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- Publisher
- American Psychological Association
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2011 American Psychological Association
- ISSN
- 1942-9681
- eISSN
- 1942-969X
- DOI
- 10.1037/a0025911
- Publisher site
- See Article on Publisher Site
Abstract
The paper describes the development of the Race-Based Traumatic Stress Symptom Scale (RBTSSS), a measure designed to assess the psychological and emotional stress reactions to racism and racial discrimination. Scale items were derived from existing measures of race-related stress and models of trauma, and were tested on a 330 racially heterogeneous (e.g., Blacks, White, Asian, and Hispanic) adult sample. Exploratory Factor Analyses with oblique rotations revealed a 52-item measure consisting of seven scales; Depression, Anger, Physical Reactions, Avoidance, Intrusion, Hypervigilance/Arousal, and Low Self-Esteem. The findings are consistent with symptom clusters associated with the conceptual model of race-based traumatic stress. The RBTSSS adds a tool to counseling assessment by providing mental health professionals a way to assess the emotional reactions of racism and racial discrimination. Implications for counseling and future research are discussed.
Journal
Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy – American Psychological Association
Published: Jan 5, 2013