Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
K. Vaerenbergh, K. Laethem, J. Albert, C. Boucher, B. Clotet, M. Floridia, J. Gerstoft, B. Hejdeman, C. Nielsen, C. Pannecouque, L. Perrin, M. Pirillo, L. Ruíz, J. Schmit, F. Schneider, A. Schoolmeester, R. Schuurman, H. Stellbrink, L. Stuyver, J. Lunzen, B. Remoortel, E. Wijngaerden, S. Vella, M. Witvrouw, S. Yerly, E. Clercq, J. Desmyter, A. Vandamme (2000)
Prevalence and Characteristics of Multinucleoside-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 among European Patients Receiving Combinations of Nucleoside AnaloguesAntimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 44
M. Kline, R. Dyke, J. Lindsey, M. Gwynne, M. Culnane, R. McKinney, S. Nichols, W. Mitchell, R. Yogev, N. Hutcheon (1998)
A randomized comparative trial of stavudine (d4T) versus zidovudine (ZDV, AZT) in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 240 Team.Pediatrics, 101 2
H. Salomón, J. Montaner, A. Belmonte, M. Wainberg (1998)
Diminished HIV-1 Sensitivity to Stavudine in Patients on Prolonged Therapy Occurs Only at Low Levels and Cannot be Attributed to Any Single Amino Acid Substitution in Reverse TranscriptaseAntiviral Therapy, 3
E. Arts, M. Wainberg (1996)
Mechanisms of nucleoside analog antiviral activity and resistance during human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptionAntimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 40
J. Mulder, N. McKinney, C. Christopherson, J. Sninsky, L. Greenfield, S. Kwok (1994)
Rapid and simple PCR assay for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma: application to acute retroviral infectionJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 32
MD Carpenter, MD Cooper, MD Fischl, MD Gatell, MA Gazzard, MD Hammer, MD Hirsch, MD Jacobsen, BS Katzenstein, MD Montaner, MD Richman, M. Saag, MD Schechter, PhD Schooley, MD Thompson, MD Vella, MD Yeni, MD Volberding, MD CharlesC.J.Car-penter (2000)
Antiretroviral Therapy in Adults Updated Recommendations of the International AIDS Society–USA Panel
C. Deminie, C. Bechtold, K. Riccardi, R. Rose, H. Samanta, P. Lin, R. Colonno (1998)
Clinical HIV-1 isolates remain sensitive to stavudine following prolonged therapy.AIDS, 12 1
C. Boucher, W. Keulen, T. Bommel, M. Nijhuis, D. Jong, M. Jong, P. Schipper, N. Back (1996)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 drug susceptibility determination by using recombinant viruses generated from patient sera tested in a cell-killing assayAntimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 40
J. Jong, J. Goudsmit, V. Lukashov, M. Hillebrand, E. Baan, R. Huismans, S. Danner, J. Veen, F. Wolf, S. Jurriaans (1999)
Insertion of two amino acids combined with changes in reverse transcriptase containing tyrosine-215 of HIV-1 resistant to multiple nucleoside analogs.AIDS, 13 1
G. Skowron (1995)
Biologic effects and safety of stavudine: overview of phase I and II clinical trials.The Journal of infectious diseases, 171 Suppl 2
V. Soriano, U. Dietrich, N. Villalba, A. Immelmann, A. Gil-Aguado, S. Echevarría, B. Clotet, I. Ocaña, J. Santamaría, E. Bouza, V. Barona, J. Gatell, J. González-Lahoz (1997)
Lack of emergence of genotypic resistance to stavudine after 2 years of monotherapy.AIDS, 11 5
Eskild Petersen, C. Ramírez-Ronda, W. Hardy, Robert Schwartz, Henry Sacks, Stephen Follansbee, Dolores Peterson, Anne Cross, Robert Anderson, Lisa Dunkle (1995)
Dose-related activity of stavudine in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.The Journal of infectious diseases, 171 Suppl 2
M. Hitchcock (1991)
2′,3′-Didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (D4T), an anti-HIV AgentAntiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy, 2
C. Petropoulos, N. Parkin, K. Limoli, Y. Lie, T. Wrin, Wei Huang, H. Tian, Douglas Smith, G. Winslow, D. Capon, J. Whitcomb (2000)
A Novel Phenotypic Drug Susceptibility Assay for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 44
M. Sharland, A. Watkins, A. Dalgleish, N. Cammack, M. Westby (1998)
Immune reconstitution in HAART-treated children with AIDSThe Lancet, 352
R., Boom, '. SOL, C. Jansen, '. WERTHEIM-vAN, Dillen, J., van der, '. Noordaa (1990)
Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acidsJournal of Clinical Microbiology, 28
O. Turriziani, E. Simeoni, F. Dianzani, G. Antonelli (1998)
Anti-HIV Antiviral Activity of Stavudine in a Thymidine Kinase-Deficient Cellular LineAntiviral Therapy, 3
M. Winters, Kristi Coolley, Yvette Girard, D. Levee, H. Hamdan, R. Shafer, D. Katzenstein, T. Merigan (1998)
A 6-basepair insert in the reverse transcriptase gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 confers resistance to multiple nucleoside inhibitors.The Journal of clinical investigation, 102 10
I. Nájera, D. Richman, I. Olivares, J. Rojas, M. Peinado, Manuel Perucho, Rafael Nájera, C. López-Galíndez (1994)
Natural occurrence of drug resistance mutations in the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates.AIDS research and human retroviruses, 10 11
(1993)
2 0 , 3 0 - didehydro - 3 0 - deoxythymi - dine ( d 4 T ) in patients with AIDS or AIDS - related complex : a phase I trial
S. Paolucci, F. Baldanti, R. Maserati, Francesco Castelli, Fredy Suter, F. Maggiolo, Angelo Pan, G. Gerna (2000)
Quantification of the impact of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease mutations on the efficacy of rescue HAART.Antiviral research, 45 2
S. Riddler, R. Anderson, J. Mellors (1995)
Antiretroviral activity of stavudine (2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine, D4T).Antiviral research, 27 3
(2001)
Genotypic predictors of virologic response to stavudine after zidovudine monotherapy (ACTG302) [abstract 437
P. Lin, Charles Gonzalez, B. Griffith, G. Friedland, V. Calvez, F. Ferchal, R. Schinazi, D. Shepp, A. Ashraf, M. Wainberg, V. Soriano, J. Mellors, R. Colonno (1999)
Stavudine Resistance: An Update on Susceptibility following Prolonged TherapyAntiviral Therapy, 4
B. Masquelier, E. Race, C. Tamalet, D. Descamps, J. Izopet, C. Buffet‐Janvresse, A. Ruffault, A. Mohammed, J. Cottalorda, Anne Schmuck, V. Calvez, E. Dam, H. Fleury, F. Brun-vezinet (2001)
Genotypic and Phenotypic Resistance Patterns of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants with Insertions or Deletions in the Reverse Transcriptase (RT): Multicenter Study of Patients Treated with RT InhibitorsAntimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 45
M. Browne, K. Mayer, Stephanie Chafee, M. Dudley, M. Posner, S. Steinberg, K. Graham, S. Geletko, S. Zinner, Sandra Denman, L. Dunkle, S. Kaul, C. Mclaren, G. Skowron, N. Kouttab, Theresa Kennedy, A. Weitberg, G. Curt (1993)
2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine (d4T) in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex: a phase I trial.The Journal of infectious diseases, 167 1
(1997)
Lamivudine resistant HIV-1 variants (M184V) require multiple amino acid changes to become coresistant to zidovudine in vivo
P. Lin, H. Samanta, R. Rose, A. Patick, J. Trimble, C. Bechtold, D. Revie, N. Khan, M. Federici, Hui Li, Alice Lee, R. Anderson, R. Colonno (1994)
Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from patients on prolonged stavudine therapy.The Journal of infectious diseases, 170 5
(1998)
Evolution of zidovudine resistance mutations in vivo can be explained by differences in viral fitness
(2000)
A novel phenotypic drug susceptibility assay for HIV-1
P. Kellam, C. Boucher, B. Larder (1992)
Fifth mutation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase contributes to the development of high-level resistance to zidovudine.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 89
S. Chao, V. Chan, P. Juranka, A. Kaplan, R. Swanstrom, C. Hutchison (1995)
Mutational sensitivity patterns define critical residues in the palm subdomain of the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.Nucleic acids research, 23 5
S. Spruance, A. Pavia, J. Mellors, R. Murphy, Joseph Jr., E. Stool, J. Jemsek, P. Dellamonica, A. Cross, L. Dunkle (1997)
Clinical Efficacy of Monotherapy with Stavudine Compared with Zidovudine in HIV-Infected, Zidovudine-Experienced PatientsAnnals of Internal Medicine, 126
B. Griffith, H. Brett-Smith, G. Kim, J. Mellors, T. Chacko, R. Garner, Y. Cheng, P. Alcabes, G. Friedland (1996)
Effect of stavudine on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virus load as measured by quantitative mononuclear cell culture, plasma RNA, and immune complex-dissociated antigenemia.The Journal of infectious diseases, 173 5
(2001)
Why does stavudine select zidovudine resistance mutations in vivo ? [ abstract 471 ]
I. Nájera, Á. Holguín, M. Quiñones-Mateu, M. Muñoz-Fernández, R. Nájera, C. López-Galíndez, E. Domingo (1995)
Pol gene quasispecies of human immunodeficiency virus: mutations associated with drug resistance in virus from patients undergoing no drug therapyJournal of Virology, 69
B. Larder, S. Kemp (1989)
Multiple mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase confer high-level resistance to zidovudine (AZT).Science, 246 4934
M. Nijhuis, R. Schuurman, D. Jong, R. Leeuwen, J. Lange, S. Danner, W. Keulen, Tom Groot, C. Boucher (1997)
Lamivudine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants (184V) require multiple amino acid changes to become co-resistant to zidovudine in vivo.The Journal of infectious diseases, 176 2
M. Kline, C. Fletcher, A. Harris, K. Evans, R. Brundage, R. Remmel, N. Calles, Suzanne Kirkpatrick, C. Simon (1998)
A pilot study of combination therapy with indinavir, stavudine (d4T), and didanosine (ddI) in children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.The Journal of pediatrics, 132 3 Pt 1
Guido Antonelli, O. Turriziani, A. Verri, P. Narciso, F. Ferri, G. D’Offizi, F. Dianzani (1996)
Long-term exposure to zidovudine affects in vitro and in vivo the efficiency of phosphorylation of thymidine kinase.AIDS research and human retroviruses, 12 3
L. Reed, H. Muench (1938)
A SIMPLE METHOD OF ESTIMATING FIFTY PER CENT ENDPOINTSAmerican Journal of Epidemiology, 27
(1998)
Virological basis for HIV - 1 resistance to stavudine investigated by analysis of clinical samples [ abstract 15 ]
Zhengxian Gu, Q. Gao, Hengsheng Fang, M. Parniak, B. Brenner, M. Wainberg (1994)
Identification of novel mutations that confer drug resistance in the human immunodeficiency virus polymerase gene.Leukemia, 8 Suppl 1
(1998)
Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of stavudine - resistant isolates of HIV [ abstract 17 ]
Simon Lacey, Brendan Larder (1994)
Novel mutation (V75T) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase confers resistance to 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine in cell cultureAntimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 38
Shijuan Wu, Xiping Liu, M. Solorzano, R. Kwock, V. Avramis (1995)
Development of zidovudine (AZT) resistance in Jurkat T cells is associated with decreased expression of the thymidine kinase (TK) gene and hypermethylation of the 5' end of human TK gene.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes and human retrovirology : official publication of the International Retrovirology Association, 8 1
F. Brun-vezinet, C. Boucher, C. Loveday, D. Descamps, V. Fauveau, J. Izopet, D. Jeffries, S. Kaye, C. Krzyanowski, A. Nunn, R. Schuurman, J. Seigneurin, C. Tamalet, R. Tedder, J. Weber, G. Weverling (1997)
HIV-1 viral load, phenotype, and resistance in a subset of drug-naive participants from the Delta trialThe Lancet, 350
W. Keulen, C. Boucher, B. Berkhout (1996)
Nucleotide substitution patterns can predict the requirements for drug-resistance of HIV-1 proteins.Antiviral research, 31 1-2
M. Kline, Dunkle Lm, J. Church, Goldsmith Jc, A. Harris, Federici Me, Schultze Me, L. Woods, Loewen Df, S. Kaul (1995)
A phase I/II evaluation of stavudine (d4T) in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection.Pediatrics, 96 2 Pt 1
C. Boucher, E. O’Sullivan, J. Mulder, C. Ramautarsing, P. Kellam, G. Darby, J. Lange, J. Goudsmit, B. Larder (1992)
Ordered appearance of zidovudine resistance mutations during treatment of 18 human immunodeficiency virus-positive subjects.The Journal of infectious diseases, 165 1
The relationship between clinical changes in stavudine activity and stavudine resistance was investigated in 16 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children who received stavudine monotherapy for 18 months. Seven patients responded well to stavudine therapy, 3 experienced transient reductions in virus load, and all others had no detectable virologic response. In both the responders and nonresponders, no changes in stavudine susceptibility or specific baseline/emergent mutations in reverse transcriptase were observed. Only posttherapy HIV isolates from transient responders had elevated IC50 values for stavudine. In 2 of the 3 transient responders, substitutions at codons 41, 210, and 215 were selected. The significance of these mutations was confirmed in viral competition experiments, site-directed mutagenesis, and in vitro selection. Selection of mutations previously associated with zidovudine resistance can be an important mechanism through which HIV may escape stavudine. The effect of these mutations on phenotypic stavudine susceptibility is relatively small but apparently large enough to be clinically significant.
Journal of Infectious Diseases – Oxford University Press
Published: Apr 15, 2002
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.