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Valerie Valle, I. Frieze (1976)
Stability of causal attributions as a mediator in changing expectations for success.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33
J. Parsons, D. Ruble (1977)
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J. Nicholls (1976)
Effort is virtuous, but it's better to have ability: Evaluative responses to perceptions of effort and abilityJournal of Research in Personality, 10
J. Nicholls (1978)
The Development of the Concepts of Effort and Ability, Perception of Academic Attainment, and the Understanding that Difficult Tasks Require More Ability.Child Development, 49
C. Dweck, W. Davidson, Sharon Nelson, B. Enna (1978)
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P. Katz, E. Zigler (1967)
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B. Bloom (1979)
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Ian McMahan (1973)
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Anna Kun (1977)
Development of the Magnitude-Covariation and Compensation Schemata in Ability and Effort Attributions of Performance.Child Development, 48
D. Ruble, J. Parsons, J. Ross (1976)
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J. Nicholls (1976)
When a scale measures more than its name denotes: the case of the Test Anxiety Scale for Children.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 44 6
J. Karabenick, K. Heller (1976)
A developmental study of effort and ability attributions.Developmental Psychology, 12
D. Bar-Tal, Y. Bar-Zohar (1977)
The relationship between perception of locus of control and academic achievementContemporary Educational Psychology, 2
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Social learning (locus of control) versus attributional (causal stability) interpretations of expectancy of success1Journal of Personality, 44
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An Attributional Theory of ChoiceAdvances in Experimental Social Psychology, 11
W. Mischel (1972)
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Affect-generating powers of effort and ability self attributions of academic success and failure.Journal of educational psychology, 69 5
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Theories of motivation : from mechanism to cognition
Previous research has shown causal attributions for observed performance become more logical with age. This study with 540 2nd-, 4th-, 6th-, and 8th-grade pupils showed similar age trends in children's explanations of their own academic successes and failures. Most important, ability attributions for success and failure in reading were more effectively predicted by reading attainment in older than in younger Ss. Perception of own attainment was also appreciably more accurate in older Ss. These findings lead to the prediction that motivation will be more related to attainment in older than in younger children. The present attributional analysis, unlike self-concept-based analyses of age changes, acknowledges the effects of cognitive maturity as well as history of attainment. Sex differences of interest are noted. (25 ref)
Journal of Educational Psychology – American Psychological Association
Published: Feb 1, 1979
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