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Through the Eyes of U.S. Media: Banging the Democracy Drum in Hong Kong

Through the Eyes of U.S. Media: Banging the Democracy Drum in Hong Kong Abstract In the shadow of globalization, international newsmaking remains inherently ethnocentric, nationalistic, and even state-centered. Major U.S. media frame the transfer of Hong Kong from British to Chinese sovereignty in terms of four dominant ideological packages, that is, the United States (a) is a “new guardian” of Hong Kong (b) in an emerging cold war between the West and China, whereas Hong Kong will suffer from the erosion of freedom and democracy under Chinese rule on the one hand, and (d) will be a “Trojan horse” to spearhead China's political and economic change on the other. In sum, the media rally around the “star spangled banner” to bang the democracy drum in consonance with elite consensus and foreign policy. Their news net is narrowly cast. To rescue the handover from being a dull media event, the media seek to hype up their stories. Even the lighthearted pieces flaunt ideological messages. References Aronson , S. M. L. ( 1983 ). Hype . New York : Morrow . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Bagdikian , B. H. ( 1971 ). The information machine . New York : Harper & Row . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Bennett , W. L. ( 1990 ). Toward a theory of press-state relations in the United States . Journal of Communication , 40 , 103 – 125 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Bennett , W. L. , Gressett , L., & Haltom , W. ( 1985 ). Repairing the news: A case study of the news paradigm . Journal of Communication , 35 ( 2 ), 50 – 68 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Braman , S. , & Srebemy-Mohammadi , A. (Eds.). ( 1996 ). Globalization, communication and transnational civil society . Cresskill , NJ : Hampton Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Buerk , S. ( 1997, June 30 ). Anchors aweigh in the great ratings war . South China Morning Post , p. 23 . Burchill , S. ( 1996 ). Liberal internationalism . In S. Burchill & A. Linklater (Eds.), Theories of international relations (pp. 28 – 66 ). New York : St. Martin's Press . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS Google Scholar Google Preview WorldCat COPAC Chan , J. M. , & Lee , C. C. ( 1991 ). Mass media and political transition: The Hong Kong press in China's orbit . New York : Guilford Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Chinoy , M. ( 1999 ). China live . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Cohen , A. A. , Levy , M. R., Roeh , I., & Gurevitch , M. (Eds.). ( 1996 ). Global newsrooms, Local audiences . London : J. Libbey . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Dayan , D. , & Katz , E. ( 1992 ). Media events: The live broadcasting of history . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Dimbleby , J. ( 1998 ). The last governor . London : Warner Books . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Edelman , M. ( 1988 ). Constructing the political spectacle . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Esherick , J. W. , & Wasserstrom , J. N. ( 1994 ). Acting out democracy: Political theater in modern China . In J. N. Wasserstrom & E. J. Perry (Eds.), Popular protest and political culture in modern China (pp. 32 – 70 ). Boulder , CO : Westview Press . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS Google Scholar Google Preview WorldCat COPAC Featherstone , M. , & Lash , S. ( 1995 ). Globalization, modernity and the spatialization of social theory: An introduction . In M. Featherstone, S. Lash, & R. Robertson (Eds.), Global identities (pp. 1 – 24 ). London : Sage . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS Google Scholar Google Preview WorldCat COPAC Fukuyama , F. ( 1992 ). The end of history and the last man . New York : Free Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Gamson , W. A. ( 1988 ). A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion . Symbolic Interactionism , 11 , 161 – 174 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Gamson , W. A. , & Lasch , K. E. ( 1983 ). The political culture of social welfare policy . In S. E. Spiro & E. Yuchtman-Yaar (Eds.), Evaluating the welfare state: Social and political perspectives (pp. 397 – 415 ). New York : Academic Press . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS Google Scholar Google Preview WorldCat COPAC Gamson , W. A. , & Modigliani , A. ( 1987 ). The changing culture of affirmative action . In R. G. Braungart & M. M. Braungart (Eds.), Research in political sociology, vol. 3 (pp. 137 – 177 ). Greenwich , CT : JAI Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Gamson , W. A. , & Modigliani , A. ( 1989 ). Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A constructionist approach . American Journal of Sociology , 95 , 1 – 37 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Gans , H. J. ( 1979 ). Deciding what's news . New York : Pantheon . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Garnett , J. C. ( 1994 ). The national interest revisited . In K. W. Thompson (Ed.), Community, diversity, and a New World Order (pp. 87 – 110 ). Lanham , MD : University Press of America . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Gitlin , T. ( 1980 ). The whole world is watching. Berkeley: University of California Press . Hallin , D. (1986). The “uncensored” war . New York : Oxford University Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Hallin , D. ( 1994 ). We keep America on top of the world . New York : Routledge . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Herman , E. , & Chomsky , N. ( 1988 ). Manufacturing consent . New York : Pantheon . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Hilgartner , S. , & Bosk , C. L. ( 1988 ). The rise and fall of social problems: a public arena model . American Journal of Sociology , 94 , 53 – 78 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Katz , E. ( 1992 ), The end of journalism? Notes on watching the Persian Gulf war . Journal of Communication , 42 , 26 – 41 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Knight , A. , & Nakano , Y. (Eds.). ( 1999 ). Reporting Hong Kong: Foreign media and the handover . London : Curzon . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Lee , C. C. ( 1990 ). Mass media: Of China, about China . In C. C. Lee (Ed.), Voices of China: The interplay of politics and journalism (pp. 3 – 32 ). New York : Guilford Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Lee , C. C. ( 2000 ), The paradox of political economy: media structure, regime change, and press freedom in Hong Kong . In C. C. Lee (Ed.), Power, money, and media: Communication patterns and bureaucratic control in cultural China (pp. 288 – 336 ). Evanston , IL : Northwestern University Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Lee , C. C. , & Yang , J. ( 1995 ). National interest and foreign news: Comparing U.S. and Japanese coverage of a Chinese student movement . Gazette , 56 , 1 – 18 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Lee , C. C. , Chan , J. M., Pan , Z., & So , C. Y. K. ( 2000 ). National prisms of a global media event . In J. Curran & M. Gurevitch (Eds.), Mass media and society (pp. 295 – 309 ). London : Arnold . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Mahlasela , D. G. ( 1990 ). Mass media and social movement legitimation: A comparison of South Korean and Chinese movements . Unpublished MA thesis , University of Minnesota, Minneapolis . Middleton , D. , & Edwards , D. ( 1990 ). Collective remembering . London : Sage . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Nimmo , D. , & Combs , J. E. ( 1990 ). Mediated political realities . New York : Longman . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Pan , Z. , & Kosicki , G. M. ( 1993 ). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse . Political Communication , 10 , 55 – 75 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Pan , Z. , Lee , C. C., Chan , J. M., & So , C. Y. K. ( 1999 ). One event, three stories: Media narratives of the handover of Hong Kong in cultural China . Gazette , 61 , 99 – 112 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Park , R. E. ( 1940 ). News as a form of knowledge . American Journal of Sociology , 45 , 669 – 686 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Patten , C. ( 1997 ). Letters to Hong Kong . Hong Kong : Government Printer . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Pool , I. ( 1952 ). Prestige papers . Stanford : Stanford University Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Said , E. W. ( 1981 ). Covering Islam . New York : Pantheon . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Said , E. W. ( 1993 ). Culture and imperialism . New York : Knopf . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Salisbury , H. E. ( 1990 ). China reporting: From Red Star to Long March . In C. C. Lee (Ed.), Voices of China: The interplay of politics and journalism (pp. 216 – 228 ). New York : Guilford Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Schudson , M. ( 1978 ). Discovering the news . New York : Basic Books . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Snyder , J. , & Ballentine , K. ( 1997 ). Nationalism and the marketplace of ideas . In M. Brown, O. Cote , Jr., F Lynn-Jones, & S. E. Miller (Eds.), Nationalism and ethnic conflict (pp. 61 – 96 ). Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS Google Scholar Google Preview WorldCat COPAC Tomlinson , J. ( 1999 ). Globalization and culture . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Tuchman , G. ( 1978 ). Making news . New York : Free Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC van Ginneken , J. ( 1998 ). Understanding global news . London : Sage . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Wasserstrom , J. N. , & Perry , E. (Eds.). ( 1994 ). Popular protest and political culture in modern China . Boulder , CO : Westview . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Waters , M. ( 1995 ). Globalization . London : Routledge . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Wilensky , H. ( 1964 ). Mass society and mass culture: Interdependence or dependence American Sociological Review , 29 , 173 – 197 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Zaller , J. R. ( 1992 ). The nature and origins of mass opinion . New York : Cambridge University Press . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS Google Scholar Google Preview WorldCat COPAC Zaller , J. , & Chiu , D. ( 1996 ). Government's little helper: U.S. press coverage of foreign policy crisis, 1945–1991 . Political Communication , 13 , 385 – 405 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat This content is only available as a PDF. © 2001 International Communication Association http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Journal of Communication Oxford University Press

Through the Eyes of U.S. Media: Banging the Democracy Drum in Hong Kong

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Publisher
Oxford University Press
Copyright
© 2001 International Communication Association
ISSN
0021-9916
eISSN
1460-2466
DOI
10.1111/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02884.x
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Abstract

Abstract In the shadow of globalization, international newsmaking remains inherently ethnocentric, nationalistic, and even state-centered. Major U.S. media frame the transfer of Hong Kong from British to Chinese sovereignty in terms of four dominant ideological packages, that is, the United States (a) is a “new guardian” of Hong Kong (b) in an emerging cold war between the West and China, whereas Hong Kong will suffer from the erosion of freedom and democracy under Chinese rule on the one hand, and (d) will be a “Trojan horse” to spearhead China's political and economic change on the other. In sum, the media rally around the “star spangled banner” to bang the democracy drum in consonance with elite consensus and foreign policy. Their news net is narrowly cast. To rescue the handover from being a dull media event, the media seek to hype up their stories. Even the lighthearted pieces flaunt ideological messages. References Aronson , S. M. L. ( 1983 ). Hype . New York : Morrow . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Bagdikian , B. H. ( 1971 ). The information machine . New York : Harper & Row . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Bennett , W. L. ( 1990 ). Toward a theory of press-state relations in the United States . Journal of Communication , 40 , 103 – 125 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Bennett , W. L. , Gressett , L., & Haltom , W. ( 1985 ). Repairing the news: A case study of the news paradigm . Journal of Communication , 35 ( 2 ), 50 – 68 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Braman , S. , & Srebemy-Mohammadi , A. (Eds.). ( 1996 ). Globalization, communication and transnational civil society . Cresskill , NJ : Hampton Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Buerk , S. ( 1997, June 30 ). Anchors aweigh in the great ratings war . South China Morning Post , p. 23 . Burchill , S. ( 1996 ). Liberal internationalism . In S. Burchill & A. Linklater (Eds.), Theories of international relations (pp. 28 – 66 ). New York : St. Martin's Press . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS Google Scholar Google Preview WorldCat COPAC Chan , J. M. , & Lee , C. C. ( 1991 ). Mass media and political transition: The Hong Kong press in China's orbit . New York : Guilford Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Chinoy , M. ( 1999 ). China live . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Cohen , A. A. , Levy , M. R., Roeh , I., & Gurevitch , M. (Eds.). ( 1996 ). Global newsrooms, Local audiences . London : J. Libbey . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Dayan , D. , & Katz , E. ( 1992 ). Media events: The live broadcasting of history . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Dimbleby , J. ( 1998 ). The last governor . London : Warner Books . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Edelman , M. ( 1988 ). Constructing the political spectacle . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Esherick , J. W. , & Wasserstrom , J. N. ( 1994 ). Acting out democracy: Political theater in modern China . In J. N. Wasserstrom & E. J. Perry (Eds.), Popular protest and political culture in modern China (pp. 32 – 70 ). Boulder , CO : Westview Press . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS Google Scholar Google Preview WorldCat COPAC Featherstone , M. , & Lash , S. ( 1995 ). Globalization, modernity and the spatialization of social theory: An introduction . In M. Featherstone, S. Lash, & R. Robertson (Eds.), Global identities (pp. 1 – 24 ). London : Sage . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS Google Scholar Google Preview WorldCat COPAC Fukuyama , F. ( 1992 ). The end of history and the last man . New York : Free Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Gamson , W. A. ( 1988 ). A constructionist approach to mass media and public opinion . Symbolic Interactionism , 11 , 161 – 174 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Gamson , W. A. , & Lasch , K. E. ( 1983 ). The political culture of social welfare policy . In S. E. Spiro & E. Yuchtman-Yaar (Eds.), Evaluating the welfare state: Social and political perspectives (pp. 397 – 415 ). New York : Academic Press . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS Google Scholar Google Preview WorldCat COPAC Gamson , W. A. , & Modigliani , A. ( 1987 ). The changing culture of affirmative action . In R. G. Braungart & M. M. Braungart (Eds.), Research in political sociology, vol. 3 (pp. 137 – 177 ). Greenwich , CT : JAI Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Gamson , W. A. , & Modigliani , A. ( 1989 ). Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A constructionist approach . American Journal of Sociology , 95 , 1 – 37 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Gans , H. J. ( 1979 ). Deciding what's news . New York : Pantheon . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Garnett , J. C. ( 1994 ). The national interest revisited . In K. W. Thompson (Ed.), Community, diversity, and a New World Order (pp. 87 – 110 ). Lanham , MD : University Press of America . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Gitlin , T. ( 1980 ). The whole world is watching. Berkeley: University of California Press . Hallin , D. (1986). The “uncensored” war . New York : Oxford University Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Hallin , D. ( 1994 ). We keep America on top of the world . New York : Routledge . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Herman , E. , & Chomsky , N. ( 1988 ). Manufacturing consent . New York : Pantheon . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Hilgartner , S. , & Bosk , C. L. ( 1988 ). The rise and fall of social problems: a public arena model . American Journal of Sociology , 94 , 53 – 78 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Katz , E. ( 1992 ), The end of journalism? Notes on watching the Persian Gulf war . Journal of Communication , 42 , 26 – 41 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Knight , A. , & Nakano , Y. (Eds.). ( 1999 ). Reporting Hong Kong: Foreign media and the handover . London : Curzon . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Lee , C. C. ( 1990 ). Mass media: Of China, about China . In C. C. Lee (Ed.), Voices of China: The interplay of politics and journalism (pp. 3 – 32 ). New York : Guilford Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Lee , C. C. ( 2000 ), The paradox of political economy: media structure, regime change, and press freedom in Hong Kong . In C. C. Lee (Ed.), Power, money, and media: Communication patterns and bureaucratic control in cultural China (pp. 288 – 336 ). Evanston , IL : Northwestern University Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Lee , C. C. , & Yang , J. ( 1995 ). National interest and foreign news: Comparing U.S. and Japanese coverage of a Chinese student movement . Gazette , 56 , 1 – 18 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Lee , C. C. , Chan , J. M., Pan , Z., & So , C. Y. K. ( 2000 ). National prisms of a global media event . In J. Curran & M. Gurevitch (Eds.), Mass media and society (pp. 295 – 309 ). London : Arnold . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Mahlasela , D. G. ( 1990 ). Mass media and social movement legitimation: A comparison of South Korean and Chinese movements . Unpublished MA thesis , University of Minnesota, Minneapolis . Middleton , D. , & Edwards , D. ( 1990 ). Collective remembering . London : Sage . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Nimmo , D. , & Combs , J. E. ( 1990 ). Mediated political realities . New York : Longman . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Pan , Z. , & Kosicki , G. M. ( 1993 ). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse . Political Communication , 10 , 55 – 75 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Pan , Z. , Lee , C. C., Chan , J. M., & So , C. Y. K. ( 1999 ). One event, three stories: Media narratives of the handover of Hong Kong in cultural China . Gazette , 61 , 99 – 112 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Park , R. E. ( 1940 ). News as a form of knowledge . American Journal of Sociology , 45 , 669 – 686 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Patten , C. ( 1997 ). Letters to Hong Kong . Hong Kong : Government Printer . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Pool , I. ( 1952 ). Prestige papers . Stanford : Stanford University Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Said , E. W. ( 1981 ). Covering Islam . New York : Pantheon . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Said , E. W. ( 1993 ). Culture and imperialism . New York : Knopf . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Salisbury , H. E. ( 1990 ). China reporting: From Red Star to Long March . In C. C. Lee (Ed.), Voices of China: The interplay of politics and journalism (pp. 216 – 228 ). New York : Guilford Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Schudson , M. ( 1978 ). Discovering the news . New York : Basic Books . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Snyder , J. , & Ballentine , K. ( 1997 ). Nationalism and the marketplace of ideas . In M. Brown, O. Cote , Jr., F Lynn-Jones, & S. E. Miller (Eds.), Nationalism and ethnic conflict (pp. 61 – 96 ). Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS Google Scholar Google Preview WorldCat COPAC Tomlinson , J. ( 1999 ). Globalization and culture . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Tuchman , G. ( 1978 ). Making news . New York : Free Press . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC van Ginneken , J. ( 1998 ). Understanding global news . London : Sage . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Wasserstrom , J. N. , & Perry , E. (Eds.). ( 1994 ). Popular protest and political culture in modern China . Boulder , CO : Westview . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Waters , M. ( 1995 ). Globalization . London : Routledge . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Wilensky , H. ( 1964 ). Mass society and mass culture: Interdependence or dependence American Sociological Review , 29 , 173 – 197 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Zaller , J. R. ( 1992 ). The nature and origins of mass opinion . New York : Cambridge University Press . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS Google Scholar Google Preview WorldCat COPAC Zaller , J. , & Chiu , D. ( 1996 ). Government's little helper: U.S. press coverage of foreign policy crisis, 1945–1991 . Political Communication , 13 , 385 – 405 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat This content is only available as a PDF. © 2001 International Communication Association

Journal

Journal of Communication – Oxford University Press

Published: Jun 1, 2001

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