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Sensors for fire gas detectors

Sensors for fire gas detectors Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2011. V. 14, N 3. P. 330-333. PACS 07.07.Df V.R. Kozubovsky, V.V. Kormosh, I.P. Alyakshev, N.H. Lishchenko Uzhgorod National University Abstract. Considered in this paper are the possibilities to reduce energy consumption in semiconductor gas sensors with the purpose of their application in multichannel fire gas detectors and gas alarms with an independent power supply. Keywords: gas sensor, carbon monoxide, adsorption sensing element. Manuscript received 20.09.10; revised manuscript received 16.08.11; accepted for publication 14.09.11; published online 21.09.11. 1. Introduction Considering these factors, the energy efficient ASE CO developed by our team specifically for this class of devices is of great relevance. It is designed to convert In recent years in Ukraine, a lot of attention has been focused on public protection from possible carbon the concentration of carbon monoxide in the air into an electrical signal in devices with an independent power monoxide (CO) poisoning. This is an extremely toxic gas without color or scent that can accumulate in closed supply that have a dual purpose – to analyze gas pollution according to the EN 50194 [2] and to prevent buildings when motor engines are running, during incomplete fuel burning, or during fires and frequently fires in accordance with EN 54 [3], ISO 7240 [4]. We have achieved the reduced energy consumption has lethal outcomes. The cause of CO accumulation during fires is its in our ASE as follows: a) reduction of the size of sensing layer and substrate release in the early stages of fire when smouldering is prevalent. In such situations, temperatures and optical with a heater; b) fine tuning of the duration of the cycles of gas density (smoke formation) inside the building do not rise significantly, and the traditional means of fire detection components desorption (when ASE is warmed up) and adsorption (when ASE is cooled down). (heat and smoke detectors) do not yet trigger. Therefore, there is an obvious need to develop a fire gas alarm As far as size reduction of the ASE is concerned, it is clear that the smaller the mass of the sensing element, the based on traditional electrochemical and electrochemical-semiconducting gas sensing element lower the power consumption by the sensor needed to warm it up to a certain temperature. Fig. 1 shows (adsorption sensing element – ASE) [1]. ASE operates through electrochemical reactions maximum power consumption by the sensor in standard operating mode – thermal cleaning mode 10 s (heating taking place on the surface of the semiconductor doped with a catalyst (for example, in the case of CO, catalyst temperature 450 °С) and measuring mode 18 s (CO 400°C 110 °C control temperature 100 °С). The values reflect when the Pd: Pd + O → PdO; PdO + CO → Pd + CO ). 2 2 sensing element is applied directly to the heater As a result, its conductivity changes due to saturation of (TGS 3870), when the size of the dielectric substrate with the surface of the material with gas of acceptor or donor a thick-film heater is 1.5×1.5×0.3 mm ( ASE− 16 ), when type (oxidizer or reducer). Among the advantages of such elements are high the size of the dielectric substrate with the thick-film sensitivity (to the tenths of ppm); linear dependence of heater is 2.0×0.5×0.3 mm ( ASE− 01 ), and when a film the output signal in a wide range of gas concentrations; dielectric substrate with a vacuum-evaporated heater is long life; resistance to aggressive gases and considerable used (experimental substrate). It is obvious that the overloads in terms of the concentration; stability; fast optimal solution is the film dielectric substrate with response; and low price. However, this type of a sensor vacuum-evaporated heater. However, the transition to has a significant deficiency: its high power consumption this type of substrates means a complete overhaul of (around 100-200 mW) thereby making it an unlikely current technology for ASE production, which is candidate for use in gas and fire alarms with an unlikely to appeal to ASE manufacturers in the nearest independent power supply. It also dramatically increases future. energy consumption for fire receiving-controlling An easier choice for the manufacturing industry devices which supply power to the alarms. would be fine tuning the ASE operation parameters. © 2011, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2011. V. 14, N 3. P. 330-333. Fig. 1. Maximum power consumption by sensors with various Fig. 3. Dependence of the ASE resistance R to CO on average heating designs for the sensing element. power consumption (depending on the cool-down time) with the thermal cleaning duration of 1.5 s at the СО concentration: 50 ppm (♦), 150 ppm (■). Fig. 2. Concentration dependence of the ASE-16 sensing Fig. 4. Dependence of the influence of relative humidity on element resistance R in the standard mode 10-18 s (▲) and ASE signal at the СО concentration 50 ppm (relative units) in with period 1.5-30 s (■). various operation modes of the ASE power supply circuit and information read-out circuit; K = R /R . 100 40 First of all, to decrease energy consumption, it is To reduce the effect of humidity on fire alarm possible to use a pulse voltage to power the heater. readings, it is also possible to use pulse power supply for Indeed, when using the pulse voltage to power ASE, the the information read-out circuit. Fig. 4 shows humidity heat dissipation on passive elements of the control circuit influence K = R /R under different operation modes 100 40 is decreased. Energy savings make up to about 30%. of the ASE power supply circuit and information read- Second, it is possible to minimize the ASE warm-up out circuit, here R is the resistance at 100% of relative period (450 °С) and maximize the period when it is humidity and R is the resistance at 40% of relative cooled down to the temperature of 100 °С and below. It is humidity. clear that the sensor’s responsiveness to CO increases as The experimental research involved two power the duration of the cooling cycle goes up (see Fig. 2). supply modes for the information read-out circuit at the As far as power consumption is concerned, of course pulse voltage: mode 2 – the circuit received short pulses it goes down when the cool-down period increases and the lasting τ = 10 ms with the amplitude 5 V and period warm-up period decreases. In this case, ASE’s sensitivity Т = 1 s; and mode 3 – the circuit received a short single (change of its resistance) to CO initially increases and pulse lasting τ = 10 ms with the amplitude 5 V at the end then plateaus at a certain level (see Fig. 3). of each period. As shown in Fig. 4, humidity influence However, when the cooling period is prolonged, in the single-pulse information read-out mode is there is a greater influence of humidity on the sensor’s significantly lower, and the sensor power supply resistance and, therefore, on its output signal mode 3: 2-60 s (thermal cleaning time is 2 s, cooling (condensation takes place on the sensor surface). Fig. 4 period is 60 s, and single-pulse read-out at the end of the shows how humidity affects the sensor in different period is 62 s) is completely acceptable. In this case, the operation modes (1.00 – humidity influence is zero) at a ASE power supply circuit does not require more than direct voltage power supply of sensitive layer (mode 1 – 20 mV. see Table). It is obvious that the 1.5 to 30 s and 2 to 45 s The results of our research for various power modes are acceptable as humidity influence is at 10%. supply modes are summarized in Table. © 2011, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2011. V. 14, N 3. P. 330-333. Table. The impact of relative humidity on different parameters of sensor ASE-16. Effect of humidity on the Resistance at different Relative Voltage for various signal for various CO СО concentrations, sensitivity Relative СО concentrations, V concentrations, (relative Operation mode kOhm (relative units) humidity, % units) 50ppm 150ppm 50ppm 150ppm R /R K = K = 150 50 50 150 R /R R /R 100 40 100 40 100 2.84 2.19 12.0 7.1 0.59 0.92 0.95 Stand. mode 40 2.94 2.25 13.0 7.4 0.57 1.00 1.00 100 1.9 1.35 5.6 3.4 0.60 0.90 0.92 Mode 1: 1.5-30 s 40 2.02 1.43 6.2 3.6 0.59 1.00 1.00 100 1.84 1.21 5.3 2.9 0.55 0.73 0.77 Mode 1: 1.5-45 s 40 2.22 1.46 7.3 3.8 0.52 1.00 1.00 100 2.75 1.5 11.1 3.9 0.35 1.49 1.10 Mode 1: 1.5-60 s 40 2.25 1.4 7.4 3.5 0.48 1.00 1.00 100 2.04 0.86 6.3 1.9 0.30 0.96 0.74 Mode 2: 2-30 s 40 2.09 1.1 6.5 2.6 0.39 1.00 1.00 100 1.72 0.84 4.8 1.8 0.39 0.88 0.96 Mode 2: 2-45 s 40 1.87 0.87 5.4 1.9 0.35 1.00 1.00 100 1.38 0.72 3.5 1.5 0.44 0.86 0.87 Mode 2: 2-60 s 40 1.54 0.81 4.1 1.8 0.43 1.00 1.00 100 1.8 0.9 5.1 2.0 0.39 0.97 1.00 Mode 3: 2-30 s 40 5.3 2.0 0.38 1.00 1.00 1.84 0.9 100 1.72 0.82 4.8 1.8 0.37 0.98 0.97 Mode 3: 2-45 s 40 1.74 0.84 4.9 1.8 0.38 1.00 1.00 100 2.09 0.9 6.5 2.0 0.31 0.95 0.97 Mode 3: 2-60 s 40 2.15 0.92 6.9 2.1 0.30 1.00 1.00 Reduction in power consumption by the fire gas resistor R2 and changing the concentration – by alarm can also be achieved through the microcontroller’s using R4. hibernation operation mode, which in active mode, too, All-in-all, it is possible to build an ASE CO-based consumes a considerable amount of energy. fire gas alarm with low energy consumption, and there We designed a system concept for multisensor fire are virtually no technical difficulties in achieving this. detectors with a gas-sensing fire detector and heat The problem lies in the absence of current reference data detector. Fig. 5 shows the example of its operation. The for this type of devices. In addition, the fire gas alarm sensor works in cyclical regime – thermal cleaning mode that measures the CO concentration (or that of another 2-3 s (heating temperature 450 °С) and cooling mode gas) is, in essence, an instrument of measuring 28 s. The measurements are made in the end of cooling technology and as such a subject to metrological control mode (Rh). The terminal of microcontroller converts (i.e., conducting State approval tests, adding to the them to the high-voltage state except times of the National Registry of the means of measuring technology, measurement (about 1 ms). Thermal cleaning begins conducting State control tests, verification of the devices with pre-heating (pulse of heating with 50% filling and after manufacturing and throughout operation). In other control of heaters resistance over 0.5-1 s). Pre-heating is words, to develop normative documentation and launch completed when the heater reaches the resistance value a full-scale production of this type of devices, there 1.5 Rh (Rh is the resistance value in the cold mode). needs to be a coordinated effort between two 0 0 Then heating by a total voltage occurs within the time departments (plus the manufacturer of course) – the 2 s. The heater resistance is controlled by a pulse from State Standard and the State Fire Safety departments, microcontroller exit P through the resistor R3. The which is hard to achieve. heater voltage is read off by an analog-digital converter. We have implemented serial production of energy The signal from sensitive layer is taken under saving ASE CO and СН and also gas contamination different loading. Layer integrity is verified by using the detectors, which are simple to use, are capable of long © 2011, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2011. V. 14, N 3. P. 330-333. Fig. 5. The method to measure gas concentrations and operation mode. continuous operation and long-rage signal transmission, GSB – 01 – 3 has a thermistor controlled by the device are compact and lightweight, and are priced very microprocessor. This means that with minor program competitively. adjustments, GSB− 01− 3 can also be used as a heat Application of these devices in systems of detector. emergency and fire notification will allow to: Presently, along with private company “Arton”, we a) detect initial stages of fire; are conducting research in order to develop a b) prevent dangerous and emergency conditions multisensor fire detector that will comply with existing and people poisoning. normative documents. The ASE-based carbon monoxide detector GSB− 01− 3 developed by our team is fully compliant References with the European Standard EN 50291 Electrical apparatus for the detection of carbon monoxide in 1. V. Kozubovsky, Using gas detectors in fire alarm domestic premises. Beside their direct purpose, these systems // Metrologiya ta prylady, 3(11), p. 26-29 devices may also be used as gas-sensing fire detector in (2008), in Ukrainian. accordance with EN 54− 7 : 2004 Fire Alarm Systems. 2. EN 50291: 1999. Electrical apparatus for the detection of carbon monoxide in domestic As a matter of fact, different types of smoke contain a premises. CO concentration that by far exceeds the signal 3. EN 54-1: 1996. Fire detection and fire alarm concentration in GSB− 01− 3. Therefore, the alarm systems – Part 1: Introduction. triggers even in presence of small amounts of smoke. 4. ISO 7240-1: 2005. Fire detection and alarm Moreover, to compensate for temperature impacts, systems – Part 1: Generalities and definitions. © 2011, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics Unpaywall

Sensors for fire gas detectors

Kozubovskiy, V. R.; Uzhgorod National University
Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics – Sep 25, 2011
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1560-8034
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10.15407/spqeo14.03.330
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Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2011. V. 14, N 3. P. 330-333. PACS 07.07.Df V.R. Kozubovsky, V.V. Kormosh, I.P. Alyakshev, N.H. Lishchenko Uzhgorod National University Abstract. Considered in this paper are the possibilities to reduce energy consumption in semiconductor gas sensors with the purpose of their application in multichannel fire gas detectors and gas alarms with an independent power supply. Keywords: gas sensor, carbon monoxide, adsorption sensing element. Manuscript received 20.09.10; revised manuscript received 16.08.11; accepted for publication 14.09.11; published online 21.09.11. 1. Introduction Considering these factors, the energy efficient ASE CO developed by our team specifically for this class of devices is of great relevance. It is designed to convert In recent years in Ukraine, a lot of attention has been focused on public protection from possible carbon the concentration of carbon monoxide in the air into an electrical signal in devices with an independent power monoxide (CO) poisoning. This is an extremely toxic gas without color or scent that can accumulate in closed supply that have a dual purpose – to analyze gas pollution according to the EN 50194 [2] and to prevent buildings when motor engines are running, during incomplete fuel burning, or during fires and frequently fires in accordance with EN 54 [3], ISO 7240 [4]. We have achieved the reduced energy consumption has lethal outcomes. The cause of CO accumulation during fires is its in our ASE as follows: a) reduction of the size of sensing layer and substrate release in the early stages of fire when smouldering is prevalent. In such situations, temperatures and optical with a heater; b) fine tuning of the duration of the cycles of gas density (smoke formation) inside the building do not rise significantly, and the traditional means of fire detection components desorption (when ASE is warmed up) and adsorption (when ASE is cooled down). (heat and smoke detectors) do not yet trigger. Therefore, there is an obvious need to develop a fire gas alarm As far as size reduction of the ASE is concerned, it is clear that the smaller the mass of the sensing element, the based on traditional electrochemical and electrochemical-semiconducting gas sensing element lower the power consumption by the sensor needed to warm it up to a certain temperature. Fig. 1 shows (adsorption sensing element – ASE) [1]. ASE operates through electrochemical reactions maximum power consumption by the sensor in standard operating mode – thermal cleaning mode 10 s (heating taking place on the surface of the semiconductor doped with a catalyst (for example, in the case of CO, catalyst temperature 450 °С) and measuring mode 18 s (CO 400°C 110 °C control temperature 100 °С). The values reflect when the Pd: Pd + O → PdO; PdO + CO → Pd + CO ). 2 2 sensing element is applied directly to the heater As a result, its conductivity changes due to saturation of (TGS 3870), when the size of the dielectric substrate with the surface of the material with gas of acceptor or donor a thick-film heater is 1.5×1.5×0.3 mm ( ASE− 16 ), when type (oxidizer or reducer). Among the advantages of such elements are high the size of the dielectric substrate with the thick-film sensitivity (to the tenths of ppm); linear dependence of heater is 2.0×0.5×0.3 mm ( ASE− 01 ), and when a film the output signal in a wide range of gas concentrations; dielectric substrate with a vacuum-evaporated heater is long life; resistance to aggressive gases and considerable used (experimental substrate). It is obvious that the overloads in terms of the concentration; stability; fast optimal solution is the film dielectric substrate with response; and low price. However, this type of a sensor vacuum-evaporated heater. However, the transition to has a significant deficiency: its high power consumption this type of substrates means a complete overhaul of (around 100-200 mW) thereby making it an unlikely current technology for ASE production, which is candidate for use in gas and fire alarms with an unlikely to appeal to ASE manufacturers in the nearest independent power supply. It also dramatically increases future. energy consumption for fire receiving-controlling An easier choice for the manufacturing industry devices which supply power to the alarms. would be fine tuning the ASE operation parameters. © 2011, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2011. V. 14, N 3. P. 330-333. Fig. 1. Maximum power consumption by sensors with various Fig. 3. Dependence of the ASE resistance R to CO on average heating designs for the sensing element. power consumption (depending on the cool-down time) with the thermal cleaning duration of 1.5 s at the СО concentration: 50 ppm (♦), 150 ppm (■). Fig. 2. Concentration dependence of the ASE-16 sensing Fig. 4. Dependence of the influence of relative humidity on element resistance R in the standard mode 10-18 s (▲) and ASE signal at the СО concentration 50 ppm (relative units) in with period 1.5-30 s (■). various operation modes of the ASE power supply circuit and information read-out circuit; K = R /R . 100 40 First of all, to decrease energy consumption, it is To reduce the effect of humidity on fire alarm possible to use a pulse voltage to power the heater. readings, it is also possible to use pulse power supply for Indeed, when using the pulse voltage to power ASE, the the information read-out circuit. Fig. 4 shows humidity heat dissipation on passive elements of the control circuit influence K = R /R under different operation modes 100 40 is decreased. Energy savings make up to about 30%. of the ASE power supply circuit and information read- Second, it is possible to minimize the ASE warm-up out circuit, here R is the resistance at 100% of relative period (450 °С) and maximize the period when it is humidity and R is the resistance at 40% of relative cooled down to the temperature of 100 °С and below. It is humidity. clear that the sensor’s responsiveness to CO increases as The experimental research involved two power the duration of the cooling cycle goes up (see Fig. 2). supply modes for the information read-out circuit at the As far as power consumption is concerned, of course pulse voltage: mode 2 – the circuit received short pulses it goes down when the cool-down period increases and the lasting τ = 10 ms with the amplitude 5 V and period warm-up period decreases. In this case, ASE’s sensitivity Т = 1 s; and mode 3 – the circuit received a short single (change of its resistance) to CO initially increases and pulse lasting τ = 10 ms with the amplitude 5 V at the end then plateaus at a certain level (see Fig. 3). of each period. As shown in Fig. 4, humidity influence However, when the cooling period is prolonged, in the single-pulse information read-out mode is there is a greater influence of humidity on the sensor’s significantly lower, and the sensor power supply resistance and, therefore, on its output signal mode 3: 2-60 s (thermal cleaning time is 2 s, cooling (condensation takes place on the sensor surface). Fig. 4 period is 60 s, and single-pulse read-out at the end of the shows how humidity affects the sensor in different period is 62 s) is completely acceptable. In this case, the operation modes (1.00 – humidity influence is zero) at a ASE power supply circuit does not require more than direct voltage power supply of sensitive layer (mode 1 – 20 mV. see Table). It is obvious that the 1.5 to 30 s and 2 to 45 s The results of our research for various power modes are acceptable as humidity influence is at 10%. supply modes are summarized in Table. © 2011, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2011. V. 14, N 3. P. 330-333. Table. The impact of relative humidity on different parameters of sensor ASE-16. Effect of humidity on the Resistance at different Relative Voltage for various signal for various CO СО concentrations, sensitivity Relative СО concentrations, V concentrations, (relative Operation mode kOhm (relative units) humidity, % units) 50ppm 150ppm 50ppm 150ppm R /R K = K = 150 50 50 150 R /R R /R 100 40 100 40 100 2.84 2.19 12.0 7.1 0.59 0.92 0.95 Stand. mode 40 2.94 2.25 13.0 7.4 0.57 1.00 1.00 100 1.9 1.35 5.6 3.4 0.60 0.90 0.92 Mode 1: 1.5-30 s 40 2.02 1.43 6.2 3.6 0.59 1.00 1.00 100 1.84 1.21 5.3 2.9 0.55 0.73 0.77 Mode 1: 1.5-45 s 40 2.22 1.46 7.3 3.8 0.52 1.00 1.00 100 2.75 1.5 11.1 3.9 0.35 1.49 1.10 Mode 1: 1.5-60 s 40 2.25 1.4 7.4 3.5 0.48 1.00 1.00 100 2.04 0.86 6.3 1.9 0.30 0.96 0.74 Mode 2: 2-30 s 40 2.09 1.1 6.5 2.6 0.39 1.00 1.00 100 1.72 0.84 4.8 1.8 0.39 0.88 0.96 Mode 2: 2-45 s 40 1.87 0.87 5.4 1.9 0.35 1.00 1.00 100 1.38 0.72 3.5 1.5 0.44 0.86 0.87 Mode 2: 2-60 s 40 1.54 0.81 4.1 1.8 0.43 1.00 1.00 100 1.8 0.9 5.1 2.0 0.39 0.97 1.00 Mode 3: 2-30 s 40 5.3 2.0 0.38 1.00 1.00 1.84 0.9 100 1.72 0.82 4.8 1.8 0.37 0.98 0.97 Mode 3: 2-45 s 40 1.74 0.84 4.9 1.8 0.38 1.00 1.00 100 2.09 0.9 6.5 2.0 0.31 0.95 0.97 Mode 3: 2-60 s 40 2.15 0.92 6.9 2.1 0.30 1.00 1.00 Reduction in power consumption by the fire gas resistor R2 and changing the concentration – by alarm can also be achieved through the microcontroller’s using R4. hibernation operation mode, which in active mode, too, All-in-all, it is possible to build an ASE CO-based consumes a considerable amount of energy. fire gas alarm with low energy consumption, and there We designed a system concept for multisensor fire are virtually no technical difficulties in achieving this. detectors with a gas-sensing fire detector and heat The problem lies in the absence of current reference data detector. Fig. 5 shows the example of its operation. The for this type of devices. In addition, the fire gas alarm sensor works in cyclical regime – thermal cleaning mode that measures the CO concentration (or that of another 2-3 s (heating temperature 450 °С) and cooling mode gas) is, in essence, an instrument of measuring 28 s. The measurements are made in the end of cooling technology and as such a subject to metrological control mode (Rh). The terminal of microcontroller converts (i.e., conducting State approval tests, adding to the them to the high-voltage state except times of the National Registry of the means of measuring technology, measurement (about 1 ms). Thermal cleaning begins conducting State control tests, verification of the devices with pre-heating (pulse of heating with 50% filling and after manufacturing and throughout operation). In other control of heaters resistance over 0.5-1 s). Pre-heating is words, to develop normative documentation and launch completed when the heater reaches the resistance value a full-scale production of this type of devices, there 1.5 Rh (Rh is the resistance value in the cold mode). needs to be a coordinated effort between two 0 0 Then heating by a total voltage occurs within the time departments (plus the manufacturer of course) – the 2 s. The heater resistance is controlled by a pulse from State Standard and the State Fire Safety departments, microcontroller exit P through the resistor R3. The which is hard to achieve. heater voltage is read off by an analog-digital converter. We have implemented serial production of energy The signal from sensitive layer is taken under saving ASE CO and СН and also gas contamination different loading. Layer integrity is verified by using the detectors, which are simple to use, are capable of long © 2011, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2011. V. 14, N 3. P. 330-333. Fig. 5. The method to measure gas concentrations and operation mode. continuous operation and long-rage signal transmission, GSB – 01 – 3 has a thermistor controlled by the device are compact and lightweight, and are priced very microprocessor. This means that with minor program competitively. adjustments, GSB− 01− 3 can also be used as a heat Application of these devices in systems of detector. emergency and fire notification will allow to: Presently, along with private company “Arton”, we a) detect initial stages of fire; are conducting research in order to develop a b) prevent dangerous and emergency conditions multisensor fire detector that will comply with existing and people poisoning. normative documents. The ASE-based carbon monoxide detector GSB− 01− 3 developed by our team is fully compliant References with the European Standard EN 50291 Electrical apparatus for the detection of carbon monoxide in 1. V. Kozubovsky, Using gas detectors in fire alarm domestic premises. Beside their direct purpose, these systems // Metrologiya ta prylady, 3(11), p. 26-29 devices may also be used as gas-sensing fire detector in (2008), in Ukrainian. accordance with EN 54− 7 : 2004 Fire Alarm Systems. 2. EN 50291: 1999. Electrical apparatus for the detection of carbon monoxide in domestic As a matter of fact, different types of smoke contain a premises. CO concentration that by far exceeds the signal 3. EN 54-1: 1996. Fire detection and fire alarm concentration in GSB− 01− 3. Therefore, the alarm systems – Part 1: Introduction. triggers even in presence of small amounts of smoke. 4. ISO 7240-1: 2005. Fire detection and alarm Moreover, to compensate for temperature impacts, systems – Part 1: Generalities and definitions. © 2011, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

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Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics – Unpaywall

Published: Sep 25, 2011

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