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Relationships between racing times of Standardbreds and v4 and v200

Relationships between racing times of Standardbreds and v4 and v200 ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to examine the validity of v4 [velocity run under the defined conditions inducing 4 mmol/L of blood lactate concentration ([LA])] and v200 (velocity run under the defined conditions inducing a heart rate of 200 beats/min) to differentiate performance level among Standardbred racehorses. For this purpose, 19 Standardbred trotting racehorses with differing racing time records in 2 training yards were submitted to a standardized exercise test to determine their v4 and v200 (6 horses of one yard only). The test consisted of 4 or more consecutive intervals depending on when the blood [LA] of a horse increased above 4 mmol/L. Speed and time trotted in each interval as well as time between consecutive intervals were the same for horses of a training yard. The blood [LA] measured after each interval was plotted exponentially against running speed to derive v4 from the blood lactate-running speed relationship, and the mean heart rate during the intervals was plotted linearly against running speed to derive v200 from the heart rate-running speed relationship. The correlation coefficient between v4 and the racing time record was 0.77 and 0.75 for horses in racing yard A and B, respectively. There was no correlation between v200 and the racing time record. Therefore, v4 is a valid indicator of performance level of Standardbred trotting racehorses; however, v200 may not be or to a lesser extent. INTRODUCTION Performance diagnostics should permit identification of horses that are better trained and more capable of performing in sports, as well as assess the effectiveness of training programs. For performance diagnostics, horses can be submitted to standardized exercise tests (SET) to determine their individual blood lactate-running speed (BLRS) and heart rate-running speed (HRRS) relationships. The BLRS curves and HRRS lines themselves can be used to compare horses, but more frequently variables of them are derived for performance diagnostics. The most often derived variable of the BLRS relationship is the v4 [velocity run under the defined conditions inducing a blood lactate concentration ([LA]) of 4 mmol/L; Persson, 1983; Lindner, 2000]. The v200 is frequently calculated as the variable representing the HRRS (velocity run under defined conditions inducing a heart rate of 200 beats/min; Persson, 1983; Couroucé, 1997). However, there are few studies published on their validity as performance diagnostics of racing horses. The hypothesis of this study was that the better the racing time record of Standardbred trotting racehorses, the greater would be their v4 and v200 values. MATERIALS AND METHODS The results of this study were obtained in the course of providing regular commercial service of performance diagnosis and training guidance to clients in the race industry. Horses and Study Design A single study design was applied in 2 training yards. In yard A, 7 healthy Standardbred horses (mean ± SD BW: 460 ± 36 kg; between 3 and 7 yr old; 3 stallions, 4 mares) were included, and in yard B, 12 horses (BW 482 ± 23 kg; between 3 and 5 yr old; 11 stallions and 1 mare) were included. All horses had a racing time record determined during races of the German Standardbred Trotting Association obtained within the 1 and 6 wk before the SET and had been conditioned for racing for at least 18 mo. All horses were submitted to a SET, but the prescription differed between yards because their oval dirt training tracks had different lengths (in yard A the track was 1,000 m and in yard B 800 m), and the duration of each interval was aimed to be as close as possible to 5 min, whereas the speed of the SET intervals had to be such that the blood [LA] would increase continuously from concentrations before exercise to 4 or more mmol/L in not less than 4 intervals (Table 1). During the SET, the drivers used a stopwatch constantly to set the prescribed pace. Before each SET, the track was groomed to ensure regular lane conditions. All horses of a yard were tested on the same day between 0730 and 1100 h under similar weather conditions (mean ± SD of environmental temperature at yard A 21.6 ± 2.5°C, relative humidity 70.4 ± 6.0%; at yard B 22.3 ± 2.0°C and 65.2 ± 5.7%, respectively). Table 1. Standardized exercise test prescriptions for Standardbred trotting racehorses Interval  Yard  A (1,000-m track; 7 horses)    B (800-m track; 12 horses)  Velocity, m/s  Laps to run interval, n  Duration, min:s  Velocity, m/s  Laps to run interval, n  Duration, min:s  1  6.00  2  5:34  7.67  3  5:12  2  7.00  2  4:46  8.33  4  6:24  3  8.00  3  6:15  9.00  4  5:56  4  9.00  3  5:33  9.67  4  5:28  5  10.00  3  5:00  10.33  4  5:12  6  11.00  3  4:33  11.00  4  4:52  Interval  Yard  A (1,000-m track; 7 horses)    B (800-m track; 12 horses)  Velocity, m/s  Laps to run interval, n  Duration, min:s  Velocity, m/s  Laps to run interval, n  Duration, min:s  1  6.00  2  5:34  7.67  3  5:12  2  7.00  2  4:46  8.33  4  6:24  3  8.00  3  6:15  9.00  4  5:56  4  9.00  3  5:33  9.67  4  5:28  5  10.00  3  5:00  10.33  4  5:12  6  11.00  3  4:33  11.00  4  4:52  View Large Table 1. Standardized exercise test prescriptions for Standardbred trotting racehorses Interval  Yard  A (1,000-m track; 7 horses)    B (800-m track; 12 horses)  Velocity, m/s  Laps to run interval, n  Duration, min:s  Velocity, m/s  Laps to run interval, n  Duration, min:s  1  6.00  2  5:34  7.67  3  5:12  2  7.00  2  4:46  8.33  4  6:24  3  8.00  3  6:15  9.00  4  5:56  4  9.00  3  5:33  9.67  4  5:28  5  10.00  3  5:00  10.33  4  5:12  6  11.00  3  4:33  11.00  4  4:52  Interval  Yard  A (1,000-m track; 7 horses)    B (800-m track; 12 horses)  Velocity, m/s  Laps to run interval, n  Duration, min:s  Velocity, m/s  Laps to run interval, n  Duration, min:s  1  6.00  2  5:34  7.67  3  5:12  2  7.00  2  4:46  8.33  4  6:24  3  8.00  3  6:15  9.00  4  5:56  4  9.00  3  5:33  9.67  4  5:28  5  10.00  3  5:00  10.33  4  5:12  6  11.00  3  4:33  11.00  4  4:52  View Large SET and Blood Sample Collection Horses were warmed up between 10 and 15 min at a walk and slow trot before starting the SET. The increase of the speed from interval to interval was such that a continuous increase of the blood [LA] from the concentration before exercise but after warm-up to 4 or more mmol/L was obtained in not less than 4 intervals of about 5-min duration each (Table 1). This was done to have at least 4 values to describe the BLRS and to run the horses as slow as possible to obtain the 4 mmol/L of blood [LA]. The SET was discontinued when the blood [LA] of the horses was at or above 4 mmol/L (determined on site with Accusport; Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Lindner, 1996). Horses always started and finished an interval at the same place. This place was near the entrance of the track, so that horses could be taken out of the track within seconds of finishing an interval and blood samples be taken in general within 20 s after it. This was done to ensure that other horses exercising on the track would not be disturbed. Intervals were separated by a period of 3 min. This was sufficient time to walk the horses back to the starting point of the next interval. Drivers maintained the prescribed speed using a stopwatch. Additionally, an independent observer with a stopwatch accurate to 0.1 s timed every lap of an interval. This time was used to calculate v4 and v200 from the BLRS and HRRS relationships. Before the test but after warm-up (4 to 6 min walking to the track and 5 to 10 min of slow trotting), and within 20 s after each interval, blood samples were collected for determination of [LA]. With the measured blood [LA] and running speed for each interval of the SET, v4 was calculated from the BLRS relationship by exponential regression analysis (Galloux, 1991). The following formula was applied: [LA] = e(Av+B) + C, where [LA] = blood lactate concentration in mmol/L, v = speed in m/min, e = 2.1828, A = coefficient of curvilinearity, B = constant, and C = constant. After calculation of the coefficients A, B, and C, v4 could be determined using the equation v = [ln([LA]+C) − B]/A. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected via jugular venipuncture into Na-heparinized evacuated tubes (Becton Dickinson, Heidelberg, Germany) for measuring blood [LA]. Lactate Analysis Twenty microliters of each blood sample were transferred immediately after collection to vials containing 200 µL of 0.6 N perchloric acid. Samples were centrifuged at 12,000 × g for 10 min at 20°C, and the supernatant was transferred to empty vials. Samples were stored at 4°C for up to 4 d until analysis, using an enzymatic test kit in a laboratory (Boehringer Mannheim No. 1178750). The intraassay CV for this enzymatic method was 3.2% for a [LA] of 2.15 mmol/L and 4.0% for a concentration of 4.4 mmol/L. These samples were used to calculate the v4 from the BLRS relationship. Beginning with the third interval, blood [LA] of horses after each interval was measured on site with Accusport. When the blood [LA] was above 4 mmol/L, SET was finished. These values were used to determine when to stop the SET only. Heart Rate Measurement Horses of yard A were fitted with heart rate monitors (Polar Sport Tester, Kempele, Finland). The mean heart rate during each interval was plotted linearly against the speed of each interval, and v200 was calculated from this relationship. The monitor recorded the heart rate every 5 s during SET. Driving Accuracy of Drivers Two drivers exercised all horses in yard A, 3 drivers in yard B. All were experienced, active Standardbred race drivers. The mean difference between prescribed and driven speed was 0.12 ± 0.12 m/s for drivers in yard A (0.23, 0.05, 0.16, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.10 m/s for the 6 prescribed speeds, respectively), and for drivers in yard B 0.10 ± 0.04 m/s (0.13, 0.15, 0.07, 0.12, 0.13, and 0.05 m/s for the 6 prescribed speeds, respectively). Statistical Analysis The relationship between the racing time record of the horses and their v4 and v200 (yard A horses only) was examined by means of linear and exponential regression (SPSS/PC, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL); P < 0.05 was accepted as significant. Values are expressed as means ± SD. RESULTS After the first 2 to 3 intervals of SET, no clear visual differences of the development of the blood [LA] could be seen among horses, but after the 4th interval, differences could be seen (Figures 1 and 2). The horses with the better racing time records had to trot more intervals to reach a blood [LA] at or above 4 mmol/L. The values shown in the figures are those measured in the laboratory. These values were used to calculate v4 only. The SET of a horse was stopped when its blood [LA] was close to or above 4 mmol/L to reduce the risk of lameness due to running unnecessarily at greater speeds and for more time. These measurements were done on site with Accusport. The blood [LA] values measured with Accusport are greater than those measured in the laboratory (Lindner, 1996). These values are not shown in Figures 1 and 2, and this explains why some of the blood [LA] values shown are under the 4 mmol/L line at the end of the SET. Figure 1. View largeDownload slide Blood lactate-running speed curves of 7 Standardbred racehorses with racing time records for 1 km in yard A. Figure 1. View largeDownload slide Blood lactate-running speed curves of 7 Standardbred racehorses with racing time records for 1 km in yard A. Figure 2. View largeDownload slide Blood lactate-running speed curves of 12 Standardbred racehorses with racing time records for 1 km in yard B. Figure 2. View largeDownload slide Blood lactate-running speed curves of 12 Standardbred racehorses with racing time records for 1 km in yard B. Between v4 and racing time record of horses in yards A and B were significant linear coefficients of determination (r2 = 0.56 and 0.60, respectively; P < 0.05 and <0.01, respectively; regression equations of horses in yard A: v4 = 688.925 – 5.334 × race record and race record = 84.385 – 0.111 × v4; regression equations of horses in yard B: v4 = 787.768 – 11.347 × race record and race record = 45.868 – 0.049 × v4). The coefficient of determination in yard B improved slightly to 0.62 when an exponential regression was applied to examine the relationship between racing record and v4 (P < 0.001), whereas for horses in yard A, the exponential correlation was not better (P < 0.01) than the linear. Mean heart rate during the intervals of SET is shown in Table 2. The heart rate of 1 horse was not recorded by the heart rate monitor. There was no correlation between the racing time record and v200 of horses in yard A (P > 0.05; Figure 3). Table 2. Heart rates of Standardbred trotting racehorses of yard A during intervals of the standardized exercise test (mean ± SD) Interval  Number of horses that run the interval  Heart rate, beats/min  1  6  131 ± 13  2  6  142 ± 13  3  6  156 ± 12  4  6  175 ± 15  5  5  195 ± 12  6  3  216 ± 9  Interval  Number of horses that run the interval  Heart rate, beats/min  1  6  131 ± 13  2  6  142 ± 13  3  6  156 ± 12  4  6  175 ± 15  5  5  195 ± 12  6  3  216 ± 9  View Large Table 2. Heart rates of Standardbred trotting racehorses of yard A during intervals of the standardized exercise test (mean ± SD) Interval  Number of horses that run the interval  Heart rate, beats/min  1  6  131 ± 13  2  6  142 ± 13  3  6  156 ± 12  4  6  175 ± 15  5  5  195 ± 12  6  3  216 ± 9  Interval  Number of horses that run the interval  Heart rate, beats/min  1  6  131 ± 13  2  6  142 ± 13  3  6  156 ± 12  4  6  175 ± 15  5  5  195 ± 12  6  3  216 ± 9  View Large Figure 3. View largeDownload slide Correlation between v200 and racing time records of 6 Standardbred racehorses in yard A. Figure 3. View largeDownload slide Correlation between v200 and racing time records of 6 Standardbred racehorses in yard A. DISCUSSION The v4 of the Standardbred racehorses examined was linearly correlated with their individual racing time record as the measure of their performance. This relationship was built on individual data, and this approach has not been used often (Casini and Greppi, 1996). One reason is that horses competing in other sport disciplines do not have such an objective measure of their competitive performance like the racing record of Standardbreds. However, there have been good relationships described between v4 and other variables of performance, such as earnings, placings, and winnings. This involves endurance riding (Demonceau, 1989; Erickson et al., 1990), 3-d-eventing (Galloux, 1991), Standardbred racing (Couroucé, 1997; Ponchard, 1998), Thoroughbred racing (Ponchard, 1998; Davie, 1999), and Quarterhorse racing (Erickson et al., 1991). No other variable has shown as frequently a good relationship with variables of sports performance. In contrast, there was no correlation between the racing time record of horses and their v200 in yard A. Leleu et al. (2004) observed the same with their Standardbreds. It is not uncommon that, compared with v4, the v200 or other variables of the HRRS relationship do not react as much to conditioning (Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan, 1990; Trilk et al., 2002). Thus, this seems to be the case for performance diagnostics too. Evans (1994) stated in his review on the cardiovascular system of horses that heart rate during submaximal exercise is an unreliable index of fitness in horses. This may be because of the smaller range of adaptation to conditioning than blood [LA]. Data analysis for the correlation of racing time records and v4 had to be performed separately for the 2 yards because the prescriptions of the SET differed in the speed at which the horses run the intervals. This was because of the different length of the training tracks and that the duration of each interval was prescribed to be close to 5 min. Thus, with horses starting and finishing an interval at the same place of the track, the duration of each interval depended on the speed of the horses in the interval and the number of laps that they had to run to be close to the 5-min mark. In addition, the speed of the initial interval and the increase of the speed in each interval had to be such that at least 4 intervals had to be run by the horses before a blood [LA] of 4 mmol/L or more was measurable. These requirements were in place because of the v4 concept adopted from sport science in humans (Mader et al., 1976). Mader et al. (1976) postulated that the v4 is the value on the lactate power curve that best reflects the aerobic/anaerobic threshold in running man and therefore the maximal lactate steady state. This was confirmed experimentally by Heck et al. (1985). In both studies, the athletes were submitted to SET with steps of 5-min duration and to speeds that increased gradually the blood [LA] to above 4 mmol/L during 4 or more steps. These requirements allow for a good repeatability of the results also (Guhl et al., 1996; Köster, 1996) and are the basis for the research on guiding the exercise speed of conditioning programs with blood [LA] (Werkmann et al., 1996; Gansen et al., 1999; Trilk et al., 2002; Rivero et al., 2007; Lindner et al., 2009). In addition, they allow for the final speed at which horses have to run to achieve a blood [LA] of 4 or more mmol/L to be less than when the same speeds are run in steps of shorter duration (Köster, 1996). This reduces the risk of lameness under field conditions. In conclusion, these results show that v4 can be considered a valid variable to estimate the competitive performance of Standardbred racehorses, whereas v200 does not. LITERATURE CITED Casini L. Greppi G. F. 1996. Correlation of racing performance with fitness parameters after exercise tests on treadmill and on track in Standardbred racehorses. Pferdeheilkunde  12: 466– 469. Couroucé, A. 1997. Epreuve d'effort standardise de terrain apliquee au cheval trotteur.  PhD Diss. University of Jean Monnet Saint Etienne, France. Davie, A. 1999. A scientific approach to the training of Thoroughbred horses.  B. Bowden ed. Norsearch Reprographics, Lismore, Australia. Demonceau, T. 1989. Appreciation de l'aptitude physique du cheval d'endurance: Interet du seuil anaerobie lactique.  PhD Diss. Ecole Nationale Veterinarie d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France. Erickson, H. H., B. K. Erikson, C. S. Lundin, J. R. Gillespie, and J. R. Coffman 1990. Performance indices for the evaluation of the equine athlete.  Pages 457–469 in Proc. 36th Am. Assoc. Eq. Pract. Conf., Lexington, KY. Erickson, H. H., C. S. Lundin, B. K. Erikson, and J. R. Coffman 1991. Indices of performance in the Racing Quarterhorse. Pages 41–46 in Equine Exercise Physiology 3.  S. G. B. Persson, A. Lindholm, and L. B. Jeffcott ed. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. Evans, D. L. 1994. The cardiovascular system: Anatomy, physiology and adaptations to exercise and training. Pages 129–144 in The Athletic Horse.  D. R. Hodgson and R. J. Rose ed. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA. Galloux, P. 1991. Contribution à l'élaboration d'une planification de la préparation énergétique du cheval de concours complet suivi de l'entraînement par la mesure de la fréquence cardiaque et le dosage de la lactatémie.  PhD Diss. Univ. Poitiers, France. Gansen S. Lindner A. Marx S. Mosen H. Sallmann H. P. 1999. Effects of conditioning horses with lactate-guided exercise on muscle glycogen content. Eq. Vet. J.  ( Suppl. 30) 329– 331. Guhl A. Lindner A. von Wittke P. 1996. Reproducibility of the blood lactate-running speed curve in horses under field conditions. Am. J. Vet. Res.  57: 1059– 1062. https://doi.org/8807022 Google Scholar PubMed  Heck H. Mader A. Hess G. Mücke S. Müller R. Hollmann W. 1985. Justification of the 4 mmol/L lactate threshold. Int. J. Sports Med.  6: 117– 130. https://doi.org/4030186 Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS PubMed  Köster, A. 1996. Reproduzierbarkeit von in Belastungstests ermittelten Leistungskennwerten (v2, v3, v4, v12, und v150, v180, v200) und deren Beeinflussbarkeit durch die Stufendauer bzw. Streckenlänge bei Pferden auf dem Laufband.  Doctoral Diss. Univ. Gießen, Germany. Leleu, C., C. Cotrel, and E. Barrey 2004. Predictive interest of physiological and gait variables in French trotters. Pages 189–193 in The Elite Race and Endurance Horse.  A. Lindner ed. CESMAS, Arbeitsgruppe Pferd, Germany. Lindner A. 1996. Measurement of plasma lactate concentration with Accusport®;. Eq. Vet. J.  28: 403– 405. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   Lindner A. 2000. Use of blood biochemistry for positive performance diagnosis of sport horses in practice. Revue Méd. Vét.  151: 611– 618. Lindner A. Mosen H. Kissenbeck S. Fuhrmann H. Sallmann H. P. 2009. Effect of blood lactate-guided conditioning of horses with exercises of differing duration and intensities on heart rate and biochemical blood variables. J. Anim. Sci.  87: 3211– 3217. https://doi.org/19542497 Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS PubMed  Mader, A., H. Liesen, H. Heck, H. Philippi, R. Rost, P. Schürich, and W. Hollmann 1976. Zur Beurteilung der sportartspezifischen Ausdauerleistungsfähigkeit im Labor. Sportarzt und Sportmedizin  27: 80– 88 (Teil I) and 109–112 (Teil II). Persson, S. G. B. 1983. Evaluation of exercise tolerance and fitness in the performance horse. Pages 441–457 in Equine Exercise Physiology 1.  D. H. Snow, S. G. B. Persson, and R. J. Rose ed. Granta Editions, Cambridge, UK. Ponchard, M. T. 1998. Equine exercise prescription and talent identification based on plasma lactate kinetics.  PhD Diss. Univ. Western Australia, Perth, Australia. Rivero J. L. L. Ruz A. Marti-Korff S. Estepa J. C. Aguilera-Tejero E. Werkman J. Sobotta M. Lindner A. 2007. Effects of intensity and duration of exercise on muscular responses to training of Thoroughbred racehorses. J. Appl. Physiol.  102: 1871– 1882. https://doi.org/17255370 Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS PubMed  Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan, M. 1990. Heart rate and blood lactate in exercising horses.  PhD Diss. Univ. Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Trilk J. L. Lindner A. Greene H. M. Alberghina D. Wickler S. J. 2002. A lactate-guided conditioning program to improve endurance performance. Eq. Vet. J.  ( Suppl. 34): 122– 125. Werkmann J. Lindner A. Sasse H. H. 1996. Conditioning effects in horses of exercise of 5, 15 or 25 minutes' duration at two blood lactate concentrations. Pferdeheilkunde  12: 474– 479. American Society of Animal Science http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Journal of Animal Science Oxford University Press

Relationships between racing times of Standardbreds and v4 and v200

Lindner, A. E.
Journal of Animal Science , Volume 88 (3) – Mar 1, 2010
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ISSN
0021-8812
eISSN
1525-3163
DOI
10.2527/jas.2009-2241
pmid
19933440
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Abstract

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to examine the validity of v4 [velocity run under the defined conditions inducing 4 mmol/L of blood lactate concentration ([LA])] and v200 (velocity run under the defined conditions inducing a heart rate of 200 beats/min) to differentiate performance level among Standardbred racehorses. For this purpose, 19 Standardbred trotting racehorses with differing racing time records in 2 training yards were submitted to a standardized exercise test to determine their v4 and v200 (6 horses of one yard only). The test consisted of 4 or more consecutive intervals depending on when the blood [LA] of a horse increased above 4 mmol/L. Speed and time trotted in each interval as well as time between consecutive intervals were the same for horses of a training yard. The blood [LA] measured after each interval was plotted exponentially against running speed to derive v4 from the blood lactate-running speed relationship, and the mean heart rate during the intervals was plotted linearly against running speed to derive v200 from the heart rate-running speed relationship. The correlation coefficient between v4 and the racing time record was 0.77 and 0.75 for horses in racing yard A and B, respectively. There was no correlation between v200 and the racing time record. Therefore, v4 is a valid indicator of performance level of Standardbred trotting racehorses; however, v200 may not be or to a lesser extent. INTRODUCTION Performance diagnostics should permit identification of horses that are better trained and more capable of performing in sports, as well as assess the effectiveness of training programs. For performance diagnostics, horses can be submitted to standardized exercise tests (SET) to determine their individual blood lactate-running speed (BLRS) and heart rate-running speed (HRRS) relationships. The BLRS curves and HRRS lines themselves can be used to compare horses, but more frequently variables of them are derived for performance diagnostics. The most often derived variable of the BLRS relationship is the v4 [velocity run under the defined conditions inducing a blood lactate concentration ([LA]) of 4 mmol/L; Persson, 1983; Lindner, 2000]. The v200 is frequently calculated as the variable representing the HRRS (velocity run under defined conditions inducing a heart rate of 200 beats/min; Persson, 1983; Couroucé, 1997). However, there are few studies published on their validity as performance diagnostics of racing horses. The hypothesis of this study was that the better the racing time record of Standardbred trotting racehorses, the greater would be their v4 and v200 values. MATERIALS AND METHODS The results of this study were obtained in the course of providing regular commercial service of performance diagnosis and training guidance to clients in the race industry. Horses and Study Design A single study design was applied in 2 training yards. In yard A, 7 healthy Standardbred horses (mean ± SD BW: 460 ± 36 kg; between 3 and 7 yr old; 3 stallions, 4 mares) were included, and in yard B, 12 horses (BW 482 ± 23 kg; between 3 and 5 yr old; 11 stallions and 1 mare) were included. All horses had a racing time record determined during races of the German Standardbred Trotting Association obtained within the 1 and 6 wk before the SET and had been conditioned for racing for at least 18 mo. All horses were submitted to a SET, but the prescription differed between yards because their oval dirt training tracks had different lengths (in yard A the track was 1,000 m and in yard B 800 m), and the duration of each interval was aimed to be as close as possible to 5 min, whereas the speed of the SET intervals had to be such that the blood [LA] would increase continuously from concentrations before exercise to 4 or more mmol/L in not less than 4 intervals (Table 1). During the SET, the drivers used a stopwatch constantly to set the prescribed pace. Before each SET, the track was groomed to ensure regular lane conditions. All horses of a yard were tested on the same day between 0730 and 1100 h under similar weather conditions (mean ± SD of environmental temperature at yard A 21.6 ± 2.5°C, relative humidity 70.4 ± 6.0%; at yard B 22.3 ± 2.0°C and 65.2 ± 5.7%, respectively). Table 1. Standardized exercise test prescriptions for Standardbred trotting racehorses Interval  Yard  A (1,000-m track; 7 horses)    B (800-m track; 12 horses)  Velocity, m/s  Laps to run interval, n  Duration, min:s  Velocity, m/s  Laps to run interval, n  Duration, min:s  1  6.00  2  5:34  7.67  3  5:12  2  7.00  2  4:46  8.33  4  6:24  3  8.00  3  6:15  9.00  4  5:56  4  9.00  3  5:33  9.67  4  5:28  5  10.00  3  5:00  10.33  4  5:12  6  11.00  3  4:33  11.00  4  4:52  Interval  Yard  A (1,000-m track; 7 horses)    B (800-m track; 12 horses)  Velocity, m/s  Laps to run interval, n  Duration, min:s  Velocity, m/s  Laps to run interval, n  Duration, min:s  1  6.00  2  5:34  7.67  3  5:12  2  7.00  2  4:46  8.33  4  6:24  3  8.00  3  6:15  9.00  4  5:56  4  9.00  3  5:33  9.67  4  5:28  5  10.00  3  5:00  10.33  4  5:12  6  11.00  3  4:33  11.00  4  4:52  View Large Table 1. Standardized exercise test prescriptions for Standardbred trotting racehorses Interval  Yard  A (1,000-m track; 7 horses)    B (800-m track; 12 horses)  Velocity, m/s  Laps to run interval, n  Duration, min:s  Velocity, m/s  Laps to run interval, n  Duration, min:s  1  6.00  2  5:34  7.67  3  5:12  2  7.00  2  4:46  8.33  4  6:24  3  8.00  3  6:15  9.00  4  5:56  4  9.00  3  5:33  9.67  4  5:28  5  10.00  3  5:00  10.33  4  5:12  6  11.00  3  4:33  11.00  4  4:52  Interval  Yard  A (1,000-m track; 7 horses)    B (800-m track; 12 horses)  Velocity, m/s  Laps to run interval, n  Duration, min:s  Velocity, m/s  Laps to run interval, n  Duration, min:s  1  6.00  2  5:34  7.67  3  5:12  2  7.00  2  4:46  8.33  4  6:24  3  8.00  3  6:15  9.00  4  5:56  4  9.00  3  5:33  9.67  4  5:28  5  10.00  3  5:00  10.33  4  5:12  6  11.00  3  4:33  11.00  4  4:52  View Large SET and Blood Sample Collection Horses were warmed up between 10 and 15 min at a walk and slow trot before starting the SET. The increase of the speed from interval to interval was such that a continuous increase of the blood [LA] from the concentration before exercise but after warm-up to 4 or more mmol/L was obtained in not less than 4 intervals of about 5-min duration each (Table 1). This was done to have at least 4 values to describe the BLRS and to run the horses as slow as possible to obtain the 4 mmol/L of blood [LA]. The SET was discontinued when the blood [LA] of the horses was at or above 4 mmol/L (determined on site with Accusport; Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Lindner, 1996). Horses always started and finished an interval at the same place. This place was near the entrance of the track, so that horses could be taken out of the track within seconds of finishing an interval and blood samples be taken in general within 20 s after it. This was done to ensure that other horses exercising on the track would not be disturbed. Intervals were separated by a period of 3 min. This was sufficient time to walk the horses back to the starting point of the next interval. Drivers maintained the prescribed speed using a stopwatch. Additionally, an independent observer with a stopwatch accurate to 0.1 s timed every lap of an interval. This time was used to calculate v4 and v200 from the BLRS and HRRS relationships. Before the test but after warm-up (4 to 6 min walking to the track and 5 to 10 min of slow trotting), and within 20 s after each interval, blood samples were collected for determination of [LA]. With the measured blood [LA] and running speed for each interval of the SET, v4 was calculated from the BLRS relationship by exponential regression analysis (Galloux, 1991). The following formula was applied: [LA] = e(Av+B) + C, where [LA] = blood lactate concentration in mmol/L, v = speed in m/min, e = 2.1828, A = coefficient of curvilinearity, B = constant, and C = constant. After calculation of the coefficients A, B, and C, v4 could be determined using the equation v = [ln([LA]+C) − B]/A. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected via jugular venipuncture into Na-heparinized evacuated tubes (Becton Dickinson, Heidelberg, Germany) for measuring blood [LA]. Lactate Analysis Twenty microliters of each blood sample were transferred immediately after collection to vials containing 200 µL of 0.6 N perchloric acid. Samples were centrifuged at 12,000 × g for 10 min at 20°C, and the supernatant was transferred to empty vials. Samples were stored at 4°C for up to 4 d until analysis, using an enzymatic test kit in a laboratory (Boehringer Mannheim No. 1178750). The intraassay CV for this enzymatic method was 3.2% for a [LA] of 2.15 mmol/L and 4.0% for a concentration of 4.4 mmol/L. These samples were used to calculate the v4 from the BLRS relationship. Beginning with the third interval, blood [LA] of horses after each interval was measured on site with Accusport. When the blood [LA] was above 4 mmol/L, SET was finished. These values were used to determine when to stop the SET only. Heart Rate Measurement Horses of yard A were fitted with heart rate monitors (Polar Sport Tester, Kempele, Finland). The mean heart rate during each interval was plotted linearly against the speed of each interval, and v200 was calculated from this relationship. The monitor recorded the heart rate every 5 s during SET. Driving Accuracy of Drivers Two drivers exercised all horses in yard A, 3 drivers in yard B. All were experienced, active Standardbred race drivers. The mean difference between prescribed and driven speed was 0.12 ± 0.12 m/s for drivers in yard A (0.23, 0.05, 0.16, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.10 m/s for the 6 prescribed speeds, respectively), and for drivers in yard B 0.10 ± 0.04 m/s (0.13, 0.15, 0.07, 0.12, 0.13, and 0.05 m/s for the 6 prescribed speeds, respectively). Statistical Analysis The relationship between the racing time record of the horses and their v4 and v200 (yard A horses only) was examined by means of linear and exponential regression (SPSS/PC, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL); P < 0.05 was accepted as significant. Values are expressed as means ± SD. RESULTS After the first 2 to 3 intervals of SET, no clear visual differences of the development of the blood [LA] could be seen among horses, but after the 4th interval, differences could be seen (Figures 1 and 2). The horses with the better racing time records had to trot more intervals to reach a blood [LA] at or above 4 mmol/L. The values shown in the figures are those measured in the laboratory. These values were used to calculate v4 only. The SET of a horse was stopped when its blood [LA] was close to or above 4 mmol/L to reduce the risk of lameness due to running unnecessarily at greater speeds and for more time. These measurements were done on site with Accusport. The blood [LA] values measured with Accusport are greater than those measured in the laboratory (Lindner, 1996). These values are not shown in Figures 1 and 2, and this explains why some of the blood [LA] values shown are under the 4 mmol/L line at the end of the SET. Figure 1. View largeDownload slide Blood lactate-running speed curves of 7 Standardbred racehorses with racing time records for 1 km in yard A. Figure 1. View largeDownload slide Blood lactate-running speed curves of 7 Standardbred racehorses with racing time records for 1 km in yard A. Figure 2. View largeDownload slide Blood lactate-running speed curves of 12 Standardbred racehorses with racing time records for 1 km in yard B. Figure 2. View largeDownload slide Blood lactate-running speed curves of 12 Standardbred racehorses with racing time records for 1 km in yard B. Between v4 and racing time record of horses in yards A and B were significant linear coefficients of determination (r2 = 0.56 and 0.60, respectively; P < 0.05 and <0.01, respectively; regression equations of horses in yard A: v4 = 688.925 – 5.334 × race record and race record = 84.385 – 0.111 × v4; regression equations of horses in yard B: v4 = 787.768 – 11.347 × race record and race record = 45.868 – 0.049 × v4). The coefficient of determination in yard B improved slightly to 0.62 when an exponential regression was applied to examine the relationship between racing record and v4 (P < 0.001), whereas for horses in yard A, the exponential correlation was not better (P < 0.01) than the linear. Mean heart rate during the intervals of SET is shown in Table 2. The heart rate of 1 horse was not recorded by the heart rate monitor. There was no correlation between the racing time record and v200 of horses in yard A (P > 0.05; Figure 3). Table 2. Heart rates of Standardbred trotting racehorses of yard A during intervals of the standardized exercise test (mean ± SD) Interval  Number of horses that run the interval  Heart rate, beats/min  1  6  131 ± 13  2  6  142 ± 13  3  6  156 ± 12  4  6  175 ± 15  5  5  195 ± 12  6  3  216 ± 9  Interval  Number of horses that run the interval  Heart rate, beats/min  1  6  131 ± 13  2  6  142 ± 13  3  6  156 ± 12  4  6  175 ± 15  5  5  195 ± 12  6  3  216 ± 9  View Large Table 2. Heart rates of Standardbred trotting racehorses of yard A during intervals of the standardized exercise test (mean ± SD) Interval  Number of horses that run the interval  Heart rate, beats/min  1  6  131 ± 13  2  6  142 ± 13  3  6  156 ± 12  4  6  175 ± 15  5  5  195 ± 12  6  3  216 ± 9  Interval  Number of horses that run the interval  Heart rate, beats/min  1  6  131 ± 13  2  6  142 ± 13  3  6  156 ± 12  4  6  175 ± 15  5  5  195 ± 12  6  3  216 ± 9  View Large Figure 3. View largeDownload slide Correlation between v200 and racing time records of 6 Standardbred racehorses in yard A. Figure 3. View largeDownload slide Correlation between v200 and racing time records of 6 Standardbred racehorses in yard A. DISCUSSION The v4 of the Standardbred racehorses examined was linearly correlated with their individual racing time record as the measure of their performance. This relationship was built on individual data, and this approach has not been used often (Casini and Greppi, 1996). One reason is that horses competing in other sport disciplines do not have such an objective measure of their competitive performance like the racing record of Standardbreds. However, there have been good relationships described between v4 and other variables of performance, such as earnings, placings, and winnings. This involves endurance riding (Demonceau, 1989; Erickson et al., 1990), 3-d-eventing (Galloux, 1991), Standardbred racing (Couroucé, 1997; Ponchard, 1998), Thoroughbred racing (Ponchard, 1998; Davie, 1999), and Quarterhorse racing (Erickson et al., 1991). No other variable has shown as frequently a good relationship with variables of sports performance. In contrast, there was no correlation between the racing time record of horses and their v200 in yard A. Leleu et al. (2004) observed the same with their Standardbreds. It is not uncommon that, compared with v4, the v200 or other variables of the HRRS relationship do not react as much to conditioning (Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan, 1990; Trilk et al., 2002). Thus, this seems to be the case for performance diagnostics too. Evans (1994) stated in his review on the cardiovascular system of horses that heart rate during submaximal exercise is an unreliable index of fitness in horses. This may be because of the smaller range of adaptation to conditioning than blood [LA]. Data analysis for the correlation of racing time records and v4 had to be performed separately for the 2 yards because the prescriptions of the SET differed in the speed at which the horses run the intervals. This was because of the different length of the training tracks and that the duration of each interval was prescribed to be close to 5 min. Thus, with horses starting and finishing an interval at the same place of the track, the duration of each interval depended on the speed of the horses in the interval and the number of laps that they had to run to be close to the 5-min mark. In addition, the speed of the initial interval and the increase of the speed in each interval had to be such that at least 4 intervals had to be run by the horses before a blood [LA] of 4 mmol/L or more was measurable. These requirements were in place because of the v4 concept adopted from sport science in humans (Mader et al., 1976). Mader et al. (1976) postulated that the v4 is the value on the lactate power curve that best reflects the aerobic/anaerobic threshold in running man and therefore the maximal lactate steady state. This was confirmed experimentally by Heck et al. (1985). In both studies, the athletes were submitted to SET with steps of 5-min duration and to speeds that increased gradually the blood [LA] to above 4 mmol/L during 4 or more steps. These requirements allow for a good repeatability of the results also (Guhl et al., 1996; Köster, 1996) and are the basis for the research on guiding the exercise speed of conditioning programs with blood [LA] (Werkmann et al., 1996; Gansen et al., 1999; Trilk et al., 2002; Rivero et al., 2007; Lindner et al., 2009). In addition, they allow for the final speed at which horses have to run to achieve a blood [LA] of 4 or more mmol/L to be less than when the same speeds are run in steps of shorter duration (Köster, 1996). This reduces the risk of lameness under field conditions. In conclusion, these results show that v4 can be considered a valid variable to estimate the competitive performance of Standardbred racehorses, whereas v200 does not. LITERATURE CITED Casini L. Greppi G. F. 1996. Correlation of racing performance with fitness parameters after exercise tests on treadmill and on track in Standardbred racehorses. Pferdeheilkunde  12: 466– 469. Couroucé, A. 1997. Epreuve d'effort standardise de terrain apliquee au cheval trotteur.  PhD Diss. University of Jean Monnet Saint Etienne, France. Davie, A. 1999. A scientific approach to the training of Thoroughbred horses.  B. Bowden ed. Norsearch Reprographics, Lismore, Australia. Demonceau, T. 1989. Appreciation de l'aptitude physique du cheval d'endurance: Interet du seuil anaerobie lactique.  PhD Diss. Ecole Nationale Veterinarie d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France. Erickson, H. H., B. K. Erikson, C. S. Lundin, J. R. Gillespie, and J. R. Coffman 1990. Performance indices for the evaluation of the equine athlete.  Pages 457–469 in Proc. 36th Am. Assoc. Eq. Pract. Conf., Lexington, KY. Erickson, H. H., C. S. Lundin, B. K. Erikson, and J. R. Coffman 1991. Indices of performance in the Racing Quarterhorse. Pages 41–46 in Equine Exercise Physiology 3.  S. G. B. Persson, A. Lindholm, and L. B. Jeffcott ed. ICEEP Publications, Davis, CA. Evans, D. L. 1994. The cardiovascular system: Anatomy, physiology and adaptations to exercise and training. Pages 129–144 in The Athletic Horse.  D. R. Hodgson and R. J. Rose ed. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA. Galloux, P. 1991. 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Reproduzierbarkeit von in Belastungstests ermittelten Leistungskennwerten (v2, v3, v4, v12, und v150, v180, v200) und deren Beeinflussbarkeit durch die Stufendauer bzw. Streckenlänge bei Pferden auf dem Laufband.  Doctoral Diss. Univ. Gießen, Germany. Leleu, C., C. Cotrel, and E. Barrey 2004. Predictive interest of physiological and gait variables in French trotters. Pages 189–193 in The Elite Race and Endurance Horse.  A. Lindner ed. CESMAS, Arbeitsgruppe Pferd, Germany. Lindner A. 1996. Measurement of plasma lactate concentration with Accusport®;. Eq. Vet. J.  28: 403– 405. Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS   Lindner A. 2000. Use of blood biochemistry for positive performance diagnosis of sport horses in practice. Revue Méd. Vét.  151: 611– 618. Lindner A. Mosen H. Kissenbeck S. Fuhrmann H. Sallmann H. P. 2009. Effect of blood lactate-guided conditioning of horses with exercises of differing duration and intensities on heart rate and biochemical blood variables. J. Anim. Sci.  87: 3211– 3217. https://doi.org/19542497 Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS PubMed  Mader, A., H. Liesen, H. Heck, H. Philippi, R. Rost, P. Schürich, and W. Hollmann 1976. Zur Beurteilung der sportartspezifischen Ausdauerleistungsfähigkeit im Labor. Sportarzt und Sportmedizin  27: 80– 88 (Teil I) and 109–112 (Teil II). Persson, S. G. B. 1983. Evaluation of exercise tolerance and fitness in the performance horse. Pages 441–457 in Equine Exercise Physiology 1.  D. H. Snow, S. G. B. Persson, and R. J. Rose ed. Granta Editions, Cambridge, UK. Ponchard, M. T. 1998. Equine exercise prescription and talent identification based on plasma lactate kinetics.  PhD Diss. Univ. Western Australia, Perth, Australia. Rivero J. L. L. Ruz A. Marti-Korff S. Estepa J. C. Aguilera-Tejero E. Werkman J. Sobotta M. Lindner A. 2007. Effects of intensity and duration of exercise on muscular responses to training of Thoroughbred racehorses. J. Appl. Physiol.  102: 1871– 1882. https://doi.org/17255370 Google Scholar CrossRef Search ADS PubMed  Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan, M. 1990. Heart rate and blood lactate in exercising horses.  PhD Diss. Univ. Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. Trilk J. L. Lindner A. Greene H. M. Alberghina D. Wickler S. J. 2002. A lactate-guided conditioning program to improve endurance performance. Eq. Vet. J.  ( Suppl. 34): 122– 125. Werkmann J. Lindner A. Sasse H. H. 1996. Conditioning effects in horses of exercise of 5, 15 or 25 minutes' duration at two blood lactate concentrations. Pferdeheilkunde  12: 474– 479. American Society of Animal Science

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Journal of Animal Science – Oxford University Press

Published: Mar 1, 2010

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