Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
Loading next page...
/lp/springer-journals/discrimination-and-racial-disparities-in-health-evidence-and-needed-aSOdFj7BCl
References (264)
-
Arthur Goldsmith, Darrick Hamilton, W. Darity (2007)
From Dark to Light: Skin Color and Wages Among African-AmericansThe Journal of Human Resources, XLII
-
R Clark (2006)
Interactive but not direct effects of perceived racism and trait anger predict resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure in black adolescents. Health Psychology?Sep;(5).Related ArticlesLinkOut, 25
-
D. Brotman, S. Golden, I. Wittstein (2007)
The cardiovascular toll of stressThe Lancet, 370
-
G. Gee, Michael Spencer, Juan Chen, D. Takeuchi (2007)
A nationwide study of discrimination and chronic health conditions among Asian Americans.American journal of public health, 97 7
-
CH Arce (1987)
19Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9
-
J. Brook, D. Brook, E. Balka, G. Rosenberg (2006)
Predictors of Rebellious Behavior in ChildhoodJournal of Addictive Diseases, 25
-
L. Pearlin, Scott Schieman, E. Fazio, Stephen Meersman (2005)
Stress, Health, and the Life Course: Some Conceptual Perspectives∗Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46
-
Y. Paradies (2005)
Anti‐Racism and Indigenous AustraliansAnalyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 5
-
B. Major, Cheryl Kaiser, Laurie O’Brien, S. Mccoy (2007)
Perceived discrimination as worldview threat or worldview confirmation: implications for self-esteem.Journal of personality and social psychology, 92 6
-
S. Davis, Yong Liu, Rakale Quarells, Rebecca Din-Dzietharn (2005)
Stress-related racial discrimination and hypertension likelihood in a population-based sample of African Americans: the Metro Atlanta Heart Disease Study.Ethnicity & disease, 15 4
-
F. Gibbons, H. Yeh, M. Gerrard, M. Cleveland, C. Cutrona, R. Simons, G. Brody (2007)
Early experience with racial discrimination and conduct disorder as predictors of subsequent drug use: a critical period hypothesis.Drug and alcohol dependence, 88 Suppl 1
-
C. Arce, E. Murguía, W. Frisbie (1987)
Phenotype and Life Chances Among ChicanosHispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9
-
J. Taylor, B. Jackson (1990)
Factors affecting alcohol comsumption in black women. IISubstance Use & Misuse, 25
-
D Acevedo-Garcia (2008)
321Health Affairs, 27
-
R Schulz, SR Beach (1999)
Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: The caregiver heal effects studyJournal of the American Medical Association, 282
-
David Williams, C. Collins (2001)
Racial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in HealthPublic Health Reports, 116
-
R. Clark (2006)
Perceived racism and vascular reactivity in black college women: moderating effects of seeking social support.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 25 1
-
C. Hoyo, K. Yarnall, C. Skinner, P. Moorman, D. Sellers, L. Reid (2005)
Pain predicts non-adherence to pap smear screening among middle-aged African American women.Preventive medicine, 41 2
-
Şenel Poyrazlı, Marcos López (2007)
An Exploratory Study of Perceived Discrimination and Homesickness: A Comparison of International Students and American StudentsThe Journal of Psychology, 141
-
G. Miller, Cheryl Travers (2005)
Ethnicity and the experience of work: Job stress and satisfaction of minority ethnic teachers in the UKInternational Review of Psychiatry, 17
-
V. Mays, S. Cochran, Namdi Barnes (2007)
Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans.Annual review of psychology, 58
-
DS Lauderdale (2006)
Birth outcomes for Arabic-named women in California before and after September 11Demography, 43
-
G. Stevens, W. Vollebergh, T. Pels, A. Crijnen (2005)
Predicting externalizing problems in Moroccan immigrant adolescents in the NetherlandsSocial Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40
-
G. Gee, J. Delva, D. Takeuchi (2007)
Relationships between self-reported unfair treatment and prescription medication use, illicit drug use, and alcohol dependence among Filipino Americans.American journal of public health, 97 5
-
Karin Pantzer, L. Rajmil, C. Tebé, F. Codina, V. Serra-Sutton, M. Ferrer, U. Ravens-Sieberer, M. Siméoni, J. Alonso (2006)
Health related quality of life in immigrants and native school aged adolescents in SpainJournal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60
-
J. Locher, C. Ritchie, D. Roth, P. Baker, Eric Bodner, R. Allman (2005)
Social isolation, support, and capital and nutritional risk in an older sample: ethnic and gender differences.Social science & medicine, 60 4
-
T. Taylor, Carla Williams, K. Makambi, C. Mouton, J. Harrell, Y. Cozier, J. Palmer, L. Rosenberg, L. Adams-Campbell (2007)
Racial discrimination and breast cancer incidence in US Black women: the Black Women's Health Study.American journal of epidemiology, 166 1
-
Andrew Baum, Lorenzo Cohen, Martica Hall (1993)
Control and intrusive memories as possible determinants of chronic stress.Psychosomatic Medicine, 55
-
J. Kaufman, R. Cooper, D. McGee (1997)
Socioeconomic Status and Health in Blacks and Whites: The Problem of Residual Confounding and the Resiliency of RaceEpidemiology, 8
-
David Williams, Yan Yu, J. Jackson, N. Anderson (1997)
Racial Differences in Physical and Mental HealthJournal of Health Psychology, 2
-
N. Schaeffer, S. Presser (2003)
The Science of Asking QuestionsReview of Sociology, 29
-
David Williams, C. Collins (1995)
Us socioeconomic and racial differences in health: patterns and explanationsReview of Sociology, 21
-
Brian Zamboni, I. Crawford (2007)
Minority Stress and Sexual Problems among African-American Gay and Bisexual MenArchives of Sexual Behavior, 36
-
A. Harvey, R. Bryant (2002)
Acute stress disorder: a synthesis and critique.Psychological bulletin, 128 6
-
A. Crouter, Kelly Davis, K. Updegraff, Melissa Delgado, Melissa Fortner (2006)
Mexican American Fathers' Occupational Conditions: Links to Family Members' Psychological Adjustment.Journal of marriage and the family, 68 4
-
Y. Jang, Giyeon Kim, D. Chiriboga (2005)
Health, Healthcare Utilization, and Satisfaction with Service: Barriers and Facilitators for Older Korean AmericansJournal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53
-
David Williams (1997)
Race and health: basic questions, emerging directions.Annals of epidemiology, 7 5
-
A. Camm, M. Malik, J. Bigger, G. Breithardt, S. Cerutti, R. Cohen, P. Coumel, E. Fallen, H. Kennedy, R. Kleiger, F. Lombardi, A. Malliani, A. Moss, J. Rottman, G. Schmidt, P. Schwartz, D. Singer (1996)
Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology.Circulation, 93 5
-
T. Pettigrew (1965)
A Profile of the Negro American -
F. Terrell, Aletha Miller, Kenneth Foster, C. Watkins (2006)
Racial discrimination-induced anger and alcohol use among black adolescents.Adolescence, 41 163
-
Jerome Taylor, D. Henderson, B. Jackson (1991)
A holistic model for understanding and predicting depressive symptoms in african-american womenJournal of Community Psychology, 19
-
J. Malat, M. Hamilton (2006)
Preference for Same-Race Health Care Providers and Perceptions of Interpersonal Discrimination in Health Care∗Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47
-
E. Brondolo, Nisha Brady, S. Thompson, J. Tobin, Andrea Cassells, M. Sweeney, Delano McFarlane, Richard Contrada (2008)
PERCEIVED RACISM AND NEGATIVE AFFECT: ANALYSES OF TRAIT AND STATE MEASURES OF AFFECT IN A COMMUNITY SAMPLE.Journal of social and clinical psychology, 27 2
-
R. Clark, N. Anderson, V. Clark, David Williams (1999)
Racism as a stressor for African Americans. A biopsychosocial model.The American psychologist, 54 10
-
M. Bazargan, Keith Norris, S. Bazargan-Hejazi, Lutful Akhanjee, J. Calderón, S. Safvati, R. Baker (2005)
Alternative healthcare use in the under-served population.Ethnicity & disease, 15 4
-
G. Gee, Michael Spencer, Juan Chen, T. Yip, D. Takeuchi (2007)
The association between self-reported racial discrimination and 12-month DSM-IV mental disorders among Asian Americans nationwide.Social science & medicine, 64 10
-
M. Heart, L. Debruyn (1998)
The American Indian Holocaust: healing historical unresolved grief.American Indian and Alaska native mental health research : journal of the National Center, 8 2
-
E. Wadsworth, K. Dhillon, Christina Shaw, K. Bhui, S. Stansfeld, Andrew Smith (2006)
Racial discrimination, ethnicity and work stress.Occupational medicine, 57 1
-
J. Brook, N. Morojele, D. Brook, Chenshu Zhang, M. Whiteman, D. Brook (2006)
Personal, interpersonal, and cultural predictors of stages of cigarette smoking among adolescents in Johannesburg, South AfricaTobacco Control, 15
-
A. Dougall, Karrie Craig, A. Baum (1999)
Assessment of characteristics of intrusive thoughts and their impact on distress among victims of traumatic events.Psychosomatic medicine, 61 1
-
E. Brondolo, Daniel Libby, Ellen-Ge Denton, S. Thompson, Danielle Beatty, J. Schwartz, M. Sweeney, J. Tobin, Andrea Cassells, T. Pickering, W. Gerin (2008)
Racism and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in a Community SamplePsychosomatic Medicine, 70
-
M. Bhattacharyya, A. Steptoe (2007)
Emotional triggers of acute coronary syndromes: strength of evidence, biological processes, and clinical implications.Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 49 5
-
Ricci Harris, M. Tobias, M. Jeffreys, Kiri Waldegrave, S. Karlsen, J. Nazroo (2006)
Effects of self-reported racial discrimination and deprivation on Māori health and inequalities in New Zealand: cross-sectional studyThe Lancet, 367
-
J. Piette, K. Bibbins-Domingo, D. Schillinger (2006)
Health care discrimination, processes of care, and diabetes patients' health status.Patient education and counseling, 60 1
-
Archives of Suicide Research -
B. Dohrenwend (2006)
Inventorying stressful life events as risk factors for psychopathology: Toward resolution of the problem of intracategory variability.Psychological bulletin, 132 3
-
KH Banks (2006)
555Community Mental Health, 42
-
R. Yehuda, R. Bryant, C. Marmar, J. Zohar (2005)
Pathological Responses to TerrorismNeuropsychopharmacology, 30
-
S. Lepore, T. Revenson, S. Weinberger, P. Weston, P. Frisina, Rommel Robertson, Minerva Portillo, Hollie Jones, W. Cross (2006)
Effects of social stressors on cardiovascular reactivity in black and white womenAnnals of Behavioral Medicine, 31
-
B. Smedley, Adrienne Stith, A. Nelson (2003)
Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care.Journal of The National Medical Association, 94
-
T. Seeman, E. Crimmins, Mei-hua Huang, B. Singer, A. Bucur, T. Gruenewald, L. Berkman, D. Reuben (2004)
Cumulative biological risk and socio-economic differences in mortality: MacArthur studies of successful aging.Social science & medicine, 58 10
-
R. Schulz, S. Beach (1999)
Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: the Caregiver Health Effects Study.JAMA, 282 23
-
R. Carter (2007)
Racism and Psychological and Emotional InjuryThe Counseling Psychologist, 35
-
L. Whitbeck, Gary Adams, D. Hoyt, Xiaojin Chen (2004)
Conceptualizing and Measuring Historical Trauma Among American Indian PeopleAmerican Journal of Community Psychology, 33
-
R. Peters, Ramona Benkert, E. Dinardo, T. Templin (2007)
Assessing Quality of Care for African Americans with HypertensionJournal For Healthcare Quality, 29
-
H. Landrine, E. Klonoff (1996)
The Schedule of Racist Events: A Measure of Racial Discrimination and a Study of Its Negative Physical and Mental Health ConsequencesJournal of Black Psychology, 22
-
A. Schulz, C. Gravlee, David Williams, B. Israel, G. Mentz, Z. Rowe (2006)
Discrimination, symptoms of depression, and self-rated health among african american women in detroit: results from a longitudinal analysis.American journal of public health, 96 7
-
L. Sheridan (2006)
Islamophobia Pre– and Post–September 11th, 2001Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21
-
Yoonsun Choi, Tracy Harachi, M. Gillmore, R. Catalano (2006)
Are multiracial adolescents at greater risk? Comparisons of rates, patterns, and correlates of substance use and violence between monoracial and multiracial adolescents.The American journal of orthopsychiatry, 76 1
-
E. Brondolo, S. Thompson, Nisha Brady, R. Appel, Andrea Cassells, J. Tobin, M. Sweeney (2005)
The relationship of racism to appraisals and coping in a community sample.Ethnicity & disease, 15 4 Suppl 5
-
E. Crimmins, J. Kim, D. Alley, A. Karlamangla, T. Seeman (2007)
Hispanic paradox in biological risk profiles.American journal of public health, 97 7
-
D. Spini, Richard Contrada, R. Ashmore (2001)
Self, Social Identity and Physical Health: Interdisciplinary Explorations.Swiss Journal of Psychology, 60
-
R. Simons, L. Simons, Callie Burt, Holli Drummund, Eric Stewart, G. Brody, F. Gibbons, C. Cutrona (2006)
Supportive Parenting Moderates the Effect of Discrimination upon Anger, Hostile View of Relationships, and Violence among African American Boys∗Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47
-
J. Salvatore, N. Shelton (2007)
Cognitive Costs of Exposure to Racial PrejudicePsychological Science, 18
-
S. Kalichman, L. Simbayi, A. Kagee, Y. Toefy, S. Jooste, Demetria Cain, Chauncey Cherry (2006)
Associations of poverty, substance use, and HIV transmission risk behaviors in three South African communities.Social science & medicine, 62 7
-
E. Epel, Jue Lin, F. Wilhelm, O. Wolkowitz, R. Cawthon, N. Adler, C. Dolbier, W. Mendes, E. Blackburn (2006)
Cell aging in relation to stress arousal and cardiovascular disease risk factorsPsychoneuroendocrinology, 31
-
W. Veling, J. Selten, E. Susser, W. Laan, J. Mackenbach, H. Hoek (2007)
Discrimination and the incidence of psychotic disorders among ethnic minorities in The Netherlands.International journal of epidemiology, 36 4
-
E. Brondolo, R. Rieppi, K. Kelly, W. Gerin (2003)
Perceived racism and blood pressure: A review of the literature and conceptual and methodological critiqueAnnals of Behavioral Medicine, 25
-
K. King (2005)
Why is discrimination stressful? The mediating role of cognitive appraisal.Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology, 11 3
-
David Williams, M. Spencer, J. Jackson, Richard Contrada, R. Ashmore (1999)
Race, stress, and physical health: The role of group identity. -
N. Sohler, Xuan Li, C. Cunningham (2007)
Perceived Discrimination among Severely Disadvantaged People with HIV InfectionPublic Health Reports, 122
-
S. Casagrande, T. Gary, T. Laveist, D. Gaskin, L. Cooper (2007)
Perceived Discrimination and Adherence to Medical Care in a Racially Integrated CommunityJournal of General Internal Medicine, 22
-
D Acevedo-Garcia (2003)
215American Journal of Public Health, 93
-
N. Pole, Suzanne Best, T. Metzler, C. Marmar (2005)
Why are hispanics at greater risk for PTSD?Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology, 11 2
-
V. Kraus, Yael Koresh (1992)
THE COURSE OF RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION: Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Suburbanization in IsraelSociological Quarterly, 33
-
R. Stam (2007)
PTSD and stress sensitisation: A tale of brain and body Part 1: Human studiesNeuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 31
-
RC Kessler, S Galea, MJ Gruber, NA Sampson, RJ Ursano, S Wessely (2008)
Trends in mental illness and suicidality after Hurricane KatrinaJournal of Molecular Psychiatry, 13
-
David Williams, H. Neighbors (2001)
Racism, discrimination and hypertension: evidence and needed research.Ethnicity & disease, 11 4
-
Anna Khaylis, L. Waelde, E. Bruce (2007)
The Role of Ethnic Identity in the Relationship of Race-Related Stress to PTSD Symptoms Among Young AdultsJournal of Trauma & Dissociation, 8
-
(2004)
Racism and Health Closing the Gap: Improving the Health of Minority Elders in the New Millenium -
T. Lewis, Susan Everson‐Rose, L. Powell, K. Matthews, Charlotte Brown, K. Karavolos, K. Sutton-Tyrrell, Elizabeth Jacobs, Deidre Wesley (2006)
Chronic Exposure to Everyday Discrimination and Coronary Artery Calcification in African-American Women: The SWAN Heart StudyPsychosomatic Medicine, 68
-
M. Young, J. Stuber, J. Ahern, S. Galea (2005)
Interpersonal Discrimination and the Health of Illicit Drug UsersThe American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 31
-
H. Charlesworth (1893)
WomenThe Hospital, 15
-
M. Heart (2003)
The historical trauma response among natives and its relationship with substance abuse: a Lakota illustration.Journal of psychoactive drugs, 35 1
-
Amy Dailey, S. Kasl, T. Holford, B. Jones (2007)
Perceived racial discrimination and nonadherence to screening mammography guidelines: results from the race differences in the screening mammography process study.American journal of epidemiology, 165 11
-
Ronald Kessler, K. Mickelson, David Williams (1999)
The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States.Journal of health and social behavior, 40 3
-
Jerome Taylor, B. Jackson (1991)
Evaluation of a Holistic Model of Mental Health Symptoms in African American WomenJournal of Black Psychology, 18
-
H. Schuman, C. Steeh, Lawrence Bobo, M. Krysan (1997)
Racial attitudes in America: Trends and interpretations, Rev. ed. -
Melissa Greene, N. Way, K. Pahl (2006)
Trajectories of perceived adult and peer discrimination among Black, Latino, and Asian American adolescents: patterns and psychological correlates.Developmental psychology, 42 2
-
D Brook, J Brook, E Balka, G Rosenberg (2006)
Predictors of rebellious behavior in childhood parental drug use, peers, school environment, and child personalityJournal of addictive disorders, 25
-
Sheldon Cohen, R. Kessler, L. Gordon (1995)
Strategies for measuring stress in studies of psychiatric and physical disorders. -
JM Jones (1997)
Prejudice and racism -
K. Ackerman, R. Heyman, B. Rabin, B. Anderson, P. Houck, E. Frank, A. Baum (2002)
Stressful Life Events Precede Exacerbations of Multiple SclerosisPsychosomatic Medicine, 64
-
Tony Brown, David Williams, J. Jackson, H. Neighbors, M. Torres, Sherrill Sellers, Kendrick Brown (2000)
Being Black and Feeling Blue: The Mental Health Consequences of Racial DiscriminationRace and Society, 2
-
Y. Cozier, J. Palmer, N. Horton, L. Fredman, L. Wise, L. Rosenberg (2006)
Racial discrimination and the incidence of hypertension in US black women.Annals of epidemiology, 16 9
-
Camara Jones (2000)
Levels of racism: a theoretic framework and a gardener's tale.American journal of public health, 90 8
-
M. Krysan, M. Couper (2003)
Race in the Live and the Virtual Interview: Racial Deference, Social Desirability, and Activation Effects in Attitude SurveysSocial Psychology Quarterly, 66
-
M. Lindström (2008)
Social capital, anticipated ethnic discrimination and self-reported psychological health: a population-based study.Social science & medicine, 66 1
-
C. Houtven, C. Voils, E. Oddone, K. Weinfurt, Joëlle Friedman, K. Schulman, H. Bosworth (2005)
Perceived discrimination and reported delay of pharmacy prescriptions and medical testsJournal of General Internal Medicine, 20
-
E. Chambers, E. Tull, H. Fraser, Nyasha Mutunhu, Natasha Sobers, Elisa Niles (2004)
The relationship of internalized racism to body fat distribution and insulin resistance among African adolescent youth.Journal of the National Medical Association, 96 12
-
E. Kubany, S. Haynes, M. Leisen, J. Owens, A. Kaplan, S. Watson, K. Burns (2000)
Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire.Psychological assessment, 12 2
-
C. DiMaggio, S. Galea, L. Richardson (2007)
Emergency department visits for behavioral and mental health care after a terrorist attack.Annals of emergency medicine, 50 3
-
A. Umaña‐Taylor, K. Updegraff (2007)
Latino adolescents' mental health: exploring the interrelations among discrimination, ethnic identity, cultural orientation, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms.Journal of adolescence, 30 4
-
Marcellus Merritt, G. Bennett, Redford Williams, C. Edwards, J. Sollers (2006)
Perceived racism and cardiovascular reactivity and recovery to personally relevant stress.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 25 3
-
Sheldon Cohen, R. Kessler, L. Gordon (1995)
Measuring stress: A guide for health and social scientists. -
A. Green, D. Carney, D. Pallin, L. Ngo, Kristal Raymond, L. Iezzoni, M. Banaji (2007)
Implicit Bias among Physicians and its Prediction of Thrombolysis Decisions for Black and White PatientsJournal of General Internal Medicine, 22
-
David Williams (2005)
The Health of U.S. Racial and Ethnic Populations.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences, 60 Special_Issue_2
-
Sheldon Cohen, Denise Janicki-Deverts, G. Miller (2007)
Psychological stress and disease.JAMA, 298 14
-
M. Virtanen, A. Singh‐Manoux, J. Ferrie, D. Gimeno, M. Marmot, M. Elovainio, M. Jokela, J. Vahtera, M. Kivimäki (2009)
The Whitehall II Study -
S. Lepore, G. Evans, M. Palsane (1991)
Social hassles and psychological health in the context of chronic crowding.Journal of health and social behavior, 32 4
-
N. Krieger (1990)
Racial and gender discrimination: risk factors for high blood pressure?Social science & medicine, 30 12
-
S. Tull, T. Wickramasuriya, Jerome Taylor, V. Smith-Burns, M. Brown, G. Champagnie, K. Daye, K. Donaldson, N. Solomon, S. Walker, H. Fraser, Jordan Ow (1999)
Relationship of internalized racism to abdominal obesity and blood pressure in Afro-Caribbean women.Journal of the National Medical Association, 91 8
-
M. Ryn (2002)
Research on the provider contribution to race/ethnicity disparities in medical care.Medical Care, 40
-
N. Kressin, Kristal Raymond, M. Manze (2008)
Perceptions of Race/Ethnicity-Based Discrimination: A Review of Measures and Evaluation of Their Usefulness for the Health Care SettingJournal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 19
-
J Taylor, D Henderson, BB Jackson (1991)
A holistic model for understanding and predicting depression in African American womenJournal of Community Psychology, 19
-
John Gomez, S. Trierweiler (2001)
Does Discrimination Terminology Create Response Bias in Questionnaire Studies of Discrimination?Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27
-
K. Yoder, L. Whitbeck, D. Hoyt, T. LaFromboise (2006)
Suicidal Ideation Among American Indian YouthsArchives of Suicide Research, 10
-
Cinnamon Stetler, E. Chen, G. Miller (2006)
Written disclosure of experiences with racial discrimination and antibody response to an influenza vaccineInternational Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 13
-
RA Bryant (2003)
Early predictors of posttraumatic stress disorderSociety of Biological Psychiatry, 53
-
A. Sujoldžić, Lana Peternel, Tarik Kulenović, R. Terzić (2006)
Social determinants of health--a comparative study of Bosnian adolescents in different cultural contexts.Collegium antropologicum, 30 4
-
Ramona Benkert, R. Peters, R. Clark, Kathryn Keves-Foster (2006)
Effects of perceived racism, cultural mistrust and trust in providers on satisfaction with care.Journal of the National Medical Association, 98 9
-
G Tabibnia, AB Satpute, MD Lieberman (2008)
The sunny side of fairness: Preference for fairness activates reward circuitry (and disregarding unfairness activates self-control circuitry)Psychological Science, 19
-
D. Acevedo-Garcia, K. Lochner, T. Osypuk, S. Subramanian (2003)
Future directions in residential segregation and health research: a multilevel approach.American journal of public health, 93 2
-
RM Blank, M Dabady, CF Citro (2004)
Measuring racial discrimination -
A. Vines, D. Baird, J. Stevens, I. Hertz-Picciotto, K. Light, M. Mcneilly (2007)
Associations of abdominal fat with perceived racism and passive emotional responses to racism in African American women.American journal of public health, 97 3
-
Ameena Ahmed, S. Mohammed, David Williams (2007)
Racial discrimination & health: pathways & evidence.The Indian journal of medical research, 126 4
-
G. Stevens, W. Vollebergh, T. Pels, A. Crijnen (2005)
Predicting internalizing problems in Moroccan immigrant adolescents in the NetherlandsSocial Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40
-
A. Banks, K. Dracup (2006)
Factors associated with prolonged prehospital delay of African Americans with acute myocardial infarction.American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, 15 2
-
Alex Pieterse, R. Carter (2007)
An examination of the relationship between general life stress, racism-related stress, and psychological health among black men.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54
-
M. Guyll, K. Matthews, J. Bromberger (2001)
Discrimination and unfair treatment: relationship to cardiovascular reactivity among African American and European American women.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 20 5
-
David Williams, P. Jackson (2005)
Social sources of racial disparities in health.Health affairs, 24 2
-
(2006)
Black women’s health: The effect of perceived racism and intimate partner violence -
K. Thomas, W. Bardwell, S. Ancoli-Israel, J. Dimsdale (2006)
The toll of ethnic discrimination on sleep architecture and fatigue.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 25 5
-
Charlotte Brown, K. Matthews, J. Bromberger, Yue-Cune Chang (2006)
The relation between perceived unfair treatment and blood pressure in a racially/ethnically diverse sample of women.American journal of epidemiology, 164 3
-
A. Schulz, David Williams, B. Israel, L. Lempert (2002)
Racial and spatial relations as fundamental determinants of health in Detroit.The Milbank quarterly, 80 4
-
(1998)
Direct measures of poverty as indicators of economic need: Evidence from the survey of income and program participation -
AD Banks (2006)
149American Journal of Critical Care, 15
-
Calpurnyia Roberts, A. Vines, J. Kaufman, S. James (2007)
Cross-sectional association between perceived discrimination and hypertension in African-American men and women: the Pitt County Study.American journal of epidemiology, 167 5
-
K. Bhui, S. Stansfeld, K. McKenzie, S. Karlsen, J. Nazroo, S. Weich (2005)
Racial/ethnic discrimination and common mental disorders among workers: findings from the EMPIRIC Study of Ethnic Minority Groups in the United Kingdom.American journal of public health, 95 3
-
Dina Birman, E. Trickett, Rebecca Buchanan (2005)
A Tale of Two Cities: Replication of a Study on the Acculturation and Adaptation of Immigrant Adolescents From the Former Soviet Union in a Different Community ContextAmerican Journal of Community Psychology, 35
-
N. Krieger (1999)
Embodying Inequality: A Review of Concepts, Measures, and Methods for Studying Health Consequences of DiscriminationInternational Journal of Health Services, 29
-
David Williams, H. Neighbors, J. Jackson (2003)
Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies.American journal of public health, 93 2
-
KD Ackerman (2002)
916Psychosomatic Medicine, 64
-
B. Lam (2007)
Impact of perceived racial discrimination and collective self-esteem on psychological distress among Vietnamese-American college students: sense of coherence as mediator.The American journal of orthopsychiatry, 77 3
-
J. Ferrie, J. Head, M. Shipley, J. Vahtera, M. Marmot, M. Kivimäki (2006)
Injustice at work and incidence of psychiatric morbidity: the Whitehall II studyOccupational and Environmental Medicine, 63
-
A. Harvey, R. Bryant (2000)
Memory for acute stress disorder symptoms: a two-year prospective study.The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 188 9
-
R. Bryant (2003)
Early predictors of posttraumatic stress disorderBiological Psychiatry, 53
-
K. Banks, Laura Kohn-Wood, Michael Spencer (2006)
An Examination of the African American Experience of Everyday Discrimination and Symptoms of Psychological DistressCommunity Mental Health Journal, 42
-
M. Beiser, F. Hou (2006)
Ethnic identity, resettlement stress and depressive affect among Southeast Asian refugees in Canada.Social science & medicine, 63 1
-
A. Larson, M. Gillies, P. Howard, J. Coffin (2007)
It's enough to make you sick: the impact of racism on the health of Aboriginal AustraliansAustralian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 31
-
J Wagner, G Abbott (2007)
Depression and depression care in diabetes: Relationship to perceived discrimination in African AmericansDiabetes Care, 30
-
L. Borrell, C. Kiefe, David Williams, A. Diez-Roux, P. Gordon-Larsen (2006)
Self-reported health, perceived racial discrimination, and skin color in African Americans in the CARDIA study.Social science & medicine, 63 6
-
P. Steffen, M. Bowden (2006)
Sleep disturbance mediates the relationship between perceived racism and depressive symptoms.Ethnicity & disease, 16 1
-
N. Krieger, Kevin Smith, D. Naishadham, Cathy Hartman, E. Barbeau (2005)
Experiences of discrimination: validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health.Social science & medicine, 61 7
-
M. Mcneilly, Norman Anderson, Cheryl Armstead, Rodney Clark, Marcella Corbett, Elwood Robinson, Carl Pieper, Eva Lepisto (1996)
The perceived racism scale: a multidimensional assessment of the experience of white racism among African Americans.Ethnicity & disease, 6 1-2
-
L. Dyrbye, Matthew Thomas, Anne Eacker, William Harper, F. Massie, D. Power, M. Huschka, P. Novotny, J. Sloan, T. Shanafelt (2007)
Race, ethnicity, and medical student well-being in the United States.Archives of internal medicine, 167 19
-
R. Clark (2006)
Interactive but not direct effects of perceived racism and trait anger predict resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure in black adolescents.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 25 5
-
D. Carr, M. Friedman (2005)
Is Obesity Stigmatizing? Body Weight, Perceived Discrimination, and Psychological Well-Being in the United States∗Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46
-
R. Broudy, E. Brondolo, V. Coakley, Nisha Brady, Andrea Cassells, J. Tobin, M. Sweeney (2007)
Perceived Ethnic Discrimination in Relation to Daily Moods and Negative Social InteractionsJournal of Behavioral Medicine, 30
-
Frederick Chen, G. Fryer, R. Phillips, E. Wilson, D. Pathman (2005)
Patients’ Beliefs About Racism, Preferences for Physician Race, and Satisfaction With CareThe Annals of Family Medicine, 3
-
R. T. Carter (2007)
Racism and psychological and emotional injury: recognizing and assessing race-based traumatic stressThe Counseling Psychiatrist, 35
-
J. Brosschot, W. Gerin, J. Thayer (2006)
The perseverative cognition hypothesis: a review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health.Journal of psychosomatic research, 60 2
-
DR Williams (2004)
Closing the Gap: Improving the Health of Minority Elders in the New Millenium -
K. Siefert, T. Finlayson, David Williams, J. Delva, A. Ismail (2007)
Modifiable risk and protective factors for depressive symptoms in low-income African American mothers.The American journal of orthopsychiatry, 77 1
-
S. Wyatt, David Williams, R. Calvin, F. Henderson, Evelyn Walker, Karen Winters (2003)
Racism and Cardiovascular Disease in African Americans: Evidence and Implications for the Jackson Heart Study.The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 325
-
C. Steele (1997)
A threat in the air. How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance.The American psychologist, 52 6
-
(2009)
J Behav Med -
M. Fix, R. Struyk (1993)
Clear and Convincing Evidence: Measurement of Discrimination in America -
D. Acevedo-Garcia, T. Osypuk, Nancy McArdle, David Williams (2008)
Toward a policy-relevant analysis of geographic and racial/ethnic disparities in child health.Health affairs, 27 2
-
A. Fowler-Brown, Evan Ashkin, G. Corbie-Smith, Samruddhi Thaker, D. Pathman (2006)
Perception of Racial Barriers to Health Care in the Rural SouthJournal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 17
-
K. Matthews, K. Salomon, K. Kenyon, Fan Zhou (2005)
Unfair treatment, discrimination, and ambulatory blood pressure in black and white adolescents.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 24 3
-
E. Bonilla-Silva (1997)
RETHINKING RACISM: TOWARD A STRUCTURAL INTERPRETATION *American Sociological Review, 62
-
David Williams, H. González, Stacey Williams, S. Mohammed, H. Moomal, Dan Stein (2008)
Perceived discrimination, race and health in South Africa.Social science & medicine, 67 3
-
E. Tull, M. Cort, E. Gwebu, Keratiloe Gwebu (2007)
Internalized racism is associated with elevated fasting glucose in a sample of adult women but not men in Zimbabwe.Ethnicity & disease, 17 4
-
Hsiang-Ching Kung, D. Hoyert, Jiaquan Xu, S. Murphy (2008)
Deaths: final data for 2005.National vital statistics reports : from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, 56 10
-
S. Utsey, J. Hook (2007)
Heart rate variability as a physiological moderator of the relationship between race-related stress and psychological distress in African Americans.Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology, 13 3
-
Jerome Taylor, B. Jackson (1990)
Factors affecting alcohol consumption in black women. Part II.The International journal of the addictions, 25 12
-
E. Montgomery, A. Foldspang (2007)
Discrimination, mental problems and social adaptation in young refugees.European journal of public health, 18 2
-
R. Din-Dzietham, W. Nembhard, R. Collins, S. Davis (2004)
Perceived stress following race-based discrimination at work is associated with hypertension in African-Americans. The metro Atlanta heart disease study, 1999-2001.Social science & medicine, 58 3
-
DR Williams, C Collins (1995)
U.S. socioeconomic and racial differences in health: Patterns and explanationsAnnual Review of Sociology, 21
-
S. Wamala, G. Boström, K. Nyqvist (2007)
Perceived discrimination and psychological distress in SwedenBritish Journal of Psychiatry, 190
-
T. Forman (2003)
The social psychological costs of racial segmentation in the workplace: a study of African Americans' well-being.Journal of health and social behavior, 44 3
-
L. Borrell, D. Jacobs, David Williams, M. Pletcher, T. Houston, C. Kiefe (2007)
Self-reported racial discrimination and substance use in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Adults Study.American journal of epidemiology, 166 9
-
Andrew Ryan, G. Gee, David Laflamme (2006)
The Association between Self-Reported Discrimination, Physical Health and Blood Pressure: Findings from African Americans, Black Immigrants, and Latino Immigrants in New HampshireJournal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 17
-
R. Turner, B. Wheaton, Donald Lloyd (1995)
The epidemiology of social stressAmerican Sociological Review, 60
-
S. Karlsen, J. Nazroo, K. McKenzie, K. Bhui, S. Weich (2005)
Racism, psychosis and common mental disorder among ethnic minority groups in EnglandPsychological Medicine, 35
-
J. Etowa, J. Wiens, W. Bernard, B. Clow (2007)
Determinants of Black women's health in rural and remote communities.The Canadian journal of nursing research = Revue canadienne de recherche en sciences infirmieres, 39 3
-
B. Jackson, L. Kubzansky, Rosalind Wright (2006)
Linking Perceived Unfairness to Physical Health: The Perceived Unfairness ModelReview of General Psychology, 10
-
Usdhhs (2003)
Health, United States 2003: With Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans -
L. Wise, J. Palmer, Y. Cozier, Matthew Hunt, E. Stewart, L. Rosenberg (2007)
Perceived Racial Discrimination and Risk of Uterine LeiomyomataEpidemiology, 18
-
J. Malat, M. Ryn (2005)
African-American preference for same-race healthcare providers: the role of healthcare discrimination.Ethnicity & disease, 15 4
-
(1998)
Socioeconomic status and health chartbook -
S. Casswell, T. Huckle, M. Pledger (2002)
Survey data need not underestimate alcohol consumption.Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research, 26 10
-
S. Wamala, J. Merlo, G. Boström, C. Hogstedt (2007)
Perceived discrimination, socioeconomic disadvantage and refraining from seeking medical treatment in SwedenJournal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61
-
T. Miller (1989)
Stressful life events -
C. Snyder, Susie Sympson, F. Ybasco, T. Borders, M. Babyak, R. Higgins (1996)
Development and validation of the State Hope Scale.Journal of personality and social psychology, 70 2
-
R. Wolk (1998)
Inequality by Design: Cracking the Bell Curve MythJournal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 19
-
AO Adegbembo (2006)
792Ethnicity & Disease, 16
-
A. Trivedi, J. Ayanian (2006)
Perceived discrimination and use of preventive health servicesJournal of General Internal Medicine, 21
-
G. Gee, Andrew Ryan, David Laflamme, J. Holt (2006)
Self-reported discrimination and mental health status among African descendants, Mexican Americans, and other Latinos in the New Hampshire REACH 2010 Initiative: the added dimension of immigration.American journal of public health, 96 10
-
R. Vogli, E. Brunner, M. Marmot (2007)
Unfairness and the social gradient of metabolic syndrome in the Whitehall II Study.Journal of psychosomatic research, 63 4
-
R. Peters (2006)
The relationship of racism, chronic stress emotions, and blood pressure.Journal of nursing scholarship : an official publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 38 3
-
M. Vos, J. Haes (2007)
Denial in cancer patients, an explorative reviewPsycho‐Oncology, 16
-
NC Schaeffer, S Presser (2003)
The science of asking questionsAnnual Review of Sociology, 29
-
S. Monroe (2008)
Modern approaches to conceptualizing and measuring human life stress.Annual review of clinical psychology, 4
-
B. Levy, M. Slade, S. Kunkel, S. Kasl (2002)
Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging.Journal of personality and social psychology, 83 2
-
A. Schulz, B. Israel, S. Zenk, Edith Parker, R. Lichtenstein, Sheryl Shellman-Weir, Laura A.B. (2006)
Psychosocial stress and social support as mediators of relationships between income, length of residence and depressive symptoms among African American women on Detroit's eastside.Social science & medicine, 62 2
-
A Baum (1993)
274Psychosomatic Medicine, 55
-
J. Blascovich, S. Spencer, Diane Quinn, C. Steele (2001)
African Americans and High Blood Pressure: The Role of Stereotype ThreatPsychological Science, 12
-
R. Calvin, Karen Winters, S. Wyatt, David Williams, F. Henderson, Evelyn Walker (2003)
Racism and Cardiovascular Disease in African AmericansThe American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 325
-
N. Dawson, H. Arkes (2008)
Implicit Bias Among PhysiciansJournal of General Internal Medicine, 24
-
N. Facione, P. Facione (2007)
Perceived Prejudice in Healthcare and Women's Health Protective BehaviorNursing Research, 56
-
Ethnicity & Disease -
K. Lincoln, L. Chatters, R. Taylor, J. Jackson (2007)
Profiles of depressive symptoms among African Americans and Caribbean Blacks.Social science & medicine, 65 2
-
G. Bennett, K. Wolin, E. Robinson, S. Fowler, C. Edwards (2005)
Perceived racial/ethnic harassment and tobacco use among African American young adults.American journal of public health, 95 2
-
S Cohen, D Janicki-Deverts, GE Miller (2007)
Psychological stress and diseaseJournal of the American Medical Association, 298
-
A. Nápoles-Springer, J. Santoyo, Kathryn Houston, E. Perez-stable, A. Stewart (2005)
Patients’ perceptions of cultural factors affecting the quality of their medical encountersHealth Expectations, 8
-
H. Schuman, C. Steeh, Lawrence Bobo (1985)
Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations -
S. Noh, V. Kaspar, K.A.S. Wickrama (2007)
Overt and subtle racial discrimination and mental health: preliminary findings for Korean immigrants.American journal of public health, 97 7
-
H. Landrine, E. Klonoff, Irma Corral, Senaida Fernandez, S. Roesch (2006)
Conceptualizing and Measuring Ethnic Discrimination in Health ResearchJournal of Behavioral Medicine, 29
-
Sandra Moody-Ayers, A. Stewart, K. Covinsky, S. Inouye (2005)
Prevalence and Correlates of Perceived Societal Racism in Older African‐American Adults with Type 2 Diabetes MellitusJournal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53
-
V. Keith, C. Herring (1991)
Skin Tone and Stratification in the Black CommunityAmerican Journal of Sociology, 97
-
R. Tourangeau, Ting Yan (2007)
Sensitive questions in surveys.Psychological bulletin, 133 5
-
A. Vines, D. Baird, M. Mcneilly, I. Hertz-Picciotto, K. Light, J. Stevens (2006)
Social correlates of the chronic stress of perceived racism among Black women.Ethnicity & disease, 16 1
-
J. Wagner, G. Abbott (2007)
Depression and Depression Care in DiabetesDiabetes Care, 30
-
(1997)
The Racism and Life Experience Scales (RaLES): Self-administration version -
M. Bynum, E. Burton, Candace Best (2007)
Racism experiences and psychological functioning in African American college freshmen: is racial socialization a buffer?Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology, 13 1
-
(1964)
Profile of the Negro American . Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand -
A. Lam,, Kcon-wah Tsoi, Ting-sam Chan (2005)
Adolescent Chinese immigrants in Hong Kong: A comparison with locally born students and factors associated with their psychological well-beingInternational Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 17
-
R. Levine, J. Foster, R. Fullilove, M. Fullilove, N. Briggs, P. Hull, B. Husaini, C. Hennekens (2001)
Black-White Inequalities in Mortality and Life Expectancy, 1933–1999: Implications for Healthy People 2010Public Health Reports, 116
-
B. Oppedal, E. Røysamb, S. Heyerdahl (2005)
Ethnic group, acculturation, and psychiatric problems in young immigrants.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 46 6
-
A. Romero, Daniel Martínez, S. Carvajal (2007)
Bicultural Stress and Adolescent Risk Behaviors in a Community Sample of Latinos and Non-Latino European AmericansEthnicity & Health, 12
-
R. Clark, Ramona Benkert, J. Flack (2006)
Large arterial elasticity varies as a function of gender and racism-related vigilance in black youth.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 39 4
-
R. Kessler, S. Galea, M. Gruber, N. Sampson, R. Ursano, S. Wessely (2008)
Trends in mental illness and suicidality after Hurricane KatrinaMolecular Psychiatry, 13
-
(2009)
Preference for Fairness Activates Reward Circuitry (and Disregarding Unfairness Activates Self-Control Circuitry) -
R. Belli (1998)
The structure of autobiographical memory and the event history calendar: potential improvements in the quality of retrospective reports in surveys.Memory, 6 4
-
S. Utsey, Y. Lanier, Otis Williams, Mark Bolden, Angela Lee (2006)
Moderator effects of cognitive ability and social support on the relation between race-related stress and quality of life in a community sample of black Americans.Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology, 12 2
-
S. Utsey, J. Ponterotto (1996)
Development and Validation of the Index of Race-Related Stress (IRRS).Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43
-
A. Adegbembo, S. Tomar, H. Logan (2006)
Perception of racism explains the difference between Blacks' and Whites' level of healthcare trust.Ethnicity & disease, 16 4
-
DR Williams, Y Yu, J Jackson, N Anderson (1997)
Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socioeconomic status, stress, and discriminationJournal of Health Psychology, 2
-
R. Vogli, J. Ferrie, T. Chandola, M. Kivimäki, M. Marmot (2007)
Unfairness and health: evidence from the Whitehall II StudyJournal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61
-
V. Clark, Renia Cobb, Reginald Hopkins, C. Smith (2006)
Black racial identity as a mediator of cardiovascular reactivity to racism in African-American college students.Ethnicity & disease, 16 1
-
Ricci Harris, M. Tobias, M. Jeffreys, Kiri Waldegrave, S. Karlsen, J. Nazroo (2006)
Racism and health: the relationship between experience of racial discrimination and health in New Zealand.Social science & medicine, 63 6
-
G. Evans, S. Jacobs, D. Dooley, R. Catalano (1987)
The interaction of stressful life events and chronic strains on community mental healthAmerican Journal of Community Psychology, 15
-
C. Butler, E. Tull, E. Chambers, Jerome Taylor (2002)
Internalized racism, body fat distribution, and abnormal fasting glucose among African-Caribbean women in Dominica, West Indies.Journal of the National Medical Association, 94 3
-
A Ahmed (2007)
21The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 126
-
P. Smokowski, M. Bacallao (2007)
Acculturation, Internalizing Mental Health Symptoms, and Self-Esteem: Cultural Experiences of Latino Adolescents in North CarolinaChild Psychiatry and Human Development, 37
-
G. Gee, Juan Chen, Michael Spencer, S. See, Oliva Kuester, Diem Tran, D. Takeuchi (2006)
Social support as a buffer for perceived unfair treatment among Filipino Americans: differences between San Francisco and Honolulu.American journal of public health, 96 4
-
N. Schwarz (2007)
Cognitive aspects of survey methodologyApplied Cognitive Psychology, 21
-
L. Richman, G. Bennett, J. Pek, I. Siegler, Redford Williams (2007)
Discrimination, dispositions, and cardiovascular responses to stress.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 26 6
-
R. Clark, Philip Gochett (2006)
Interactive effects of perceived racism and coping responses predict a school-based assessment of blood pressure in black youthAnnals of Behavioral Medicine, 32
-
G. Brody, Yi-fu Chen, V. Murry, X. Ge, R. Simons, F. Gibbons, M. Gerrard, C. Cutrona (2006)
Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths: a five-year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderation effects.Child development, 77 5
-
Y. Paradies (2006)
A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health.International journal of epidemiology, 35 4
-
Sherrill Sellers, V. Bonham, H. Neighbors, J. Amell (2009)
Effects of Racial Discrimination and Health Behaviors on Mental and Physical Health of Middle-Class African American MenHealth Education & Behavior, 36
- Publisher
- Springer Journals
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2008 by Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
- Subject
- Medicine & Public Health; Medicine/Public Health, general; Health Psychology; General Practice / Family Medicine
- ISSN
- 0160-7715
- eISSN
- 1573-3521
- DOI
- 10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0
- pmid
- 19030981
- Publisher site
- See Article on Publisher Site
Abstract
This paper provides a review and critique of empirical research on perceived discrimination and health. The patterns of racial disparities in health suggest that there are multiple ways by which racism can affect health. Perceived discrimination is one such pathway and the paper reviews the published research on discrimination and health that appeared in PubMed between 2005 and 2007. This recent research continues to document an inverse association between discrimination and health. This pattern is now evident in a wider range of contexts and for a broader array of outcomes. Advancing our understanding of the relationship between perceived discrimination and health will require more attention to situating discrimination within the context of other health-relevant aspects of racism, measuring it comprehensively and accurately, assessing its stressful dimensions, and identifying the mechanisms that link discrimination to health.
Journal
Journal of Behavioral Medicine – Springer Journals
Published: Nov 22, 2008