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Epidemiological Approaches to Developmental Psychopathology

Epidemiological Approaches to Developmental Psychopathology Abstract • Developmental psychopathology as a research approach draws on both developmental and psychopathologic perspectives to tackle questions about causal mechanisms. Developmental perspectives are discussed in terms of the implications that flow from age differences in prevalence, age trends in remission of disorders, developmental appropriateness of psychiatric conditions, continuities and discontinuities in psychopathology between childhood and adult life, and age differences in the effects of psychiatric risk factors. Psychopathologic perspectives are considered in terms of continuities and discontinuities between normality and pathology and the contrasts between pervasive and situation-specific disorders, and by the differences between single variables and behavioral composites. The use of epidemiological data to examine causal processes is discussed, with attention to the need to consider development in its social context and to examine indirect, as well as direct, causal chains of connection. References 1. Robins LN: Epidemiological approaches to natural history research: Antisocial disorders in children . J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1981;20:566-580.Crossref 2. Rutter M: Epidemiological-longitudinal approaches to the study of development, in Collins WA (ed): The Concept of Development: Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology. Hillsdale NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc Inc Publishers, 1982, vol 15, pp 105-144. 3. Gould MS, Wunsch-Hitzig R, Dohrenwend BP: Formulation of hypotheses about the prevalence, treatment and prognostic significance of psychiatric disorders in children in the US , in Dohrenwend BS, Gould MS, Link B, Neugebauer R, Wunsch-Hitzig R (eds): Mental Illness in the United States: Epidemiological Estimates . New York, Praeger Publishers, 1980, pp 9-45. 4. Rutter M, Tizard J, Whitmore K (eds): Education, Health and Behaviour . London, Longman, 1970 (reprinted Melbourne, Fla, Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co Inc, 1981). 5. Rutter M: Epidemiological/longitudinal strategies and causal research in child psychiatry . J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1981;50:513-544.Crossref 6. Stein Z, Susser M: Methods in epidemiology . J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1981;20:444-461.Crossref 7. Earls F: Epidemiological child psychiatry: An American perspective , in Purcell EF (ed): Psychopathology of Children and Youth: A Cross Cultural Perspective . New York, Macy Foundation, 1980. 8. Graham PJ: Epidemiological studies , in Quay HC, Werry JS (eds): Psychopathological Disorders of Childhood , ed 2. New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1977, pp 185-209. 9. Links PS, Community surveys of the prevalence of childhood psychiatric disorders: A review . Child Dev 1983;54:531-548.Crossref 10. Rutter M, Sandberg S: Epidemiology of child psychiatric disorder: Methodological issues and some substantive findings . Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 1985;15:209-233.Crossref 11. Yule W: The epidemiology of child psychopathology , in Lahey BB, Kazdin AE (eds): Advances in Clinical Child Psychology . New York, Plenum Publishing Corp, 1981, vol 4, pp 1-51. 12. Rutter M, Garmezy N: Developmental psychopathology, in Mussen's Handbook of Child Psychology , ed 4. New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1983, vol 4; Hetherington EM (section ed): Socialization, Personality and Social Development , pp 775-911. 13. Rutter M: Child Psychiatry: The interface between clinical and developmental research . Psychol Med 1986;16:151-160.Crossref 14. Rutter M: The developmental psychopathology of depression: Issues and perspectives , in Rutter M, Izard C, Read P (eds): Depression in Young People: Developmental and Clinical Perspectives . New York, Guilford Press, 1986, pp 3-30. 15. Stroufe LA, Rutter M: The domain of developmental psychopathology . Child Dev 1984;55:17-29.Crossref 16. Rutter M: Age as an ambiguous variable in developmental research: Some epidemiological considerations from developmental psychopathology . Int J Behav Dev , in press. 17. Rutter M, Izard C, Read P (eds): Depression in Young People: Developmental and Clinical Perspectives . New York, Guilford Press, 1986. 18. Oppel WC, Harper PA, Rider RV: The age of attaining bladder control . Pediatrics 1968;42:614-626. 19. Rutter M: Changing Youth in a Changing Society . Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1980. 20. Wing JK, Bebbington P, Robins LN (eds): What Is a Case? The Problem of Definition in Psychiatric Community Surveys . Boston, Blackwell Scientific Publications Inc, 1981. 21. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM, Strauss JS: An independent analysis of the Copenhagen sample of the Danish adoption study of schizophrenia: II. The relationship between schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:982-984.Crossref 22. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM: An independent analysis of the Danish adoption study of schizophrenia: IV. The relationship between psychiatric disorders as defined in DSM-III in the relatives and adoptees . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;44:555-564. 23. Torgerson G: Genetic and nosological aspects of schizotypal and borderline personality disorders . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:546-554.Crossref 24. Folstein S, Rutter M: Autism: Familial aggregation and genetic implications , in Schopler E, Mesibov G (eds): Diagnosis and Assessment in Autism . New York, Plenum Press Publishing Corp, 1987, pp 83-105. 25. Rutter M: Attention deficit disorder/hyperkinetic syndrome: Conceptual and research issues regarding diagnosis and classification , in Sagvolden T, Borchgrevink HM, Archer T (eds): Attention Deficit Disorder and Hyperkinetic Syndrome . Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence J Erlbaum Assoc Inc Publishers, in press. 26. Lee CL, Bates JE: Mother-child interaction at age 2 years and perceived difficult temperament . Child Dev 1985;56:1314-1325.Crossref 27. Rutter M: Family, area and social influences in the genesis of conduct disorders , in Hersov L, Berger M, Shaffer D (eds): Aggression and Antisocial Behaviour in Childhood and Adolescence . Elmsford, NY, Pergamon Press Inc, 1978, pp 95-133. 28. Shepherd M, Oppenheim B, Mitchell S (eds): Childhood Behaviour and Mental Health . London, University of London Press, 1971. 29. Magnusson D: Paths Through Life . Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence J Erlbaum Assoc Inc Publishers, 1987, vol 1, Magnusson D: Individual Development in an Interactional Perspective . 30. Pearce J: Childhood Depression, thesis. London, University of London, 1974. 31. Kovacs M, Feinberg TL, Crouse-Novak HA, Paulauskas SL, Finkelstein R: Depressive disorders in childhood: I. A longitudinal perspective study of characteristics and recovery . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:229-237.Crossref 32. Weissman MM: Psychopathology in the children of depressed and normal parents: Direct interview study , in Dunner DL, Gershon ES (eds): Relatives at Risk for Mental Disorders . New York, Raven Press, in press. 33. Verhulst FC, van der Lee JH, Akkerhuis GW, Sanders-Woudstra JAR, Timmer FC, Donkorst ID: The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis: Do DSM-III criteria need to be changed? A brief research report . J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1985;26:989-993.Crossref 34. Yule W, Rutter M (eds): Language Development and Disorders . Boston, Blackwell Scientific Publications Inc, 1987, pp 382-399. 35. Hersov L, School refusal, in Rutter M, Hersov L (eds): Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Modern Approaches , ed 2. Boston, Blackwell Scientific Publications Inc, 1985, pp 382-399. 36. Rodriguez A, Rodriguez M, Eisenberg L: The outcome of school phobia: A follow up study based on 41 cases . Am J Psychiatry 1959;116:540-544. 37. Hersov L, Berg O (eds): Out of School: Modern Perspectives in Truancy and School Refusal . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1985. 38. Farrington DP: Age and crime, in Tonry M, Morris N (eds): Crime and Justice . Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986, vol 7, pp 189-250. 39. Loeber R: The stability of antisocial and delinquent child behaviour: A review . Child Dev 1982;53:1431-1446.Crossref 40. Loeber R, Dishon TJ: Boys who fight: Familial and antisocial correlates . J Consult Clin Psychol 1984;52:759-768.Crossref 41. American Psychiatric Association, Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , ed 3. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1980. 42. World Health Organization: International Classification of Diseases (9th revision) . Geneva, World Health Authority, 1978. 43. Rutter M: Child psychiatric disorders in ICD-10. Read before the 11th International Congress on Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions, Paris, July 23, 1986. 44. Rutter M: Psychopathology and development: I. Childhood antecedents of adult psychiatric disorder . Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1984;18:225-234.Crossref 45. Robins LN: Sturdy childhood predictors of adult antisocial behavior: Replications from longitudinal studies . Psychol Med 1978;8:611-622.Crossref 46. Zeitlin H: The Natural History of Psychiatric Disorder in Childhood . New York, Oxford University Press Inc, 1986. 47. Rutter M, Quinton D: Long term follow-up of women institutionalized in childhood: Factors promoting good functioning in adult life . Br J Dev Psychol 1984;2:191-204.Crossref 48. Quinton D, Rutter M: Parental Breakdown: The Making and Breaking of Intergenerational Links . Aldershot, England, Gower Publishing Co Ltd, in press. 49. Rutter M: Temperament, personality and personality disorder . Br J Psychiatry 1987;150:443-458.Crossref 50. Rutter M, Giller H: Juvenile Delinquency: Trends and Perspectives . Harmondsworth, England, Penguin Books Ltd, 1983. 51. Vandenberg SG, Singer SM, Pauls DL: The Heredity of Behavior Disorders in Adults and Children . New York, Plenum Publishing Corp, 1986. 52. Rutter M: Maternal Deprivation Reassessed , ed 2. Harmondsworth, England, Penguin Books Ltd, 1981. 53. Rutter M: Continuities and discontinuities from infancy , in Osofsky J (ed): Handbook of Infant Development , ed 2. New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1987, pp 1256-1296. 54. Rutter M: Developmental neuropsychiatry: Concepts, issues and prospects . J Clin Neuropsychol 1982;4:91-115.Crossref 55. Goodman R: The developmental neurobiology of language , in Yule W, Rutter M (eds): Language Development and Disorders . Boston, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1987, pp 129-145. 56. Goldman-Rakic PS, Isseroff A, Schwartz M, Bugbee NM: The neurobiology of cognitive development, in Mussen's Handbook of Child Psychiatry , ed 4. New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1983, pp 281-344, vol 2; Haith MM, Campos JJ (section eds): Infancy and Developmental Psychobiology , pp 281-344. 57. Plomin R: Development, Genetics and Psychology . Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence J Erlbaum Assoc Inc Publishers, 1986. 58. Abrahams SF, Mira M, Beumont PJV, Sowerbutts TD, Llewellyn Jones D: Eating behaviours among young women . Med J Aust 1983;2:225-228. 59. Holland AJ, Hall A, Murray R, Russell GFM, Crisp AH: Anorexia nervosa: The study of 34 twin pairs and one set of triplets . Br J Psychiatry 1984;145:414-419.Crossref 60. McGuffin P: Genetic influences on personality, neurosis and psychosis , in McGuffin P, Shanks ME, Hodgson RJ (eds): The Scientific Principles of Psychopathology . New York, Grune & Stratton, 1984, pp 190-226. 61. Kendler KS, Head AC, Martin NG, Eaves LJ: Symptoms of anxiety and symptoms of depression: Same genes, different environments? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:451-461.Crossref 62. Schachar R, Rutter M, Smith A: The characteristics of situationally and pervasive hyperactive children: Implications for syndrome definition . J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1981;22:375-392.Crossref 63. Taylor EA (ed): The Overactive Child . Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1986. 64. Suomi SJ: Social development in rhesus monkeys: Considerations of individual differences , in Oliverio A, Zappella M (eds): The Behaviour of Human Infants . New York, Plenum Publishers, 1984. 65. Hare RD, Shalling D (eds): Psychopathic Behaviour: Approaches to Research . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1978. 66. Rutter M, Chadwick 0, Shaffer D: The behavioural and cognitive sequelae of head injury , in Rutter M (ed): Developmental Neuropsychiatry . New York, Guilford Press, 1983, pp 83-111. 67. Maughan B: School experiences as risk/protective factors , in Rutter M (ed): Studies of Psychosocial Risk: The Power of Longitudinal Data . New York, Cambridge University Press, in press. 68. Rutter M: School effects on pupil progress: Research findings and policy implications . Child Dev 1983;54:1-29.Crossref 69. Rutter M, Maughan B, Mortimore P, Ouston J, Smith A: Fifteen Thousand Hours: Secondary Schools and Their Effects on Children . Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1979. 70. Ouston J, Maughan B, Rutter M: Innovation and Change in Six Secondary Schools . Report to the Department of Education and Science. London, DES reference No. P81/139/03, 1985. 71. Bronfenbrenner U: Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design . Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1979. 72. Stevenson-Hinde J, Hinde RA: Changes in associations between characteristics and interactions , in Plomin R, Dunn J (eds): The Study of Temperament: Changes, Continuities and Challenges . Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence J Erlbaum Assoc Inc Publishers, 1986, pp 115-130. 73. Maccoby EE, Jacklin CN: The 'person' characteristics of children and the family as environment , in Magnusson D, Allen V (eds): Human Development: An Interactional Perspective , Orlando, Fla, Academic Press Inc, 1983, pp 75-91. 74. Maccoby EE: Social groupings in childhood: Their relationship to prosocial and antisocial behavior in boys and girls , in Olweus D, Block J, Radke-Yarrow M (eds): Development of Antisocial and Prosocial Behavior: Research, Theories and Issues . Orlando, Fla, Academic Press Inc, 1986, pp 263-284. 75. Rutter M: Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder . Br J Psychiatry 1985;147:598-611.Crossref 76. Rutter M: Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms , in Rolf J, Masten A, Cicchetti D, Nuechterlein K, Weintraub S (eds): Risk and Protective Factors in the Development of Psychopathology . New York, Cambridge University Press, in press. 77. Quinton D, Rutter M, Liddle C: Institutional rearing, parenting difficulties and marital support . Psychol Med 1984;14:107-124.Crossref 78. Brown GW, Harris TO, Bifulco A: The long term effects of early loss of parent , in Rutter M, Izard CE, Read P (eds): Depression in Young People: Clinical and Developmental Perspectives . New York, Guilford Press, 1986, pp 251-296. 79. Parker G, Hadzik-Pavlovic D: Modification of levels of depression in mother-bereaved women by parental and marriage relationships . Psychol Med 1984;14:125-135.Crossref 80. Rutter M: Meyerian psychobiology, personality development and the role of life experiences . Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:1077-1087. 81. Suomi S: Uptight and laidback monkeys: Individual differences in response style and risk for developing psychopathology. Presented at the Institute of Psychiatry, London, June 18, 1987. 82. Kendler KS, Eaves LJ: Models for the joint effect of genotype and environment on liability to psychiatric illness . Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:279-289. 83. Brown GW, Harris TO: Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorders in Women . London, Tavistock Publications Ltd, 1978. 84. Tsai LY: Pre-, peri- and neonatal factors in autism , in Schopler E, Mesibov GB (eds): Neurobiological Issues in Autism . New York, Plenum Publishing Corp, 1987, pp 179-189. 85. Rutter M: Family and school influences on behavioural development . J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1985;26:349-368.Crossref 86. Scarr S, McCartney K: How people make their own environments: A theory of genotype-environmental effects . Child Dev 1983;54:424-435. 87. Robins LN: The consequences of conduct disorder in girls , in Olweus D, Block J, Radke-Yarrow M (eds): Development of Antisocial and Prosocial Behavior: Research, Theories and Issues . Orlando, Fla, Academic Press Inc, 1986, pp 385-414. 88. Kandel DB, Davies M: Adult sequelae of adolescent depressive symptoms . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:255-262.Crossref 89. Rutter M: Psychopathology and development: II. Childhood experiences and personality development . Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1984;18:314-327.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of General Psychiatry American Medical Association

Epidemiological Approaches to Developmental Psychopathology

Rutter, Michael
Archives of General Psychiatry , Volume 45 (5) – May 1, 1988
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References (97)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1988 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-990X
eISSN
1598-3636
DOI
10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800290106013
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Abstract

Abstract • Developmental psychopathology as a research approach draws on both developmental and psychopathologic perspectives to tackle questions about causal mechanisms. Developmental perspectives are discussed in terms of the implications that flow from age differences in prevalence, age trends in remission of disorders, developmental appropriateness of psychiatric conditions, continuities and discontinuities in psychopathology between childhood and adult life, and age differences in the effects of psychiatric risk factors. Psychopathologic perspectives are considered in terms of continuities and discontinuities between normality and pathology and the contrasts between pervasive and situation-specific disorders, and by the differences between single variables and behavioral composites. The use of epidemiological data to examine causal processes is discussed, with attention to the need to consider development in its social context and to examine indirect, as well as direct, causal chains of connection. References 1. Robins LN: Epidemiological approaches to natural history research: Antisocial disorders in children . J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1981;20:566-580.Crossref 2. Rutter M: Epidemiological-longitudinal approaches to the study of development, in Collins WA (ed): The Concept of Development: Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology. Hillsdale NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc Inc Publishers, 1982, vol 15, pp 105-144. 3. Gould MS, Wunsch-Hitzig R, Dohrenwend BP: Formulation of hypotheses about the prevalence, treatment and prognostic significance of psychiatric disorders in children in the US , in Dohrenwend BS, Gould MS, Link B, Neugebauer R, Wunsch-Hitzig R (eds): Mental Illness in the United States: Epidemiological Estimates . New York, Praeger Publishers, 1980, pp 9-45. 4. Rutter M, Tizard J, Whitmore K (eds): Education, Health and Behaviour . London, Longman, 1970 (reprinted Melbourne, Fla, Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co Inc, 1981). 5. Rutter M: Epidemiological/longitudinal strategies and causal research in child psychiatry . J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1981;50:513-544.Crossref 6. Stein Z, Susser M: Methods in epidemiology . J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1981;20:444-461.Crossref 7. Earls F: Epidemiological child psychiatry: An American perspective , in Purcell EF (ed): Psychopathology of Children and Youth: A Cross Cultural Perspective . New York, Macy Foundation, 1980. 8. Graham PJ: Epidemiological studies , in Quay HC, Werry JS (eds): Psychopathological Disorders of Childhood , ed 2. New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1977, pp 185-209. 9. Links PS, Community surveys of the prevalence of childhood psychiatric disorders: A review . Child Dev 1983;54:531-548.Crossref 10. Rutter M, Sandberg S: Epidemiology of child psychiatric disorder: Methodological issues and some substantive findings . Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 1985;15:209-233.Crossref 11. Yule W: The epidemiology of child psychopathology , in Lahey BB, Kazdin AE (eds): Advances in Clinical Child Psychology . New York, Plenum Publishing Corp, 1981, vol 4, pp 1-51. 12. Rutter M, Garmezy N: Developmental psychopathology, in Mussen's Handbook of Child Psychology , ed 4. New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1983, vol 4; Hetherington EM (section ed): Socialization, Personality and Social Development , pp 775-911. 13. Rutter M: Child Psychiatry: The interface between clinical and developmental research . Psychol Med 1986;16:151-160.Crossref 14. Rutter M: The developmental psychopathology of depression: Issues and perspectives , in Rutter M, Izard C, Read P (eds): Depression in Young People: Developmental and Clinical Perspectives . New York, Guilford Press, 1986, pp 3-30. 15. Stroufe LA, Rutter M: The domain of developmental psychopathology . Child Dev 1984;55:17-29.Crossref 16. Rutter M: Age as an ambiguous variable in developmental research: Some epidemiological considerations from developmental psychopathology . Int J Behav Dev , in press. 17. Rutter M, Izard C, Read P (eds): Depression in Young People: Developmental and Clinical Perspectives . New York, Guilford Press, 1986. 18. Oppel WC, Harper PA, Rider RV: The age of attaining bladder control . Pediatrics 1968;42:614-626. 19. Rutter M: Changing Youth in a Changing Society . Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1980. 20. Wing JK, Bebbington P, Robins LN (eds): What Is a Case? The Problem of Definition in Psychiatric Community Surveys . Boston, Blackwell Scientific Publications Inc, 1981. 21. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM, Strauss JS: An independent analysis of the Copenhagen sample of the Danish adoption study of schizophrenia: II. The relationship between schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:982-984.Crossref 22. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM: An independent analysis of the Danish adoption study of schizophrenia: IV. The relationship between psychiatric disorders as defined in DSM-III in the relatives and adoptees . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;44:555-564. 23. Torgerson G: Genetic and nosological aspects of schizotypal and borderline personality disorders . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:546-554.Crossref 24. Folstein S, Rutter M: Autism: Familial aggregation and genetic implications , in Schopler E, Mesibov G (eds): Diagnosis and Assessment in Autism . New York, Plenum Press Publishing Corp, 1987, pp 83-105. 25. Rutter M: Attention deficit disorder/hyperkinetic syndrome: Conceptual and research issues regarding diagnosis and classification , in Sagvolden T, Borchgrevink HM, Archer T (eds): Attention Deficit Disorder and Hyperkinetic Syndrome . Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence J Erlbaum Assoc Inc Publishers, in press. 26. Lee CL, Bates JE: Mother-child interaction at age 2 years and perceived difficult temperament . Child Dev 1985;56:1314-1325.Crossref 27. Rutter M: Family, area and social influences in the genesis of conduct disorders , in Hersov L, Berger M, Shaffer D (eds): Aggression and Antisocial Behaviour in Childhood and Adolescence . Elmsford, NY, Pergamon Press Inc, 1978, pp 95-133. 28. Shepherd M, Oppenheim B, Mitchell S (eds): Childhood Behaviour and Mental Health . London, University of London Press, 1971. 29. Magnusson D: Paths Through Life . Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence J Erlbaum Assoc Inc Publishers, 1987, vol 1, Magnusson D: Individual Development in an Interactional Perspective . 30. Pearce J: Childhood Depression, thesis. London, University of London, 1974. 31. Kovacs M, Feinberg TL, Crouse-Novak HA, Paulauskas SL, Finkelstein R: Depressive disorders in childhood: I. A longitudinal perspective study of characteristics and recovery . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:229-237.Crossref 32. Weissman MM: Psychopathology in the children of depressed and normal parents: Direct interview study , in Dunner DL, Gershon ES (eds): Relatives at Risk for Mental Disorders . New York, Raven Press, in press. 33. Verhulst FC, van der Lee JH, Akkerhuis GW, Sanders-Woudstra JAR, Timmer FC, Donkorst ID: The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis: Do DSM-III criteria need to be changed? A brief research report . J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1985;26:989-993.Crossref 34. Yule W, Rutter M (eds): Language Development and Disorders . Boston, Blackwell Scientific Publications Inc, 1987, pp 382-399. 35. Hersov L, School refusal, in Rutter M, Hersov L (eds): Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Modern Approaches , ed 2. Boston, Blackwell Scientific Publications Inc, 1985, pp 382-399. 36. Rodriguez A, Rodriguez M, Eisenberg L: The outcome of school phobia: A follow up study based on 41 cases . Am J Psychiatry 1959;116:540-544. 37. Hersov L, Berg O (eds): Out of School: Modern Perspectives in Truancy and School Refusal . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1985. 38. Farrington DP: Age and crime, in Tonry M, Morris N (eds): Crime and Justice . Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1986, vol 7, pp 189-250. 39. Loeber R: The stability of antisocial and delinquent child behaviour: A review . Child Dev 1982;53:1431-1446.Crossref 40. Loeber R, Dishon TJ: Boys who fight: Familial and antisocial correlates . J Consult Clin Psychol 1984;52:759-768.Crossref 41. American Psychiatric Association, Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , ed 3. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1980. 42. World Health Organization: International Classification of Diseases (9th revision) . Geneva, World Health Authority, 1978. 43. Rutter M: Child psychiatric disorders in ICD-10. Read before the 11th International Congress on Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions, Paris, July 23, 1986. 44. Rutter M: Psychopathology and development: I. Childhood antecedents of adult psychiatric disorder . Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1984;18:225-234.Crossref 45. Robins LN: Sturdy childhood predictors of adult antisocial behavior: Replications from longitudinal studies . Psychol Med 1978;8:611-622.Crossref 46. Zeitlin H: The Natural History of Psychiatric Disorder in Childhood . New York, Oxford University Press Inc, 1986. 47. Rutter M, Quinton D: Long term follow-up of women institutionalized in childhood: Factors promoting good functioning in adult life . Br J Dev Psychol 1984;2:191-204.Crossref 48. Quinton D, Rutter M: Parental Breakdown: The Making and Breaking of Intergenerational Links . Aldershot, England, Gower Publishing Co Ltd, in press. 49. Rutter M: Temperament, personality and personality disorder . Br J Psychiatry 1987;150:443-458.Crossref 50. Rutter M, Giller H: Juvenile Delinquency: Trends and Perspectives . Harmondsworth, England, Penguin Books Ltd, 1983. 51. Vandenberg SG, Singer SM, Pauls DL: The Heredity of Behavior Disorders in Adults and Children . New York, Plenum Publishing Corp, 1986. 52. Rutter M: Maternal Deprivation Reassessed , ed 2. Harmondsworth, England, Penguin Books Ltd, 1981. 53. Rutter M: Continuities and discontinuities from infancy , in Osofsky J (ed): Handbook of Infant Development , ed 2. New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1987, pp 1256-1296. 54. Rutter M: Developmental neuropsychiatry: Concepts, issues and prospects . J Clin Neuropsychol 1982;4:91-115.Crossref 55. Goodman R: The developmental neurobiology of language , in Yule W, Rutter M (eds): Language Development and Disorders . Boston, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1987, pp 129-145. 56. Goldman-Rakic PS, Isseroff A, Schwartz M, Bugbee NM: The neurobiology of cognitive development, in Mussen's Handbook of Child Psychiatry , ed 4. New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1983, pp 281-344, vol 2; Haith MM, Campos JJ (section eds): Infancy and Developmental Psychobiology , pp 281-344. 57. Plomin R: Development, Genetics and Psychology . Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence J Erlbaum Assoc Inc Publishers, 1986. 58. Abrahams SF, Mira M, Beumont PJV, Sowerbutts TD, Llewellyn Jones D: Eating behaviours among young women . Med J Aust 1983;2:225-228. 59. Holland AJ, Hall A, Murray R, Russell GFM, Crisp AH: Anorexia nervosa: The study of 34 twin pairs and one set of triplets . Br J Psychiatry 1984;145:414-419.Crossref 60. McGuffin P: Genetic influences on personality, neurosis and psychosis , in McGuffin P, Shanks ME, Hodgson RJ (eds): The Scientific Principles of Psychopathology . New York, Grune & Stratton, 1984, pp 190-226. 61. Kendler KS, Head AC, Martin NG, Eaves LJ: Symptoms of anxiety and symptoms of depression: Same genes, different environments? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:451-461.Crossref 62. Schachar R, Rutter M, Smith A: The characteristics of situationally and pervasive hyperactive children: Implications for syndrome definition . J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1981;22:375-392.Crossref 63. Taylor EA (ed): The Overactive Child . Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1986. 64. Suomi SJ: Social development in rhesus monkeys: Considerations of individual differences , in Oliverio A, Zappella M (eds): The Behaviour of Human Infants . New York, Plenum Publishers, 1984. 65. Hare RD, Shalling D (eds): Psychopathic Behaviour: Approaches to Research . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1978. 66. Rutter M, Chadwick 0, Shaffer D: The behavioural and cognitive sequelae of head injury , in Rutter M (ed): Developmental Neuropsychiatry . New York, Guilford Press, 1983, pp 83-111. 67. Maughan B: School experiences as risk/protective factors , in Rutter M (ed): Studies of Psychosocial Risk: The Power of Longitudinal Data . New York, Cambridge University Press, in press. 68. Rutter M: School effects on pupil progress: Research findings and policy implications . Child Dev 1983;54:1-29.Crossref 69. Rutter M, Maughan B, Mortimore P, Ouston J, Smith A: Fifteen Thousand Hours: Secondary Schools and Their Effects on Children . Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1979. 70. Ouston J, Maughan B, Rutter M: Innovation and Change in Six Secondary Schools . Report to the Department of Education and Science. London, DES reference No. P81/139/03, 1985. 71. Bronfenbrenner U: Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design . Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1979. 72. Stevenson-Hinde J, Hinde RA: Changes in associations between characteristics and interactions , in Plomin R, Dunn J (eds): The Study of Temperament: Changes, Continuities and Challenges . Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence J Erlbaum Assoc Inc Publishers, 1986, pp 115-130. 73. Maccoby EE, Jacklin CN: The 'person' characteristics of children and the family as environment , in Magnusson D, Allen V (eds): Human Development: An Interactional Perspective , Orlando, Fla, Academic Press Inc, 1983, pp 75-91. 74. Maccoby EE: Social groupings in childhood: Their relationship to prosocial and antisocial behavior in boys and girls , in Olweus D, Block J, Radke-Yarrow M (eds): Development of Antisocial and Prosocial Behavior: Research, Theories and Issues . Orlando, Fla, Academic Press Inc, 1986, pp 263-284. 75. Rutter M: Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder . Br J Psychiatry 1985;147:598-611.Crossref 76. Rutter M: Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms , in Rolf J, Masten A, Cicchetti D, Nuechterlein K, Weintraub S (eds): Risk and Protective Factors in the Development of Psychopathology . New York, Cambridge University Press, in press. 77. 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Journal

Archives of General Psychiatry – American Medical Association

Published: May 1, 1988

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