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A partir d’un examen rapide de la littérature concernée, cet article évalue l’étendue de la participation et du partage du pouvoir dans les organisations modernes. De ce domaine émane un optimisme que les résultats confirment mal. Les travaux empiriques montrent qu’il n’y a en réalité qu’un très faible partage de l’influence et du pouvoir dans la plupart des organisations modernes. On tente de donner un début d’explication en suivant quatre pistes théoriques et méthodologiques. Tout d’abord, il est recommandé d’établir une distinction claire entre la participation, c’est‐à‐dire prendre part à une activité, et le pouvoir qui implique une certaine influence sur l’activité. Deuxièmement, les recherches sur la participation s’appuient rarement sur un modèle théorique. Des trois modéles présentés dans l’article, trois sont adaptés à ce champ de recherches. Troisièmement, il est possible d’attribuer l’absence de partage de l’influence dans les organisations modernes à l’impossibilité de détecter les variables pertinentes, par exemple les compétences. Enfin, le plan de la plupart des recherches sur la participation est étroitement centré sur un ou deux microéchelons, est transversal et mécanique alors que le sujet requiert une approche systémique ou holistique à niveaux multiples. Les avantages d’une solution systémique sont illustrés avec des exemples. Bien que la confirmation empirique exige des études complémentaires, elle fait entrevoir les ouvertures, basées sur la théorie et les données, qu’offre une solution “idéal‐type”. Through a brief review of the relevant literature, this paper is concerned with assessing the extent of participation and power‐sharing in modern organisations. The field is imbued with optimism that is not well supported by results. The empirical evidence suggests that there is, in reality, very little distribution of influence and power in most modern organisations. An explanation is attempted by tackling four theoretical‐methodological issues. In the first place it is advisable to make a clear distinction between participation, meaning taking part in an activity, and power, which implies a degree of influence over the activity. Second, participation research is rarely based on a theoretical model. The paper describes three models, two of which are appropriate for this area of research. Third, it is possible to attribute the lack of influence sharing in modern organisations to a failure to identify significant contingencies, for instance competence. Fourth, the design of most research on participation is narrowly focused on one or two micro levels, is cross‐sectional and mechanistic although the subject matter requires a multi‐level holistic or systems approach. The advantage of systemic design is illustrated by examples. Although the empirical evidence requires further support, it reveals possibilities, based on theory and data that allow an “ideal type” solution to be put forward.
Applied Psychology – Wiley
Published: Jan 1, 2003
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