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Hemispheric Asymmetry in the Expression of Positive and Negative Emotions: Neurologic Evidence

Hemispheric Asymmetry in the Expression of Positive and Negative Emotions: Neurologic Evidence Abstract • Three retrospective studies were conducted to examine functional brain asymmetry in the regulation of emotion. In the first study, reports of 119 cases were collected of pathological laughing and crying associated with destructive lesions. Pathological laughing was associated with predominantly right-sided damage, whereas pathological crying was associated with predominantly left-sided lesions. In the second study, 19 reports detailing mood following hemispherectomy were collected; right hemispherectomy was associated with euphoric mood change. In the third study, lateralization of epileptic foci was assessed in reports of 91 patients with ictal outbursts of laughing (gelastic epilepsy). Foci were most likely to be predominantly left-sided. The findings are congruent with studies of the effects of unilateral brain insult on mood, and a general model of hemispheric asynmetry in the regulation of emotion is presented. References 1. Gainotti G: Réactions catastrophiques et manifestations d'indifférence au cours des atteintes cerebrales . Neuropsychologia 1969;7:195-204.Crossref 2. Gainotti G: Emotional behavior and hemispheric side of the lesion . Cortex 1972;8:41-55.Crossref 3. Hécaen H: Clinical symptomatology in right and left hemispheric lesions , in Mountcastle VB (ed): Interhemispheric Relations and Cerebral Dominance . Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1962, pp 215-243. 4. Hommes OR: Stemming sanomalien als neurologisch symptoom . Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1965;109:588-589. 5. Hall MM, Hall GC, Lavoie P: Ideation in patients with unilateral or bilateral midline brain lesions . J Abnorm Psychol 1968;73:526-531.Crossref 6. Benson DF, Geschwind N: Psychiatric conditions associated with focal lesions in the nervous system , in Arieti S (ed): American Handbook of Psychiatry . Boston, Basic Books, 1975, vol 4, pp 208-243. 7. Alemà G, Donini G: Sulle modificazioni cliniche ed elettroencefalografiche da introduzione intracarotidea di iso-amil-etil-barbiturato di sodio nell'uomo . Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1960;36:900-904. 8. Rossi GF, Rosadini G: Experimental analysis of cerebral dominance in man , in Millikan CH, Darley FL (eds): Brain Mechanisms Underlying Speech and Language . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1967, pp 167-184. 9. Terzian H: Behavioural and EEG effects of intracarotid sodium amytal injection . Acta Neurochir 1964;12:230-239.Crossref 10. Terzian H, Cecotto C: Determinazione e studio della dominanza emisferica mediante iniezione intracarotide di Amytal sodico nell'uomo: I. Modificazioni cliniche . Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1959;35:1623-1626. 11. Tsunoda T, Oka M: Lateralization for emotion in the human brain and auditory cerebral dominance . Proc Jpn Acad 1976;52:528-531. 12. Goldstein K: The Organism: A Holistic Approach to Biology . New York, American Book Co, 1939. 13. Weinstein EA, Kahn RL: Denial of Illness: Symbolic and Physiological Aspects . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1955, pp 10-22. 14. Branch C, Milner B, Rasmussen T: Intracarotid sodium amytal for the lateralization of cerebral speech dominance . J Neurosurg 1964;21:399-405.Crossref 15. Davison C, Kelman H: Pathologic laughing and crying . Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1939;42:595-643.Crossref 16. Mills CK: The cerebral mechanism of emotional expression . Trans Coll Physicians Philadelphia 1912;34:147-185. 17. Wilson SAK: Some problems in neurology: II. Pathological laughing and crying . J Neurol Psychopathol 1924;4:299-333.Crossref 18. Féré C: Le fou rire prodromique . Rev Neurol 1903;11:353-358. 19. Stern WE, Brown WJ: Pathological laughter . J Neurosurg 1957;14:129-139.Crossref 20. Achari AN, Colover J: Posterior fossa tumors with pathological laughter . JAMA 1976;235:1469-1471.Crossref 21. Cantu RC, Drew JH: Pathological laughing and crying associated with a tumor ventral to the pons . J Neurosurg 1966;24:1024-1026.Crossref 22. Stevenson LD, Friedman ED: Tumours involving the ventral aspect of the pons and medulla, including two chordomas . Brain 1936;59:291-301.Crossref 23. Martin JP: Fits of laughter (sham mirth) in organic cerebral disease . Brain 1950;73:453-464.Crossref 24. Poeck K: Pathophysiology of emotional disorders associated with brain damage , in Vinken PJ, Bruyn AW (eds): Handbook of Clinical Neurology . Amsterdam, North-Holland Publishing Co, 1969, vol 3, pp 343-376. 25. Poeck K, Pilleri G: Pathologisches lachen und weinen . Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr 1963;92:323-370. 26. Haymaker W: Bing's Local Diagnosis in Neurological Diseases . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1969, pp 167-168. 27. Gascon GG, Lombroso C: Epileptic (gelastic) laughter . Epilepsia 1971;12:55-62.Crossref 28. Yamada H, Yoshida H: Laughing attack: Review and report of nine cases . Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn 1977;31:129-137. 29. Hughlings Jackson J: Selected Writings of John Hughlings Jackson , Taylor J (ed). London, Staples Press, 1958, vol 1, pp 153-154, 208-273, 316; 30. vol 2, pp 477-481. 31. Penfield W, Jasper H: Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain . Boston, Little Brown & Co, 1954, pp 183-237. 32. Levy J, Reid M: Variations in writing posture and cerebral organization . Science 1976;194:337-339.Crossref 33. Swash M: Released involuntary laughter after temporal lobe infarction . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1972;35:108-113.Crossref 34. Lansdell H: Sex differences in hemispheric asymmetries of the human brain . Nature 1964;203:550-551.Crossref 35. Witelson SF: Sex and the single hemisphere: Specialization of the right hemisphere for spatial processing . Science 1976;193:425-426.Crossref 36. Gray JA: Sex differences in emotional behaviour in mammals including man: Endocrine bases . Acta Psychol 1971;35:29-46.Crossref 37. Maccoby EE, Jacklin CN: The Psychology of Sex Differences . Stanford, Calif, Stanford University Press, 1974. 38. Weissman MM, Klerman LL: Sex differences and the epidemiology of depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977;34:98-111.Crossref 39. Borod JC, Goodglass H: Lateralization of linguistic and melodic processing with age . Neuropsychologia 1980;18:79-83.Crossref 40. Clark LE, Knowles JB: Age differences in dichotic listening performance . J Gerontol 1973;28:173-178.Crossref 41. Head H: Release of function in the nervous system . Proc R Soc Lond Biol 1921;92:184-209.Crossref 42. Kohn B, Dennis M: Patterns of hemispheric specialization after hemidecortication for infantile hemiplegia , in Kinsbourne M, Smith WL (eds): Hemispheric Disconnection and Cerebral Function . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publishers, 1974, pp 34-37. 43. Landsdell H: Verbal and nonverbal factors in right hemisphere speech: Relation to early neurological history . J Comp Physiol Psychol 1969;69:734-738.Crossref 44. Bard P: A diencephalic mechanism for the expression of rage with special reference to the sympathetic nervous system . Am J Physiol 1928;84:490-515. 45. Luria AR: Higher Cortical Functions in Man . New York, Basic Books, 1966, pp 220-228, 319-320. 46. Daly DD: Ictal affect . Am J Psychiatry 1958;115:97-108. 47. Macrae D: Isolated fear: A temporal lobe aura . Neurology 1954;4:497-505.Crossref 48. Williams D: The structure of emotions reflected in epileptic experiences . Brain 1956;79:29-67.Crossref 49. Daly DD, Mulder DW: Gelastic epilepsy . Neurology 1957;7:189-192.Crossref 50. Offen ML, Davidoff RA, Troost BT, et al: Dacrystic epilepsy . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976;39:829-834.Crossref 51. Sethi PK, Rao TS: Gelastic, quiritarian and cursive epilepsy . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976;39:823-828.Crossref 52. Loiseau P, Cohadon F, Cohadon S: Gelastic epilepsy: A review and report of five cases . Epilepsia 1971;12:313-323.Crossref 53. Money J, Hosta G: Laughing seizures with sexual precocity: Report of two cases . Johns Hopkins Med J 1967;120:326-336. 54. Roger J, Lob H, Waltregny A, et al: Attacks of epileptic laughter: On five cases . Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1967;22:278-282.Crossref 55. Gumpert J, Hansotia P, Upton A: Gelastic epilepsy . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1970;33:479-483.Crossref 56. Dreyer R, Wehmeyer W: Lachen bei psychomotorischen Anfaellen . Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1977;46:61-75. 57. Bear DM, Fedio P: Quantitative analysis of interictal behavior in temporal lobe epilepsy . Arch Neurol 1977;34:454-467.Crossref 58. Jasper HH: Mechanisms of propagation: Extracellular studies , in Jasper HH, Ward AA, Pope A (eds): Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies . Boston, Little Brown & Co, 1969, pp 421-440. 59. Meyer JS, Welch KMA: Relationship of cerebral blood flow and metabolism to neurological symptoms . Prog Brain Res 1972;35:285-347. 60. Blennow G, Brierley JB, Meldrum BS, et al: Epileptic brain damage: The role of systemic factors that modify cerebral energy metabolism . Brain 1978;101:687-700.Crossref 61. Schaffer K: Ein Fall von ausgedehnter Meningitis syphilitica der Hirnconvexität und Basis . Z Gesamte Neurol Psychiatr 1904;23:1026-1039. 62. Beneicke V: Lachen als auslöser eines kleinen epipeltischen anfalls . Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol 1967;19:380-381. 63. Oppenheim H: Ueber Lachschlag . Mschr Psychiatr Neurol 1902;11:241-247.Crossref 64. Lennox WG: Epilepsy and Related Disorders . Boston, Little Brown & Co, 1960, vol 1, pp 280-282 65. vol 2, pp 498-502. 66. Gowers WR: Epilepsy and Other Chronic Convulsive Diseases: Their Causes, Symptoms and Treatment . London, J & A Churchill, 1901, pp 15-16. 67. Rey JH, Pond DA, Evans CC: Clinical and electroencephalographic studies of temporal lobe function . Proc Res Soc Med 1949;42:891-904. 68. Dreyer R, Wehmeyer W: Fits of laughter (gelastic epilepsy) with a tumour of the floor of the third ventricle . J Neurol 1977;214:163-171.Crossref 69. Sher PK, Brown SB: Gelastic epilepsy: Onset in neonatal period . Am J Dis Child 1976;130:1126-1131.Crossref 70. Wolff PH: The natural history of crying and other vocalizations in early infancy , in Foss BM (ed): Determinants of Infant Behaviour . London, Methuen & Co Inc, 1969, vol 4, pp 81-109. 71. Mauguiere F, Courjon J: Somatosensory epilepsy . Brain 1978;101:307-332.Crossref 72. Flor-Henry P: Lateralized temporal-limbic dysfunction and psychopathology . Ann NY Acad Sci 1976;280:777-795.Crossref 73. Perris C: Averaged evoked responses (AER) in patients with affective disorders . Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1974;255:89-98.Crossref 74. Roemer RA, Shagass C, Straumanis JJ, et al: Pattern evoked potential measurements suggesting lateralized hemispheric dysfunction in chronic schizophrenics . Biol Psychiatry 1978;13:185-202. 75. Cohen BD, Penick SB, Tarter RE: Antidepressant effects of unilateral electric convulsive shock therapy . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974;31:673-675.Crossref 76. Cronin D, Bodley P, Potts L, et al: Unilateral and bilateral ECT: A study of memory disturbance and relief from depression . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1970;33:705-713.Crossref 77. Deglin VL: A clinical study of unilateral electroconvulsive disorders . Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr 1973;73:1609-1621. 78. Halliday AM, Davison K, Browne MW, et al: A comparison of the effects on depression and memory of bilateral ECT and unilateral ECT to the dominant and nondominant hemispheres . Br J Psychiatry 1968;114:997-1012.Crossref 79. Galin D: Implications for psychiatry of left and right cerebral organization . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974;31:572-583.Crossref 80. Davidson RJ, Schwartz GE, Saron C, et al: Frontal versus parietal EEG asymmetry during positive and negative affect . Psychophysiology 1979;16:202-203. 81. Tucker D, Stenslie CE, Roth RS, et al: Right frontal lobe activation and right hemisphere performance decrement during a depressed mood . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:169-174.Crossref 82. Dimond S, Farrington J: Emotional response to films shown to the right or left hemisphere of the brain measured by heart rate . Acta Psychol 1977;41:255-260.Crossref 83. Sackeim HA, Gur RC, Saucy MC: Emotions are expressed more intensely on the left side of the face . Science 1978;202:434-436.Crossref 84. Kuypers HGJM: Cortico bulbar connexions to the pons and lower brain-stem in man . Brain 1958;81:364-388.Crossref 85. Sackeim HA, Gur RC: Lateral asymmetry in intensity of emotional expression . Neuropsychologia 1978;16:473-481.Crossref 86. Schwartz GE, Ahern GL, Brown SL: Lateralized facial muscle response to positive and negative emotional stimuli . Psychophysiology 1979;16:561-571.Crossref 87. Benton A: Visuoperceptive, visuospatial, and visuoconstructive disorders , in Heilman KM, Valenstein E (eds): Clinical Neuropsychology . New York, Oxford University Press, 1979, pp 186-232. 88. Hécaen H, Albert ML: Human Neuropsychology . New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1978, pp 201-207. 89. Benson DF, Segarra J, Albert ML: Visual agnosia-prosopagnosia: A clinicopathologic correlation . Arch Neurol 1974;30:307-310.Crossref 90. Lhermitte J, Chain F, Escourolle R, et al: Étude anatomoclinique d'un cas de prosopagnosie . Rev Neurol 1972;126:329-346. 91. Meadows JC: The anatomical basis of prosopagnosia . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1974;37:489-501.Crossref 92. Ahern GL, Schwartz GE: Differential lateralization for positive versus negative emotion . Neuropsychologia 1979;17:693-698.Crossref 93. Heilman KM, Scholes R, Watson RT: Auditory affective agnosia . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975;38:69-72.Crossref 94. Tucker DM, Watson RT, Heilman KM: Discrimination and evocation of affectively intoned speech in patients with right parietal disease . Neurology 1977;27:947-950.Crossref 95. Delgado JMR: Modulation of emotions by cerebral ratio stimulation , in Black P (ed): Physiological Correlates of Emotion . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1970, pp 189-201. 96. Grossman SP: Modification of emotional behavior by intercranial administration of chemicals , in Black P (ed): Physiological Correlates of Emotion . New York, Academic Press Inc, 1970, pp 73-78. 97. Mesulam MM, van Hoesen GW, Pandya DN, et al: Limbic and sensory connections of the inferior parietal lobule area (PG) in the rhesus monkey: A study with a new method for horseradish peroxidase histochemistry . Brain Res 1977;136:393-414.Crossref 98. Collier TJ, Kurtzman S, Routtenberg A: Intracranial self-stimulation derived from entorhinal cortex . Brain Res 1977;137:188-196.Crossref 99. Routtenberg A, Sloan M: Self-stimulation in the frontal cortex of Rattus norvegicus . Behav Biol 1972;7:567-572.Crossref 100. Fedio P, van Buren M: Memory and perceptual deficits during electrical stimulation in the left and right thalamus and parietal subcortex . Brain Lang 1975;1:78-100.Crossref 101. Guiot G, Hertzog E, Rondot P, et al: Arrest or acceleration of speech evoked by thalamic stimulation in the course of stereotaxic procedure for Parkinsonism . Brain 1961;84:363-379.Crossref 102. Baldessarini RJ: The basis for amine hypotheses in affective disorders . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975;32:1087-1093.Crossref 103. Oke A, Keller R, Mefford I, et al: Lateralization of norepinephrine in human thalamus . Science 1978;200:1411-1413.Crossref 104. Mandell AJ, Knapp S: Asymmetry and mood, emergent properties of serontonin regulation . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:909-916.Crossref 105. Robinson RG: Differential behavioral and biochemical effects of right and left hemispheric cerebral infarction in the rat . Science 1979;205:707-710.Crossref http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Archives of Neurology American Medical Association

Hemispheric Asymmetry in the Expression of Positive and Negative Emotions: Neurologic Evidence

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References (121)

Publisher
American Medical Association
Copyright
Copyright © 1982 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.
ISSN
0003-9942
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1538-3687
DOI
10.1001/archneur.1982.00510160016003
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Abstract

Abstract • Three retrospective studies were conducted to examine functional brain asymmetry in the regulation of emotion. In the first study, reports of 119 cases were collected of pathological laughing and crying associated with destructive lesions. Pathological laughing was associated with predominantly right-sided damage, whereas pathological crying was associated with predominantly left-sided lesions. In the second study, 19 reports detailing mood following hemispherectomy were collected; right hemispherectomy was associated with euphoric mood change. In the third study, lateralization of epileptic foci was assessed in reports of 91 patients with ictal outbursts of laughing (gelastic epilepsy). Foci were most likely to be predominantly left-sided. The findings are congruent with studies of the effects of unilateral brain insult on mood, and a general model of hemispheric asynmetry in the regulation of emotion is presented. References 1. Gainotti G: Réactions catastrophiques et manifestations d'indifférence au cours des atteintes cerebrales . Neuropsychologia 1969;7:195-204.Crossref 2. Gainotti G: Emotional behavior and hemispheric side of the lesion . Cortex 1972;8:41-55.Crossref 3. Hécaen H: Clinical symptomatology in right and left hemispheric lesions , in Mountcastle VB (ed): Interhemispheric Relations and Cerebral Dominance . Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1962, pp 215-243. 4. Hommes OR: Stemming sanomalien als neurologisch symptoom . Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1965;109:588-589. 5. Hall MM, Hall GC, Lavoie P: Ideation in patients with unilateral or bilateral midline brain lesions . J Abnorm Psychol 1968;73:526-531.Crossref 6. Benson DF, Geschwind N: Psychiatric conditions associated with focal lesions in the nervous system , in Arieti S (ed): American Handbook of Psychiatry . Boston, Basic Books, 1975, vol 4, pp 208-243. 7. Alemà G, Donini G: Sulle modificazioni cliniche ed elettroencefalografiche da introduzione intracarotidea di iso-amil-etil-barbiturato di sodio nell'uomo . Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1960;36:900-904. 8. Rossi GF, Rosadini G: Experimental analysis of cerebral dominance in man , in Millikan CH, Darley FL (eds): Brain Mechanisms Underlying Speech and Language . New York, Grune & Stratton Inc, 1967, pp 167-184. 9. Terzian H: Behavioural and EEG effects of intracarotid sodium amytal injection . Acta Neurochir 1964;12:230-239.Crossref 10. Terzian H, Cecotto C: Determinazione e studio della dominanza emisferica mediante iniezione intracarotide di Amytal sodico nell'uomo: I. Modificazioni cliniche . Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1959;35:1623-1626. 11. Tsunoda T, Oka M: Lateralization for emotion in the human brain and auditory cerebral dominance . Proc Jpn Acad 1976;52:528-531. 12. Goldstein K: The Organism: A Holistic Approach to Biology . New York, American Book Co, 1939. 13. Weinstein EA, Kahn RL: Denial of Illness: Symbolic and Physiological Aspects . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 1955, pp 10-22. 14. Branch C, Milner B, Rasmussen T: Intracarotid sodium amytal for the lateralization of cerebral speech dominance . J Neurosurg 1964;21:399-405.Crossref 15. Davison C, Kelman H: Pathologic laughing and crying . Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1939;42:595-643.Crossref 16. Mills CK: The cerebral mechanism of emotional expression . Trans Coll Physicians Philadelphia 1912;34:147-185. 17. Wilson SAK: Some problems in neurology: II. Pathological laughing and crying . J Neurol Psychopathol 1924;4:299-333.Crossref 18. Féré C: Le fou rire prodromique . Rev Neurol 1903;11:353-358. 19. Stern WE, Brown WJ: Pathological laughter . J Neurosurg 1957;14:129-139.Crossref 20. Achari AN, Colover J: Posterior fossa tumors with pathological laughter . JAMA 1976;235:1469-1471.Crossref 21. Cantu RC, Drew JH: Pathological laughing and crying associated with a tumor ventral to the pons . J Neurosurg 1966;24:1024-1026.Crossref 22. Stevenson LD, Friedman ED: Tumours involving the ventral aspect of the pons and medulla, including two chordomas . Brain 1936;59:291-301.Crossref 23. Martin JP: Fits of laughter (sham mirth) in organic cerebral disease . Brain 1950;73:453-464.Crossref 24. Poeck K: Pathophysiology of emotional disorders associated with brain damage , in Vinken PJ, Bruyn AW (eds): Handbook of Clinical Neurology . Amsterdam, North-Holland Publishing Co, 1969, vol 3, pp 343-376. 25. Poeck K, Pilleri G: Pathologisches lachen und weinen . Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr 1963;92:323-370. 26. Haymaker W: Bing's Local Diagnosis in Neurological Diseases . St Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1969, pp 167-168. 27. Gascon GG, Lombroso C: Epileptic (gelastic) laughter . Epilepsia 1971;12:55-62.Crossref 28. Yamada H, Yoshida H: Laughing attack: Review and report of nine cases . Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn 1977;31:129-137. 29. Hughlings Jackson J: Selected Writings of John Hughlings Jackson , Taylor J (ed). London, Staples Press, 1958, vol 1, pp 153-154, 208-273, 316; 30. vol 2, pp 477-481. 31. Penfield W, Jasper H: Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain . Boston, Little Brown & Co, 1954, pp 183-237. 32. Levy J, Reid M: Variations in writing posture and cerebral organization . Science 1976;194:337-339.Crossref 33. Swash M: Released involuntary laughter after temporal lobe infarction . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1972;35:108-113.Crossref 34. Lansdell H: Sex differences in hemispheric asymmetries of the human brain . Nature 1964;203:550-551.Crossref 35. Witelson SF: Sex and the single hemisphere: Specialization of the right hemisphere for spatial processing . Science 1976;193:425-426.Crossref 36. Gray JA: Sex differences in emotional behaviour in mammals including man: Endocrine bases . Acta Psychol 1971;35:29-46.Crossref 37. Maccoby EE, Jacklin CN: The Psychology of Sex Differences . Stanford, Calif, Stanford University Press, 1974. 38. Weissman MM, Klerman LL: Sex differences and the epidemiology of depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977;34:98-111.Crossref 39. Borod JC, Goodglass H: Lateralization of linguistic and melodic processing with age . Neuropsychologia 1980;18:79-83.Crossref 40. Clark LE, Knowles JB: Age differences in dichotic listening performance . J Gerontol 1973;28:173-178.Crossref 41. Head H: Release of function in the nervous system . Proc R Soc Lond Biol 1921;92:184-209.Crossref 42. Kohn B, Dennis M: Patterns of hemispheric specialization after hemidecortication for infantile hemiplegia , in Kinsbourne M, Smith WL (eds): Hemispheric Disconnection and Cerebral Function . Springfield, Ill, Charles C Thomas Publishers, 1974, pp 34-37. 43. Landsdell H: Verbal and nonverbal factors in right hemisphere speech: Relation to early neurological history . J Comp Physiol Psychol 1969;69:734-738.Crossref 44. Bard P: A diencephalic mechanism for the expression of rage with special reference to the sympathetic nervous system . Am J Physiol 1928;84:490-515. 45. Luria AR: Higher Cortical Functions in Man . New York, Basic Books, 1966, pp 220-228, 319-320. 46. Daly DD: Ictal affect . Am J Psychiatry 1958;115:97-108. 47. Macrae D: Isolated fear: A temporal lobe aura . Neurology 1954;4:497-505.Crossref 48. Williams D: The structure of emotions reflected in epileptic experiences . Brain 1956;79:29-67.Crossref 49. Daly DD, Mulder DW: Gelastic epilepsy . Neurology 1957;7:189-192.Crossref 50. Offen ML, Davidoff RA, Troost BT, et al: Dacrystic epilepsy . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976;39:829-834.Crossref 51. Sethi PK, Rao TS: Gelastic, quiritarian and cursive epilepsy . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976;39:823-828.Crossref 52. Loiseau P, Cohadon F, Cohadon S: Gelastic epilepsy: A review and report of five cases . Epilepsia 1971;12:313-323.Crossref 53. Money J, Hosta G: Laughing seizures with sexual precocity: Report of two cases . Johns Hopkins Med J 1967;120:326-336. 54. Roger J, Lob H, Waltregny A, et al: Attacks of epileptic laughter: On five cases . Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1967;22:278-282.Crossref 55. Gumpert J, Hansotia P, Upton A: Gelastic epilepsy . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1970;33:479-483.Crossref 56. Dreyer R, Wehmeyer W: Lachen bei psychomotorischen Anfaellen . Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1977;46:61-75. 57. Bear DM, Fedio P: Quantitative analysis of interictal behavior in temporal lobe epilepsy . Arch Neurol 1977;34:454-467.Crossref 58. Jasper HH: Mechanisms of propagation: Extracellular studies , in Jasper HH, Ward AA, Pope A (eds): Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies . Boston, Little Brown & Co, 1969, pp 421-440. 59. Meyer JS, Welch KMA: Relationship of cerebral blood flow and metabolism to neurological symptoms . Prog Brain Res 1972;35:285-347. 60. Blennow G, Brierley JB, Meldrum BS, et al: Epileptic brain damage: The role of systemic factors that modify cerebral energy metabolism . Brain 1978;101:687-700.Crossref 61. Schaffer K: Ein Fall von ausgedehnter Meningitis syphilitica der Hirnconvexität und Basis . Z Gesamte Neurol Psychiatr 1904;23:1026-1039. 62. Beneicke V: Lachen als auslöser eines kleinen epipeltischen anfalls . Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol 1967;19:380-381. 63. Oppenheim H: Ueber Lachschlag . Mschr Psychiatr Neurol 1902;11:241-247.Crossref 64. Lennox WG: Epilepsy and Related Disorders . Boston, Little Brown & Co, 1960, vol 1, pp 280-282 65. vol 2, pp 498-502. 66. Gowers WR: Epilepsy and Other Chronic Convulsive Diseases: Their Causes, Symptoms and Treatment . London, J & A Churchill, 1901, pp 15-16. 67. Rey JH, Pond DA, Evans CC: Clinical and electroencephalographic studies of temporal lobe function . Proc Res Soc Med 1949;42:891-904. 68. Dreyer R, Wehmeyer W: Fits of laughter (gelastic epilepsy) with a tumour of the floor of the third ventricle . J Neurol 1977;214:163-171.Crossref 69. Sher PK, Brown SB: Gelastic epilepsy: Onset in neonatal period . Am J Dis Child 1976;130:1126-1131.Crossref 70. Wolff PH: The natural history of crying and other vocalizations in early infancy , in Foss BM (ed): Determinants of Infant Behaviour . London, Methuen & Co Inc, 1969, vol 4, pp 81-109. 71. Mauguiere F, Courjon J: Somatosensory epilepsy . Brain 1978;101:307-332.Crossref 72. Flor-Henry P: Lateralized temporal-limbic dysfunction and psychopathology . Ann NY Acad Sci 1976;280:777-795.Crossref 73. Perris C: Averaged evoked responses (AER) in patients with affective disorders . Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1974;255:89-98.Crossref 74. Roemer RA, Shagass C, Straumanis JJ, et al: Pattern evoked potential measurements suggesting lateralized hemispheric dysfunction in chronic schizophrenics . Biol Psychiatry 1978;13:185-202. 75. Cohen BD, Penick SB, Tarter RE: Antidepressant effects of unilateral electric convulsive shock therapy . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974;31:673-675.Crossref 76. Cronin D, Bodley P, Potts L, et al: Unilateral and bilateral ECT: A study of memory disturbance and relief from depression . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1970;33:705-713.Crossref 77. Deglin VL: A clinical study of unilateral electroconvulsive disorders . Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr 1973;73:1609-1621. 78. Halliday AM, Davison K, Browne MW, et al: A comparison of the effects on depression and memory of bilateral ECT and unilateral ECT to the dominant and nondominant hemispheres . Br J Psychiatry 1968;114:997-1012.Crossref 79. Galin D: Implications for psychiatry of left and right cerebral organization . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974;31:572-583.Crossref 80. Davidson RJ, Schwartz GE, Saron C, et al: Frontal versus parietal EEG asymmetry during positive and negative affect . Psychophysiology 1979;16:202-203. 81. Tucker D, Stenslie CE, Roth RS, et al: Right frontal lobe activation and right hemisphere performance decrement during a depressed mood . Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981;38:169-174.Crossref 82. Dimond S, Farrington J: Emotional response to films shown to the right or left hemisphere of the brain measured by heart rate . Acta Psychol 1977;41:255-260.Crossref 83. Sackeim HA, Gur RC, Saucy MC: Emotions are expressed more intensely on the left side of the face . Science 1978;202:434-436.Crossref 84. Kuypers HGJM: Cortico bulbar connexions to the pons and lower brain-stem in man . Brain 1958;81:364-388.Crossref 85. Sackeim HA, Gur RC: Lateral asymmetry in intensity of emotional expression . Neuropsychologia 1978;16:473-481.Crossref 86. Schwartz GE, Ahern GL, Brown SL: Lateralized facial muscle response to positive and negative emotional stimuli . Psychophysiology 1979;16:561-571.Crossref 87. 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Journal

Archives of Neurology – American Medical Association

Published: Apr 1, 1982

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