrid deposition,12 chemical vapor deposition (CVD),13 spray coating,14etc. Some of these, like spin-coating, may be difficult to scale up, while CVD is used for a wide variety of industrial processes.15,16 Perovskite materials have the general formula of ABX3 and a wide variety of PSCs have been reported. Typically, the A component is methyl ammonium or formamidinium. B is a metal, such as lead or tin, and X is a halide, typically chlorine, iodine, or bromine. This work shows that formamidinium iodide (FAI)-based perovskite is a promising alternative to the widely studied methylammonium-based perovskite for solar cell applications. Solar cells typically need to operate under high temperature conditions, and FAI perovskite's improved temperature stability will facilitate a longer lifetime.17 Furthermore, the smaller energy band gap of ∼1.5 eV of FAI solar cells has a broader absorption band and potentially better performance. The current record PSC uses FAI containing perovskite.4 To date, almost all solar cells made with FAI have been prepared using a solution process.17–28 CVD offers an inexpensive way to scale-up PSCs because it is amenable to batch-processing. In addition to a higher throughput, batch processing can improve sample-to-sample uniformity. The self-limiting nature of perovskite formation by CVD improves batch-to-batch reproducibility. Furthermore, because perovskite growth is performed at temperatures commonly used for annealing, no additional annealing step is required, which improves reproducibility and reduces equipment requirements. This work is the first demonstration of fabrication of FAI-based PSCs using CVD that are stable even after 155 days, with efficiencies as high as 14.2%. Solar cells with areas as large as 1 cm2 provide efficiencies reaching 7.7%.

Journal

Journal of Materials Chemistry A – Royal Society of Chemistry

Published: Jul 29, 2015

There are no references for this article.