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Implications of earthquake focal mechanism data for the active tectonics of the south Caspian Basin and surrounding regions

Implications of earthquake focal mechanism data for the active tectonics of the south Caspian... Summary The south Caspian Basin is a relatively aseismic block within the Alpine-Himalayan Belt, but is surrounded by zones of high seismicity. We used the focal mechanisms of 16 earthquakes whose source parameters we determined from inversion of body waves and the mechanisms of 15 other earthquakes to determine the style of faulting in the seismic belts surrounding the south Caspian Basin. Earthquakes beneath the Talesh Mountains of north-west Iran and immediately off-shore in the south-west Caspian Sea have shallow thrust mechanisms, showing that the continental crust of north-west Iran is overthrusting the ‘oceanic-like’ crust of the south Caspian Basin. Earthquakes south of the Caspian Sea in northern Iran show a mixture of focal mechanisms. Both high-angle reverse faulting and left-lateral strike-slip faulting mechanisms are observed in the high Alborz Mountains. Farther south, on the edge of the central Iran plateau, oblique left-lateral reverse mechanisms are observed. It appears that the NE direction of shortening between central Iran and the south Caspian Basin is partitioned into pure left-lateral strike-slip and thrusting in the WNW-trending high Alborz, but is accommodated by oblique faulting in lower elevations. Earthquakes in the Kopet Dag Mountains east of the Caspian Sea also show a mixture of high-angle reverse and strike-slip faulting mechanisms and may be another example of the partitioning of oblique slip into strike slip and thrust motion. Normal faulting mechanisms at centroid depths of 35–50 km dominate in the belt of seismicity that extends across the central Caspian Sea. The significance of the normal faulting earthquakes is enigmatic. It is improbable that these events represent the motion between the southern Caspian Basin and Eurasia for they imply a sense of motion that is incompatible with the observed topography and folding in the sediments. Two shallow earthquakes at about 12 km depth in this belt, one a small event and the other a large second subevent of a multiple earthquake, have thrusting mechanisms suggesting that shortening occurs as the continental crust of the northern Caspian Sea is thrust over the ‘oceanic-like’ crust of the southern Caspian Basin. Shortening is also suggested by the orientations of folds in the sedimentary cover south of the central Caspian Sea seismic belt. We suggest that this shortening does indeed represent a NNE motion of the Caspian Sea relative to Eurasia, but that the motion is slow and has not produced many earthquakes. The deeper, normal-faulting events may be related to bending or down-dip extension of the incipient subducted slab. If the motion of the Caspian Sea relative to Eurasia is indeed slow, then the motion in the Alborz between central Iran and the south Caspian Basin will be almost the same as that between Iran and Eurasia, as has previously been assumed. The combined effect of the overthrusting of the south Caspian Basin by the Talesh-Alborz Mountains in the south, and by the continental crust of the northern Caspian Sea in the north will lead to the eventual destruction of the south Caspian Basin and the possible formation of an intermediate-depth, dipping seismic zone within the continental interior, similar to that presently observed in the Hindu Kush. Caspian Basin, earthquake-source mechanism, faulting, Iran, tectonics References Adamia S.A. Lordkipanidze M.B. Zakariadze G.S. , 1977 . Evolution of an active continental margin as exemplified by the Alpine history of the Caucasus Tectonophysics , 40 , 183 – 199 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Ambraseys N.N. , 1963 . The Buyin-Zara (Iran) earthquake of September, 1962: a field report Bull. seism. Soc. Am. , 53 , 705 – 740 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Ambraseys N.N. Melville C.P. , 1982 . A History of Persian Earthquakes , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Amursski G.I. Tiunov K.V. Khrikov B.A. Shlezinger A.E. , 1968 . Structure and tectonic position of the Great Balkhan , Akademii Nauk SSSR , Moscow . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Berberian M. , 1983 . The Southern Caspian: A compressional depression floored by a trapped, modified oceanic crust Can. J. Earth Sci. , 20 , 163 – 183 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Berberian M. Arshadi S. , 1976 . On the evidence of the youngest activity of the North Tabriz fault and the seismicity of Tabriz city , Rep. Geol. Surv. Iran , No. 39 , pp. 397 – 418 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Berberian M. King G.C.P. , 1981 . Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran Can. J. Earth Sci. , 18 , 210 – 265 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Berberian M. Qorashi M. Jackson J.A. Priestley K.F. Wallace T. , 1992 . The Rudbar-Tarom earthquake of 20 June 1990 in NW Persia: preliminary field and seismological observations, and its tectonic significance Bull. seism. Soc. Am. , 82 , 1726 – 1755 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Fedynsky V.V. Fomenko K.E. Garkalenkov J.A. Goncharov V.P. Khrychem B.A. Malovitsky Y.P. Milashin A.P. Neprochnov Y.P. Ushakov S.A. , 1972 . The Earth's crust of the inland seas and continental depressions of the west Tethys region , 24th International Geological Congress , Montreal, P.Q. Section 3 , 51 – 57 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Fitch T.J. , 1972 . Plate convergence, transcurrent faults, and internal deformation adjacent to southeast Asia and the western Pacific J. geophys. Res. , 77 , 4432 – 4460 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Fredrich J. McCaffrey R. Denham D. , 1988 . Source parameters of seven large Australian earthquakes determined by body waveform inversion Geophys. J. , 95 , 1 – 13 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Futterman W.I. , 1962 . Dispersive body waves J. geophys. Res. , 67 , 5279 – 5291 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Galperin E.I. Kosminskaya I.P. Krakshina P.M. , 1962 . Main characteristics of deep waves registered by deep seismic sounding in the central part of the Caspian Sea, Deep Sounding of the Earths Crust in the USSR, Moscow Gosloptekhizdat , 227 – 250 (in Russian). OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Gao L. Wallace T.C. , 1994 . Aftershocks of the 1990 western Iran (MW 7.3) earthquake Bull. seism. Soc. Am. , submitted. OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Golensky G.L. Kondorskya N.V. Zakarova A.E. Vandeshiva N.V. Agalapova E.B. Agamepzor S.R. Bruk M.G. Garagozov D. Kuleiv F.T. Logova N.A. Muragov C.M. Rautian T.G. Panake B.M. Rakemov A.R. Rogozhen E.A. Shafadeyaiv R.H. Chepkunac L.C. , 1989 . The Caspian earthquake of March 6, Earthquakes in the U.S.S.R. in 1986 Akademii Nauk SSSR , 58 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Heaton T.H. Kanamori H. , 1984 . Seismic potential associated with subduction in the northwestern United States Bull. seism. Soc. Am. , 74 , 933 – 947 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Jackson J. , 1992 . Partitioning of strike-slip and convergent motion between Eurasia and Arabia in Eastern Turkey and the Caucasus J. geophys. Res. , 97 , 12471 – 12479 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Jackson J.A. Fitch T.J. , 1979 . Seismotectonic implications of relocated aftershock sequences in Iran and Turkey Geophys. J.R. astr. Soc. , 57 , 209 – 229 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Jackson J.A. Fitch T.J. , 1981 . Basement faulting and the focal depths of the larger earthquakes in the Zagros mountains (Iran) Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc. , 64 , 561 – 586 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Jackson J. McKenzie D. , 1984 . Active tectonics of the Alpine-Himalayan Belt between western Turkey and Pakistan Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc. , 77 , 185 – 264 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Jackson J. Molnar P. , 1990 . Active faulting and block rotations in the Western Transverse Ranges, California J. geophys. Res. , 95 , 22073 – 22087 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Kadinsky-Cade K. Barazangi M. Oliver J. Isacks B. , 1981 . Lateral variations of high frequency seismic wave propagation at regional distances across the Turkish and Iranian plateaus J. geophys. Res. , 86 , 9377 – 9396 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Letouzey J. Biju-Duval B. Dorkel A. Gonnard R. Kristchev K. Montadert L. Sungurlu O. , 1977 . The Black Sea: A marginal basin, geophysical and geological data, in International Symposium on the Structural History of the Mediterranean Basin , pp. 363 – 379 , ed. Biju-Duval B. Montadert L., Edition Technip , Paris . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Lyon-Caen H. Molnar P. , 1985 . Gravity anomalies, flexure of the Indian Plate, and the structure, support and evolution of the Himalaya and Ganga Basin Tectonics , 4 , 513 – 538 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Lyon-Caen H. Armijo R. Drakopoulos J. Baskoutas J. Delibassis N. Gaulon R. Kouskouna V. Latoussakis J. Makropoulos K. Papadimitrious P. Papanastassiou D. Pedotti G. , 1988 . The 1986 Kalamata (S. Peloponessos) earthquake: Detailed study of a normal fault and tectonic implications J. geophys. Res. , 93 , 14967 – 15000 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Malovitsky Y.P. , 1968 . History of the geotectonic development of the depression of the Caspian Sea Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya , 10 , 103 – 120 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Mdlovitsky Y.P. Levin L.E. Milashin A.P. Zorina Y.G. , 1970 . Gruppa Youshnykh Morey. Tektonika I Neftegazonosnost Okrunnykh I Vnutrennykh Morey SSSR , Nedra , Moscow . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC McCaffrey R. Abers G. , 1988 . SYN3: A program for inversion of teleseismic body wave forms on microcomputers , Air Force Geophysics Laboratory Technical Report, AFGL-TR-88-0099, Hanscom Air Force Base , MA . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC McCaffrey R. Nabelek J. , 1987 . Earthquakes, gravity, and the origin of the Bali Basin: an example of a nascent continental fold-and-thrust belt J. geophys. Res. , 92 , 441 – 460 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat McKenzie D.P. Jackson J.A. , 1983 . The relationship between strain rates, crustal thickening, paleomagnetism, finite strain and fault movements within a deforming zone Earth planet. Sci. Lett. , 65 , 182 – 202 (and correction, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 1984, 70, 444). Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Molnar P. , 1994 . Brace-Goetze strength profiles, the partitioning of strike-slip and thrust faulting at zones of oblique convergence, and the stress-heat flow paradox of the Andreas Fault , in The Brace Volume , eds Evans B. Wong T.F. in press . Molnar P. Lyon-Caen H. , 1989 . Fault plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau and its margin Geophys J. Int. , 99 , 123 – 153 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Mount V.S. Suppe J. , 1987 . State of stress near the San Andreas Fault: implications for wrench tectonics Geology , 15 , 1143 – 1146 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Muratov M.V. , 1972 . Formation history of the deep Black Sea basin as compared with deep basins of the Mediterranean Geotektonika , 5 , 22 – 41 (in Russian). OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Nabelek J. , 1984 . Determinations of earthquake source parameters from inversion of body waves , PhD thesis , M.I.T. , Cambridge, MA . Neprochnov Y.P. , 1968 . Structure of the Earth's crust of epicontinental seas: Caspian, Black and Mediterranean Can. J. Earth Sci. , 5 , 1037 – 1043 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Nowroozi N.N. , 1972 . Focal mechanism of earthquakes in Persia, Turkey, West Pakistan and Afghanistan and plate tectonics of the Middle East Bull. seism. Soc. Am. , 62 , 823 – 850 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Rezanov I.A. Chamo S.S. , 1969 . Reasons for absence of a granitic layer in basins of the South Caspian and Black Sea type Can. J. Earth Sci. , 6 , 671 – 678 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Rustanovich D.N. Shinakova E.I. , 1964 . Some results of a study of the Askhabad earthquake of 1948 , Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR , Seriya Geofizika , 1077 – 1080 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Shikalibeily E.S. Grigoriants B.V. , 1980 . Principal feature of the crustal structure of the south Caspian basin and the conditions of its formation Tectonophysics , 69 , 113 – 121 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Shlezinger A.Y. , 1981 . Structure of the Sedimentary Cover of the Black Sea Basin, in Problemy Tektoniki Zemnoi Kory , pp. 237 – 262 , eds Peive A.V. Pushcharovskii Y.N., Nauk , Moscow (in Russian) . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Smith K.D. Brune J.N. Priestley K.F. , 1991 . The seismic spectrum, radiated energy, and the Savage and Wood inequality for complex earthquakes Tectonophysics , 188 , 303 – 320 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Sorokhtin O.G. , (ed.), 1979 . Geodynamics, in Okeanologiya. Geofizika Okeanshogo Dna. Nauka, Moscow , 2 , 375 (in Russian). OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Taymaz T. Jackson J.A. Westaway R. , 1990 . Earthquake mechanisms in the Hellenic Trench near Crete Geophys. J. Int. , 102 , 695 – 731 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Taymaz T. Jackson J. McKenzie D. , 1991 . Active tectonics of the north and central Aegean Sea Geophys. J. Int. , 106 , 433 – 490 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Tchalenko J.S. , 1975 . Seismicity and structure of the Kopet Dagh (Iran, USSR) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. , 278 , 1 – 25 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Tchalenko J.S. , 1977 . A reconnaissance of the seismicity and tectonics at the northern border of the Arabian plate; Lake Van region Rev. Geogr. Phys. Geol. Dyn , 19 , 189 – 208 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Tchalenko J.S. Braud J. , 1974 . Seismicity and structure of the Zagros (Iran): the Main Recent Fault between 33 and 35°N. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. , A277 , 1 – 25 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Vardapetyan A.N. , 1981 . Late Cenozoic plate tectonics of the Black Sea-Caspian region , PhD thesis , Inst. of Oceanology , Moscow , 24 (in Russian). Yanshin A.L. Bassenyants S.A. Pilipenko A.I. Shlezinger A.E. , 1980 . New data on the time of formation of the Black Sea deep basin Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR , 252 , 223 – 227 (in Russian). OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Zoback M.D. Zoback M.L. Mount V.S. Suppe J. Eaton J.P. Healy J.H. Oppenheimer D. Reasenberg P. Jones L.M. Raleigh C.B. Wong I.G. Scotti O. Wentworth C. , 1987 . New evidence on the state of stress of the San Andreas fault system Science , 238 , 1105 – 1111 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS PubMed WorldCat Zonenshain L.P. Le Pichon X. , 1986 . Deep basins of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea as remnants of Mesozoic back-arc basins, in Evolution of the Tethys , eds Aubouin J. Le Pichon X. Monin A.S., Tectonophysics , 123 , 181 – 211 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat This content is only available as a PDF. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Geophysical Journal International Oxford University Press

Implications of earthquake focal mechanism data for the active tectonics of the south Caspian Basin and surrounding regions

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References (57)

Publisher
Oxford University Press
ISSN
0956-540X
eISSN
1365-246X
DOI
10.1111/j.1365-246X.1994.tb04679.x
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Abstract

Summary The south Caspian Basin is a relatively aseismic block within the Alpine-Himalayan Belt, but is surrounded by zones of high seismicity. We used the focal mechanisms of 16 earthquakes whose source parameters we determined from inversion of body waves and the mechanisms of 15 other earthquakes to determine the style of faulting in the seismic belts surrounding the south Caspian Basin. Earthquakes beneath the Talesh Mountains of north-west Iran and immediately off-shore in the south-west Caspian Sea have shallow thrust mechanisms, showing that the continental crust of north-west Iran is overthrusting the ‘oceanic-like’ crust of the south Caspian Basin. Earthquakes south of the Caspian Sea in northern Iran show a mixture of focal mechanisms. Both high-angle reverse faulting and left-lateral strike-slip faulting mechanisms are observed in the high Alborz Mountains. Farther south, on the edge of the central Iran plateau, oblique left-lateral reverse mechanisms are observed. It appears that the NE direction of shortening between central Iran and the south Caspian Basin is partitioned into pure left-lateral strike-slip and thrusting in the WNW-trending high Alborz, but is accommodated by oblique faulting in lower elevations. Earthquakes in the Kopet Dag Mountains east of the Caspian Sea also show a mixture of high-angle reverse and strike-slip faulting mechanisms and may be another example of the partitioning of oblique slip into strike slip and thrust motion. Normal faulting mechanisms at centroid depths of 35–50 km dominate in the belt of seismicity that extends across the central Caspian Sea. The significance of the normal faulting earthquakes is enigmatic. It is improbable that these events represent the motion between the southern Caspian Basin and Eurasia for they imply a sense of motion that is incompatible with the observed topography and folding in the sediments. Two shallow earthquakes at about 12 km depth in this belt, one a small event and the other a large second subevent of a multiple earthquake, have thrusting mechanisms suggesting that shortening occurs as the continental crust of the northern Caspian Sea is thrust over the ‘oceanic-like’ crust of the southern Caspian Basin. Shortening is also suggested by the orientations of folds in the sedimentary cover south of the central Caspian Sea seismic belt. We suggest that this shortening does indeed represent a NNE motion of the Caspian Sea relative to Eurasia, but that the motion is slow and has not produced many earthquakes. The deeper, normal-faulting events may be related to bending or down-dip extension of the incipient subducted slab. If the motion of the Caspian Sea relative to Eurasia is indeed slow, then the motion in the Alborz between central Iran and the south Caspian Basin will be almost the same as that between Iran and Eurasia, as has previously been assumed. The combined effect of the overthrusting of the south Caspian Basin by the Talesh-Alborz Mountains in the south, and by the continental crust of the northern Caspian Sea in the north will lead to the eventual destruction of the south Caspian Basin and the possible formation of an intermediate-depth, dipping seismic zone within the continental interior, similar to that presently observed in the Hindu Kush. Caspian Basin, earthquake-source mechanism, faulting, Iran, tectonics References Adamia S.A. Lordkipanidze M.B. Zakariadze G.S. , 1977 . Evolution of an active continental margin as exemplified by the Alpine history of the Caucasus Tectonophysics , 40 , 183 – 199 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Ambraseys N.N. , 1963 . The Buyin-Zara (Iran) earthquake of September, 1962: a field report Bull. seism. Soc. Am. , 53 , 705 – 740 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Ambraseys N.N. Melville C.P. , 1982 . A History of Persian Earthquakes , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Amursski G.I. Tiunov K.V. Khrikov B.A. Shlezinger A.E. , 1968 . Structure and tectonic position of the Great Balkhan , Akademii Nauk SSSR , Moscow . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Berberian M. , 1983 . The Southern Caspian: A compressional depression floored by a trapped, modified oceanic crust Can. J. Earth Sci. , 20 , 163 – 183 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Berberian M. Arshadi S. , 1976 . On the evidence of the youngest activity of the North Tabriz fault and the seismicity of Tabriz city , Rep. Geol. Surv. Iran , No. 39 , pp. 397 – 418 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Berberian M. King G.C.P. , 1981 . Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran Can. J. Earth Sci. , 18 , 210 – 265 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Berberian M. Qorashi M. Jackson J.A. Priestley K.F. Wallace T. , 1992 . The Rudbar-Tarom earthquake of 20 June 1990 in NW Persia: preliminary field and seismological observations, and its tectonic significance Bull. seism. Soc. Am. , 82 , 1726 – 1755 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Fedynsky V.V. Fomenko K.E. Garkalenkov J.A. Goncharov V.P. Khrychem B.A. Malovitsky Y.P. Milashin A.P. Neprochnov Y.P. Ushakov S.A. , 1972 . The Earth's crust of the inland seas and continental depressions of the west Tethys region , 24th International Geological Congress , Montreal, P.Q. Section 3 , 51 – 57 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Fitch T.J. , 1972 . Plate convergence, transcurrent faults, and internal deformation adjacent to southeast Asia and the western Pacific J. geophys. Res. , 77 , 4432 – 4460 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Fredrich J. McCaffrey R. Denham D. , 1988 . Source parameters of seven large Australian earthquakes determined by body waveform inversion Geophys. J. , 95 , 1 – 13 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Futterman W.I. , 1962 . Dispersive body waves J. geophys. Res. , 67 , 5279 – 5291 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Galperin E.I. Kosminskaya I.P. Krakshina P.M. , 1962 . Main characteristics of deep waves registered by deep seismic sounding in the central part of the Caspian Sea, Deep Sounding of the Earths Crust in the USSR, Moscow Gosloptekhizdat , 227 – 250 (in Russian). OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Gao L. Wallace T.C. , 1994 . Aftershocks of the 1990 western Iran (MW 7.3) earthquake Bull. seism. Soc. Am. , submitted. OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Golensky G.L. Kondorskya N.V. Zakarova A.E. Vandeshiva N.V. Agalapova E.B. Agamepzor S.R. Bruk M.G. Garagozov D. Kuleiv F.T. Logova N.A. Muragov C.M. Rautian T.G. Panake B.M. Rakemov A.R. Rogozhen E.A. Shafadeyaiv R.H. Chepkunac L.C. , 1989 . The Caspian earthquake of March 6, Earthquakes in the U.S.S.R. in 1986 Akademii Nauk SSSR , 58 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Heaton T.H. Kanamori H. , 1984 . Seismic potential associated with subduction in the northwestern United States Bull. seism. Soc. Am. , 74 , 933 – 947 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Jackson J. , 1992 . Partitioning of strike-slip and convergent motion between Eurasia and Arabia in Eastern Turkey and the Caucasus J. geophys. Res. , 97 , 12471 – 12479 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Jackson J.A. Fitch T.J. , 1979 . Seismotectonic implications of relocated aftershock sequences in Iran and Turkey Geophys. J.R. astr. Soc. , 57 , 209 – 229 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Jackson J.A. Fitch T.J. , 1981 . Basement faulting and the focal depths of the larger earthquakes in the Zagros mountains (Iran) Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc. , 64 , 561 – 586 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Jackson J. McKenzie D. , 1984 . Active tectonics of the Alpine-Himalayan Belt between western Turkey and Pakistan Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc. , 77 , 185 – 264 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Jackson J. Molnar P. , 1990 . Active faulting and block rotations in the Western Transverse Ranges, California J. geophys. Res. , 95 , 22073 – 22087 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Kadinsky-Cade K. Barazangi M. Oliver J. Isacks B. , 1981 . Lateral variations of high frequency seismic wave propagation at regional distances across the Turkish and Iranian plateaus J. geophys. Res. , 86 , 9377 – 9396 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Letouzey J. Biju-Duval B. Dorkel A. Gonnard R. Kristchev K. Montadert L. Sungurlu O. , 1977 . The Black Sea: A marginal basin, geophysical and geological data, in International Symposium on the Structural History of the Mediterranean Basin , pp. 363 – 379 , ed. Biju-Duval B. Montadert L., Edition Technip , Paris . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Lyon-Caen H. Molnar P. , 1985 . Gravity anomalies, flexure of the Indian Plate, and the structure, support and evolution of the Himalaya and Ganga Basin Tectonics , 4 , 513 – 538 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Lyon-Caen H. Armijo R. Drakopoulos J. Baskoutas J. Delibassis N. Gaulon R. Kouskouna V. Latoussakis J. Makropoulos K. Papadimitrious P. Papanastassiou D. Pedotti G. , 1988 . The 1986 Kalamata (S. Peloponessos) earthquake: Detailed study of a normal fault and tectonic implications J. geophys. Res. , 93 , 14967 – 15000 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Malovitsky Y.P. , 1968 . History of the geotectonic development of the depression of the Caspian Sea Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya , 10 , 103 – 120 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Mdlovitsky Y.P. Levin L.E. Milashin A.P. Zorina Y.G. , 1970 . Gruppa Youshnykh Morey. Tektonika I Neftegazonosnost Okrunnykh I Vnutrennykh Morey SSSR , Nedra , Moscow . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC McCaffrey R. Abers G. , 1988 . SYN3: A program for inversion of teleseismic body wave forms on microcomputers , Air Force Geophysics Laboratory Technical Report, AFGL-TR-88-0099, Hanscom Air Force Base , MA . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC McCaffrey R. Nabelek J. , 1987 . Earthquakes, gravity, and the origin of the Bali Basin: an example of a nascent continental fold-and-thrust belt J. geophys. Res. , 92 , 441 – 460 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat McKenzie D.P. Jackson J.A. , 1983 . The relationship between strain rates, crustal thickening, paleomagnetism, finite strain and fault movements within a deforming zone Earth planet. Sci. Lett. , 65 , 182 – 202 (and correction, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., 1984, 70, 444). Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Molnar P. , 1994 . Brace-Goetze strength profiles, the partitioning of strike-slip and thrust faulting at zones of oblique convergence, and the stress-heat flow paradox of the Andreas Fault , in The Brace Volume , eds Evans B. Wong T.F. in press . Molnar P. Lyon-Caen H. , 1989 . Fault plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau and its margin Geophys J. Int. , 99 , 123 – 153 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Mount V.S. Suppe J. , 1987 . State of stress near the San Andreas Fault: implications for wrench tectonics Geology , 15 , 1143 – 1146 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Muratov M.V. , 1972 . Formation history of the deep Black Sea basin as compared with deep basins of the Mediterranean Geotektonika , 5 , 22 – 41 (in Russian). OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Nabelek J. , 1984 . Determinations of earthquake source parameters from inversion of body waves , PhD thesis , M.I.T. , Cambridge, MA . Neprochnov Y.P. , 1968 . Structure of the Earth's crust of epicontinental seas: Caspian, Black and Mediterranean Can. J. Earth Sci. , 5 , 1037 – 1043 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Nowroozi N.N. , 1972 . Focal mechanism of earthquakes in Persia, Turkey, West Pakistan and Afghanistan and plate tectonics of the Middle East Bull. seism. Soc. Am. , 62 , 823 – 850 . OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Rezanov I.A. Chamo S.S. , 1969 . Reasons for absence of a granitic layer in basins of the South Caspian and Black Sea type Can. J. Earth Sci. , 6 , 671 – 678 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Rustanovich D.N. Shinakova E.I. , 1964 . Some results of a study of the Askhabad earthquake of 1948 , Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR , Seriya Geofizika , 1077 – 1080 . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Shikalibeily E.S. Grigoriants B.V. , 1980 . Principal feature of the crustal structure of the south Caspian basin and the conditions of its formation Tectonophysics , 69 , 113 – 121 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Shlezinger A.Y. , 1981 . Structure of the Sedimentary Cover of the Black Sea Basin, in Problemy Tektoniki Zemnoi Kory , pp. 237 – 262 , eds Peive A.V. Pushcharovskii Y.N., Nauk , Moscow (in Russian) . Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat COPAC Smith K.D. Brune J.N. Priestley K.F. , 1991 . The seismic spectrum, radiated energy, and the Savage and Wood inequality for complex earthquakes Tectonophysics , 188 , 303 – 320 . Google Scholar Crossref Search ADS WorldCat Sorokhtin O.G. , (ed.), 1979 . Geodynamics, in Okeanologiya. Geofizika Okeanshogo Dna. Nauka, Moscow , 2 , 375 (in Russian). OpenURL Placeholder Text WorldCat Taymaz T. Jackson J.A. Westaway R. , 1990 . Earthquake mechanisms in the Hellenic Trench near Crete Geophys. J. Int. , 102 , 695 – 731 . 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Journal

Geophysical Journal International – Oxford University Press

Published: Jul 1, 1994

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