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Psychiatric Illness in First-degree Relatives of Schizophrenic and Surgical Control Patients: A Family Study Using DSM-III Criteria

Psychiatric Illness in First-degree Relatives of Schizophrenic and Surgical Control Patients: A... Abstract • This report examines the risk for psychiatric illness in 723 first-degree relatives of schizophrenics and 1,056 first-degree relatives of matched surgical control patients. Diagnoses in patients and relatives were made "blind" to one another, using DSM-III criteria. Information on relatives was obtained from personal interview and/or hospital records. Results were analyzed using two levels of diagnostic certainty and with or without relatives on whom only hospital records were obtained. In all analyses, the risk for schizophrenia was significantly greater (at least 18-fold) in the relatives of schizophrenics v controls. Evidence was also found for an increased risk in relatives of schizophrenics for schizoaffective disorder, paranoid disorder, and atypical psychosis but not for unipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, or alcoholism. As defined by DSM-III, schizophrenia is a familial disorder; however, the increased risk for psychotic illness in relatives of schizophrenics does not appear to be confined to schizophrenia alone. References 1. Kraepelin E: Clinical Psychiatry: A Textbook for Students and Physicians , Diefendorf AR (trans). New York, Macmillan Publishing Co Inc, 1904. 2. Rudin E: Studien uber Verebung und Entstehung geistiger Storungen: I. Zur Vererbung und Neuenstehung der Dementia Praecox . Berlin, Springer, 1916. 3. Zerbin-Rudin E: Endogene Psychosen , in Becker PE (ed): Humangenetik: Ein Kurzes Handbuch in funf Banden . Stuttgart, West Germany, Georg Thieme Verlag, 1967, vol V/2 pp 446-513. 4. Lindelius R: A study of schizophrenia: A clinical, prognostic and family investigation . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1970, (suppl 216) , pp 1-125. 5. Karlsson JL: An Icelandic family study of schizophrenia . Br J Psychiatry 1973;123:549-554.Crossref 6. Fischer M: Genetic and environment factors in schizophrenia: A study of schizophrenic twins and their families . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1973, (suppl 238) , pp 1-133. 7. Tsuang MT, Fowler RC, Cadoret RJ, Monnelly E: Schizophrenia among first-degree relatives of paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics . Compr Psychiatry 1974;15:295-302.Crossref 8. Stephens DA, Atkinson MW, Kay DWK, Roth M, Garside RF: Psychiatric morbidity in parents and sibs of schizophrenics . Br J Psychiatry 1975;127:97-108.Crossref 9. Bleuler M: The Schizophrenic Disorders: Long-term Patient and Family Studies , Clemens SM (trans). New Haven, Conn, Yale University Press, 1978. 10. Scharfetter C, Nusperli M: The group of schizophrenias, schizoaffective psychoses and affective disorders . Schizophr Bull 1980;6:586-591.Crossref 11. Tsuang MT, Winokur G, Crowe RR: Morbidity risks of schizophrenia and affective disorders among first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia, mania, depression and surgical conditions . Br J Psychiatry 1980;137:497-504.Crossref 12. Guze SB, Cloninger CR, Martin RL, Clayton PJ: A follow-up and family study of schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:1273-1276.Crossref 13. Haverkamp F, Propping P, Hilger T: Is there an increase of reproductive rates in schizophrenics? I. Critical review of the literature . Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1982;232:439-450.Crossref 14. Risch N: Estimating morbidity risks in relatives: The effect of reduced fertility . Behav Genet 1983;13:441-451.Crossref 15. Rosenthal D, Kety SS (eds): The Transmission of Schizophrenia . New York, Pergamon Press, 1968. 16. Pope HG, Jones JM, Cohen BM, Lipinski JF: Failure to find evidence of schizophrenia in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic probands . Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:826-828. 17. Abrams R, Taylor MA: The genetics of schizophrenia: A reassessment using modern criteria . Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:171-175. 18. Kendler KS: Heritability of schizophrenia . Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:131. 19. Weissman MM, Merikangas KR, Pauls DL, Leckman JF, Gammon GD: Heritability of schizophrenia . Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:131-132. 20. Kety SS: Mental illness in the biological and adoptive relatives of schizophrenic adoptees: Findings relevant to genetic and environmental factors in etiology . Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:720-727. 21. Myerson A: The Inheritance of Mental Diseases . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1925. 22. Menninger K, Elenberger H, Pruyser P: The unitary concept of mental illness . Bull Menninger Clin 1958;22:4-12. 23. Salter E: The parents and children of manic-depressives , in Shields J, Gottesman II (eds): Man, Mind and Heredity . Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1971, pp 55-68. 24. Reed SC, Hartley C, Anderson VE, Phillips VP, Johnsson NA: The Psychoses: Family Studies . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1973. 25. Smeraldi E, Negri F, Melica AM: The genetic study of affective disorders . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1977;56:382-398.Crossref 26. Kallmann FJ: The genetics of psychoses: An analysis of 1,232 twin index families , in Congress Internationale de Psychiatrie: VI. Psychiatrie Sociale . Paris, Hermann, 1950, pp 1-27. 27. Slater E: Psychotic and Neurotic Illnesses in Twins . London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1953. 28. Weinberg I, Lobstein J: Inheritance in schizophrenia . Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 1943;18:93-140.Crossref 29. Sjogren T: Genetic-statistical and psychiatric investigations of a west-Swedish population . Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 1948, (suppl 52) , pp 1-102. 30. Loranger AW: Genetic independence of manic-depression and schizophrenia . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1981;63:444-452.Crossref 31. Guze SB, Woodruff RA, Clayton PJ: The significance of psychotic affective disorders . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975;32:1147-1150.Crossref 32. Coryell W, Tsuang MT, McDaniel J: Psychotic features in major depressions: Is mood congruence important? J Affective Disord 1984;4:227-236.Crossref 33. Frangos E, Athanassenas G, Tsitourides S, Psilognos P, Katsanov N: Psychotic depressive disorder: A separate entity? J Affective Disord 1983;5:259-265.Crossref 34. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM, Strauss JS: An independent analysis of the Copenhagen sample of the Danish Adoption Study of schizophrenia: IV. The relationship between major depressive disorder and schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:639-642.Crossref 35. Tsuang MT, Dempsey GM, Dvoredsky A, Struss A: A family history study of schizo-affective disorder . Biol Psychiatry 1977;12:331-338. 36. Rosenthal NE, Rosenthal LN, Stallone F, Dunner DL, Fieve RR: Toward the validation of RDC schizoaffective disorder . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980;37:804-810.Crossref 37. Pope HG, Lipinski JF, Cohen BM, Axelrod DT: 'Schizoaffective disorder': An invalid diagnosis? A comparison of schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, and affective disorder . Am J Psychiatry 1980;137:921-927. 38. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM: An independent analysis of the Copenhagen sample of the Danish Adoption Study of schizophrenia: VI. The relationship between psychiatric disorders as defined by DSM-III in the relatives and adoptees . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:555-564.Crossref 39. Kendler KS, Adler D: The pattern of psychotic illness in affected sibling pairs . Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:509-513. 40. Angst J, Felder W, Lohmeyer B: Schizoaffective disorders: Results of a genetic investigation: I . J Affective Disord 1979;1:139-153.Crossref 41. Tsuang MT: 'Schizoaffective disorder': Dead or alive? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:633-634.Crossref 42. Mendlewicz J, Linkowski P, Wilmotte J: Relationship between schizoaffective illness and affective disorders or schizophrenia: Morbidity risk and genetic transmission . J Affective Disord 1980;2:289-302.Crossref 43. Baron M, Gruen R, Asnis L, Kane J: Schizoaffective illness, schizophrenia and affective disorders: Morbidity risk and genetic transmission . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1982;65:253-262.Crossref 44. McInnes RG: Observations on heredity in neurosis . Proc R Soc Med 1937;30:895-904. 45. Mitsuda H, Sakai T, Kobayashi J: A clinico-genetic study on the relationship between neurosis and psychosis . Bull Osaka Med Sch 1967;12( (suppl) ):27-35. 46. Brown FN: Heredity in the psychoneuroses . Proc R Soc Med 1942;35:785-790. 47. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM, Strauss JS: An independent analysis of the Copenhagen sample of the Danish Adoption Study of schizophrenia: I. The relationship between anxiety disorder and schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:973-977.Crossref 48. Cotton NS: The familial incidence of alcoholism: A review . J Stud Alcohol 1979;40:89-116. 49. Bleuler M: Familial and personal background of chronic alcoholics , in Diethelm O (ed): Etiology of Chronic Alcoholism . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1955, pp 110-166. 50. Rimmer J, Jacobsen B: Alcoholism in schizophrenics and their relatives . J Stud Alcohol 1977;38:1781-1784. 51. Morrison J, Clancy J, Crowe R, Winokur G: The Iowa 500: I. Diagnostic validity in mania, depression and schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972;27:457-461.Crossref 52. Feighner JP, Robins E, Guze SB, Woodruff RA, Winokur G, Munoz R: Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972;26:57-63.Crossref 53. Coryell W, Tsuang MT: Should 'non-Feighner schizophrenia' be classified with affective disorder? J Affective Disord 1979;1:3-8.Crossref 54. American Psychiatric Association Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , ed 3. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1980. 55. Tsuang MT, Woolson RF, Simpson JC: The Iowa Structured Psychiatric Interview: Rationale, reliability and validity . Acta Psychiatr Scand , 1980, (suppl 283) , pp 1-38. 56. Stromgren E: Zum Ersatz des Weinbergschen 'Abgekurzten Verfahrens' Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Frage von der Erblichkeit des Erkrankungsalters bei der Schizophrenie . Z Gesamte Neurol Psychiatr 1935;153:784-797.Crossref 57. Kendler KS: Demography of paranoid psychosis (delusional disorder): A review and comparison with schizophrenia and affective illness . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:890-902.Crossref 58. Salter E, Cowie V: The Genetics of Mental Disorders . London, Oxford University Press, 1971. 59. Heimbuch RC, Mathysse S, Kidd KK: Estimating age-of-onset distributors for disorders with variable onset . Am J Hum Genet 1980;31:564-574. 60. Andreasen NC, Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Winokur G: The family history method using diagnostic criteria: Reliability and validity . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977;34:1229-1235.Crossref 61. Thompson WD, Orvaschel H, Prusoff BA, Kidd KK: An evaluation of the family history method for ascertaining psychiatric disorders . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:53-58.Crossref 62. Tsuang MT, Woolson RF: Mortality in patients with schizophrenia, mania, depression, and surgical conditions: A comparison with general population mortality . Br J Psychiatry 1977;130:162-166.Crossref 63. Weiner BP, Marvit RC: Schizophrenia in Hawaii: Analysis of cohort mortality risk in a multi-ethnic population . Br J Psychiatry 1977;131:497-503.Crossref 64. Robinette CD, Hrubec Z, Fraumeni JF: Chronic alcoholism and subsequent mortality in World War II veterans . Am J Epidemiol 1979;109:687-700. 65. Eastwood MR, Stiasny S, Meier HMR, Woogh CM: Mental illness and mortality . Compr Psychiatry 1982;23:377-385.Crossref 66. Breborowicz G, Trzebiatowska-Trzeciak O: A method for testing differences in morbidity risk for affective psychoses . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1976;54:353-358.Crossref 67. Smith C: Concordance in twins: Methods and interpretation . Am J Hum Genet 1974;26:454-466. 68. Reich T, Cloninger CR, Guze S: The multifactorial model of disease transmission: I. Description of the model and its use in psychiatry . Br J Psychiatry 1975;127:1-10.Crossref 69. Endicott J, Nee J, Fleiss J, Cohen J, Williams JBW, Simon R: Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia: Reliabilities and agreement between systems . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:884-889.Crossref 70. Falconer DS: The inheritance of liability to certain diseases, estimated from the incidence among relatives . Ann Hum Genet 1965;29:51-76.Crossref 71. Smith C, Falconer DS, Duncan LJP: A statistical and genetical study of diabetes: II. Heritability of liability . Ann Hum Genet 1972;35:281-299.Crossref 72. Kendler KS, Robinette CD: Schizophrenia in the NAS-NRC twin registry: A 16-year update . Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:1551-1563. 73. Kety SS, Rosenthal D, Wender PH, Schulsinger F, Jacobsen B: Mental illness in the biological and adoptive families of adopted individuals who have become schizophrenic: A preliminary report based on psychiatric interview , in Fieve R, Rosenthal D, Brill H (eds): Genetic Research in Psychiatry . Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1975, pp 147-165. 74. Kendler KS: Overview: A current perspective on twin studies of schizophrenia . Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:1413-1425. 75. Shields J, Gottesman II: Cross-national diagnosis of schizophrenia in twins: The heritability and specificity of schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972;27:725-730.Crossref 76. Brockington IF, Leff JP: Schizo-affective psychosis: Definitions and incidence . Psychol Med 1979;9:91-99.Crossref 77. Watt JAG, Hall DJ, Olley PC, Hunter D, Gardiner AQ: Paranoid states of middle life: Familial occurrence and relationship to schizophrenia . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1980;61:413-426.Crossref 78. Kendler KS, Hays P: Paranoid psychosis (delusional disorder) and schizophrenia: A family history study . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 38:547-551.Crossref 79. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM, Strauss JS: An independent analysis of the Copenhagen sample of the Danish Adoption Study of schizophrenia: III. The relationship between paranoid psychosis (delusional disorder) and the schizophrenia spectrum disorders . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:985-987.Crossref 80. Kendler KS: The nosologic validity of paranoia (simple delusional disorder): A review . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980;37:699-706.Crossref 81. Kendall RE, Brockington IF: The identification of disease entities and the relationship between schizophrenic and affective psychoses . Br J Psychiatry 1980;137:324-331.Crossref 82. Glassman AH, Kantor SJ, Shostak M: Depression, delusions and drug response . Am J Psychiatry 1975;132:716-719. 83. Brown RP, Frances A, Kocsis JH, Mann JJ: Psychotic vs. nonpsychotic depression: Comparison of treatment response . J Nerv Ment Dis 1982;170:635-637.Crossref 84. Nelson JC, Bowers MB: Delusional unipolar depression: Description and drug response . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:1321-1328.Crossref 85. Kaskey GB, Nasr S, Meltzer HY: Drug treatment in delusional depression . Psychiatry Res 1980;1:267-277.Crossref 86. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM, Strauss JS: An independent analysis of the Copenhagen sample of the Danish Adoption Study of schizophrenia: II. The relationship between schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:982-984.Crossref 87. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM: Genetic relationship between paranoid personality disorder and the 'schizophrenic spectrum' disorders . Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:1185-1186. 88. Kendler KS, Masterson C, Ungaro R, Davis KL: A family history study of schizophrenia-related personality disorders . Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:424-427. 89. Murphy HBM: Migration and the major mental disorders: A reappraisal , in Kantor MB (ed): Mobility and Mental Health . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1965, pp 5-29. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of General Psychiatry American Medical Association

Psychiatric Illness in First-degree Relatives of Schizophrenic and Surgical Control Patients: A Family Study Using DSM-III Criteria

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References (102)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1985 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-990X
eISSN
1598-3636
DOI
10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790310032004
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Abstract

Abstract • This report examines the risk for psychiatric illness in 723 first-degree relatives of schizophrenics and 1,056 first-degree relatives of matched surgical control patients. Diagnoses in patients and relatives were made "blind" to one another, using DSM-III criteria. Information on relatives was obtained from personal interview and/or hospital records. Results were analyzed using two levels of diagnostic certainty and with or without relatives on whom only hospital records were obtained. In all analyses, the risk for schizophrenia was significantly greater (at least 18-fold) in the relatives of schizophrenics v controls. Evidence was also found for an increased risk in relatives of schizophrenics for schizoaffective disorder, paranoid disorder, and atypical psychosis but not for unipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, or alcoholism. As defined by DSM-III, schizophrenia is a familial disorder; however, the increased risk for psychotic illness in relatives of schizophrenics does not appear to be confined to schizophrenia alone. References 1. Kraepelin E: Clinical Psychiatry: A Textbook for Students and Physicians , Diefendorf AR (trans). New York, Macmillan Publishing Co Inc, 1904. 2. Rudin E: Studien uber Verebung und Entstehung geistiger Storungen: I. Zur Vererbung und Neuenstehung der Dementia Praecox . Berlin, Springer, 1916. 3. Zerbin-Rudin E: Endogene Psychosen , in Becker PE (ed): Humangenetik: Ein Kurzes Handbuch in funf Banden . Stuttgart, West Germany, Georg Thieme Verlag, 1967, vol V/2 pp 446-513. 4. Lindelius R: A study of schizophrenia: A clinical, prognostic and family investigation . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1970, (suppl 216) , pp 1-125. 5. Karlsson JL: An Icelandic family study of schizophrenia . Br J Psychiatry 1973;123:549-554.Crossref 6. Fischer M: Genetic and environment factors in schizophrenia: A study of schizophrenic twins and their families . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1973, (suppl 238) , pp 1-133. 7. Tsuang MT, Fowler RC, Cadoret RJ, Monnelly E: Schizophrenia among first-degree relatives of paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics . Compr Psychiatry 1974;15:295-302.Crossref 8. Stephens DA, Atkinson MW, Kay DWK, Roth M, Garside RF: Psychiatric morbidity in parents and sibs of schizophrenics . Br J Psychiatry 1975;127:97-108.Crossref 9. Bleuler M: The Schizophrenic Disorders: Long-term Patient and Family Studies , Clemens SM (trans). New Haven, Conn, Yale University Press, 1978. 10. Scharfetter C, Nusperli M: The group of schizophrenias, schizoaffective psychoses and affective disorders . Schizophr Bull 1980;6:586-591.Crossref 11. Tsuang MT, Winokur G, Crowe RR: Morbidity risks of schizophrenia and affective disorders among first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia, mania, depression and surgical conditions . Br J Psychiatry 1980;137:497-504.Crossref 12. Guze SB, Cloninger CR, Martin RL, Clayton PJ: A follow-up and family study of schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:1273-1276.Crossref 13. Haverkamp F, Propping P, Hilger T: Is there an increase of reproductive rates in schizophrenics? I. Critical review of the literature . Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1982;232:439-450.Crossref 14. Risch N: Estimating morbidity risks in relatives: The effect of reduced fertility . Behav Genet 1983;13:441-451.Crossref 15. Rosenthal D, Kety SS (eds): The Transmission of Schizophrenia . New York, Pergamon Press, 1968. 16. Pope HG, Jones JM, Cohen BM, Lipinski JF: Failure to find evidence of schizophrenia in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic probands . Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:826-828. 17. Abrams R, Taylor MA: The genetics of schizophrenia: A reassessment using modern criteria . Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:171-175. 18. Kendler KS: Heritability of schizophrenia . Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:131. 19. Weissman MM, Merikangas KR, Pauls DL, Leckman JF, Gammon GD: Heritability of schizophrenia . Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:131-132. 20. Kety SS: Mental illness in the biological and adoptive relatives of schizophrenic adoptees: Findings relevant to genetic and environmental factors in etiology . Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:720-727. 21. Myerson A: The Inheritance of Mental Diseases . Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co, 1925. 22. Menninger K, Elenberger H, Pruyser P: The unitary concept of mental illness . Bull Menninger Clin 1958;22:4-12. 23. Salter E: The parents and children of manic-depressives , in Shields J, Gottesman II (eds): Man, Mind and Heredity . Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1971, pp 55-68. 24. Reed SC, Hartley C, Anderson VE, Phillips VP, Johnsson NA: The Psychoses: Family Studies . Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1973. 25. Smeraldi E, Negri F, Melica AM: The genetic study of affective disorders . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1977;56:382-398.Crossref 26. Kallmann FJ: The genetics of psychoses: An analysis of 1,232 twin index families , in Congress Internationale de Psychiatrie: VI. Psychiatrie Sociale . Paris, Hermann, 1950, pp 1-27. 27. Slater E: Psychotic and Neurotic Illnesses in Twins . London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1953. 28. Weinberg I, Lobstein J: Inheritance in schizophrenia . Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 1943;18:93-140.Crossref 29. Sjogren T: Genetic-statistical and psychiatric investigations of a west-Swedish population . Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 1948, (suppl 52) , pp 1-102. 30. Loranger AW: Genetic independence of manic-depression and schizophrenia . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1981;63:444-452.Crossref 31. Guze SB, Woodruff RA, Clayton PJ: The significance of psychotic affective disorders . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975;32:1147-1150.Crossref 32. Coryell W, Tsuang MT, McDaniel J: Psychotic features in major depressions: Is mood congruence important? J Affective Disord 1984;4:227-236.Crossref 33. Frangos E, Athanassenas G, Tsitourides S, Psilognos P, Katsanov N: Psychotic depressive disorder: A separate entity? J Affective Disord 1983;5:259-265.Crossref 34. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM, Strauss JS: An independent analysis of the Copenhagen sample of the Danish Adoption Study of schizophrenia: IV. The relationship between major depressive disorder and schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:639-642.Crossref 35. Tsuang MT, Dempsey GM, Dvoredsky A, Struss A: A family history study of schizo-affective disorder . Biol Psychiatry 1977;12:331-338. 36. Rosenthal NE, Rosenthal LN, Stallone F, Dunner DL, Fieve RR: Toward the validation of RDC schizoaffective disorder . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980;37:804-810.Crossref 37. Pope HG, Lipinski JF, Cohen BM, Axelrod DT: 'Schizoaffective disorder': An invalid diagnosis? A comparison of schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, and affective disorder . Am J Psychiatry 1980;137:921-927. 38. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM: An independent analysis of the Copenhagen sample of the Danish Adoption Study of schizophrenia: VI. The relationship between psychiatric disorders as defined by DSM-III in the relatives and adoptees . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:555-564.Crossref 39. Kendler KS, Adler D: The pattern of psychotic illness in affected sibling pairs . Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:509-513. 40. Angst J, Felder W, Lohmeyer B: Schizoaffective disorders: Results of a genetic investigation: I . J Affective Disord 1979;1:139-153.Crossref 41. Tsuang MT: 'Schizoaffective disorder': Dead or alive? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:633-634.Crossref 42. Mendlewicz J, Linkowski P, Wilmotte J: Relationship between schizoaffective illness and affective disorders or schizophrenia: Morbidity risk and genetic transmission . J Affective Disord 1980;2:289-302.Crossref 43. Baron M, Gruen R, Asnis L, Kane J: Schizoaffective illness, schizophrenia and affective disorders: Morbidity risk and genetic transmission . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1982;65:253-262.Crossref 44. McInnes RG: Observations on heredity in neurosis . Proc R Soc Med 1937;30:895-904. 45. Mitsuda H, Sakai T, Kobayashi J: A clinico-genetic study on the relationship between neurosis and psychosis . Bull Osaka Med Sch 1967;12( (suppl) ):27-35. 46. Brown FN: Heredity in the psychoneuroses . Proc R Soc Med 1942;35:785-790. 47. Kendler KS, Gruenberg AM, Strauss JS: An independent analysis of the Copenhagen sample of the Danish Adoption Study of schizophrenia: I. The relationship between anxiety disorder and schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:973-977.Crossref 48. Cotton NS: The familial incidence of alcoholism: A review . J Stud Alcohol 1979;40:89-116. 49. Bleuler M: Familial and personal background of chronic alcoholics , in Diethelm O (ed): Etiology of Chronic Alcoholism . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1955, pp 110-166. 50. Rimmer J, Jacobsen B: Alcoholism in schizophrenics and their relatives . J Stud Alcohol 1977;38:1781-1784. 51. Morrison J, Clancy J, Crowe R, Winokur G: The Iowa 500: I. Diagnostic validity in mania, depression and schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972;27:457-461.Crossref 52. Feighner JP, Robins E, Guze SB, Woodruff RA, Winokur G, Munoz R: Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972;26:57-63.Crossref 53. Coryell W, Tsuang MT: Should 'non-Feighner schizophrenia' be classified with affective disorder? J Affective Disord 1979;1:3-8.Crossref 54. American Psychiatric Association Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , ed 3. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1980. 55. Tsuang MT, Woolson RF, Simpson JC: The Iowa Structured Psychiatric Interview: Rationale, reliability and validity . Acta Psychiatr Scand , 1980, (suppl 283) , pp 1-38. 56. Stromgren E: Zum Ersatz des Weinbergschen 'Abgekurzten Verfahrens' Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Frage von der Erblichkeit des Erkrankungsalters bei der Schizophrenie . Z Gesamte Neurol Psychiatr 1935;153:784-797.Crossref 57. Kendler KS: Demography of paranoid psychosis (delusional disorder): A review and comparison with schizophrenia and affective illness . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:890-902.Crossref 58. Salter E, Cowie V: The Genetics of Mental Disorders . London, Oxford University Press, 1971. 59. Heimbuch RC, Mathysse S, Kidd KK: Estimating age-of-onset distributors for disorders with variable onset . Am J Hum Genet 1980;31:564-574. 60. Andreasen NC, Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Winokur G: The family history method using diagnostic criteria: Reliability and validity . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977;34:1229-1235.Crossref 61. Thompson WD, Orvaschel H, Prusoff BA, Kidd KK: An evaluation of the family history method for ascertaining psychiatric disorders . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:53-58.Crossref 62. Tsuang MT, Woolson RF: Mortality in patients with schizophrenia, mania, depression, and surgical conditions: A comparison with general population mortality . Br J Psychiatry 1977;130:162-166.Crossref 63. Weiner BP, Marvit RC: Schizophrenia in Hawaii: Analysis of cohort mortality risk in a multi-ethnic population . Br J Psychiatry 1977;131:497-503.Crossref 64. Robinette CD, Hrubec Z, Fraumeni JF: Chronic alcoholism and subsequent mortality in World War II veterans . Am J Epidemiol 1979;109:687-700. 65. Eastwood MR, Stiasny S, Meier HMR, Woogh CM: Mental illness and mortality . Compr Psychiatry 1982;23:377-385.Crossref 66. Breborowicz G, Trzebiatowska-Trzeciak O: A method for testing differences in morbidity risk for affective psychoses . Acta Psychiatr Scand 1976;54:353-358.Crossref 67. Smith C: Concordance in twins: Methods and interpretation . Am J Hum Genet 1974;26:454-466. 68. Reich T, Cloninger CR, Guze S: The multifactorial model of disease transmission: I. Description of the model and its use in psychiatry . Br J Psychiatry 1975;127:1-10.Crossref 69. Endicott J, Nee J, Fleiss J, Cohen J, Williams JBW, Simon R: Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia: Reliabilities and agreement between systems . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:884-889.Crossref 70. Falconer DS: The inheritance of liability to certain diseases, estimated from the incidence among relatives . Ann Hum Genet 1965;29:51-76.Crossref 71. Smith C, Falconer DS, Duncan LJP: A statistical and genetical study of diabetes: II. Heritability of liability . Ann Hum Genet 1972;35:281-299.Crossref 72. Kendler KS, Robinette CD: Schizophrenia in the NAS-NRC twin registry: A 16-year update . Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:1551-1563. 73. Kety SS, Rosenthal D, Wender PH, Schulsinger F, Jacobsen B: Mental illness in the biological and adoptive families of adopted individuals who have become schizophrenic: A preliminary report based on psychiatric interview , in Fieve R, Rosenthal D, Brill H (eds): Genetic Research in Psychiatry . Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1975, pp 147-165. 74. Kendler KS: Overview: A current perspective on twin studies of schizophrenia . Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:1413-1425. 75. Shields J, Gottesman II: Cross-national diagnosis of schizophrenia in twins: The heritability and specificity of schizophrenia . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972;27:725-730.Crossref 76. Brockington IF, Leff JP: Schizo-affective psychosis: Definitions and incidence . Psychol Med 1979;9:91-99.Crossref 77. 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Journal

Archives of General Psychiatry – American Medical Association

Published: Aug 1, 1985

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