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Memory integration in the autobiographical narratives of individuals with autism

Memory integration in the autobiographical narratives of individuals with autism OPINION ARTICLE published: 13 February 2015 HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00076 Memory integration in the autobiographical narratives of individuals with autism Rachel S. Brezis* Sagol Center for Applied Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel *Correspondence: [email protected] Edited by: Dorit Ben Shalom, Ben Gurion University, Israel Reviewed by: Dermot Bowler, City University, UK Valérie Chaput, Hôpital Robert Debré, France Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, autobiographical memory, episodic memory, integrative functions, self, personal narratives, medial prefrontal cortex, memory specificity memory integration in ASD. Specifically, system, while AM is a type of content INTRODUCTION this review aims to determine how well (Gardiner, 2008). Thus, episodic memory As part of a unifying theory of autism, memory episodes are integrated in ASD; functions can encompass both AM and Ben Shalom (2009) proposed that while which elements become integrated and simple phenomena that do not necessarily procedural, perceptual and semantic which do not; whether the ability to represent self-relevant information (e.g., memory functions are intact in Autism form integrated, episodic memories relates source memory). At the same time, AM Spectrum Disorder (ASD), the more to other cognitive and emotional capaci- in fact comprises of both semantic and integrative level of episodic memory is ties; and how this pattern of integration episodic knowledge (e.g., semantic knowl- impaired. According to Ben Shalom, changes over time. edge of one’s date of birth, alongside an this reduced integration may be due to episodic memory of one’s last birthday). the reduced function of the medial pre- In children with ASD, both semantic frontal cortex (mPFC), which may also SEMANTIC AND EPISODIC and episodic AM is reduced (Bruck et al., explain the reduced integration found in AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY (AM) 2007; Bon et al., 2012; Goddard et al., motor, sensory-perceptual and emotional The declarative memory system com- 2014), though by adulthood, adults with processes in ASD. The present review prises semantic and episodic components. ASD show a spared memory for seman- examines this hypothesis, by focusing Semantic memories are memories of tic AM, alongside reduced episodic AM on evidence regarding autobiographical timeless, de-contextualized facts. Episodic (Klein et al., 1999; Crane and Goddard, memory (AM) episodes in ASD—arguably memory refers to personal events recol- 2008). These studies suggest that as seman- the highest form of memory integration lected in the context of a particular time tic AM may grow in ASD, episodic AM processes. and place, with some reference to oneself impairments are pervasive. These results Most research on memory in ASD as a participant in the episode (Tulving, fit with the general memory profile in thus far has focused on memory for 2002). Thus, episodic memories involve ASD, viz., spared semantic memory along- experimentally-presented stimuli (Lind, two functions: the ability to bind differ- side difficulties with episodic memory, 2010; Boucher et al., 2012). The present ent perceptual elements; and, in humans, which is found across experimental stud- paper builds on this literature to exam- the ability to perceive of oneself within ies (Boucher and Bowler, 2008). The ine the rich evidence that has recently this context. On a neurobiological level, present review concerns itself primar- accumulated from in-depth, systematic episodic memory storage and retrieval are ily with episodic AM in ASD, though studies of AM in ASD—memories of thought to involve the interaction of cor- personally-related events that are natural- semantic memory will be discussed as it tical association areas, in which basic sen- relates to the content of autobiographical istically accumulated over a person’s life- sory information regarding what occurred narratives. time. Of note, research on AM is limited and where is stored; the hippocampus, in its focus on memories that cannot be as which binds these elements into cohe- readily verified (but see Bruck et al., 2007), sive memories of individual events; and EPISODIC SPECIFICITY AND NARRATIVE and in its reliance on high-functioning INTEGRATION the mPFC, which further contextualizes verbal individuals. Nonetheless, studies these events into schemas, such as the self The most common marker of successful of AM provide us with an unparalleled (Preston and Eichenbaum, 2013). episodic AM integration is its degree of perspective on the naturalistic process of AM refers to memory for information specificity: to what extent is the mem- pertaining to the self; and while it is often ory vivid? Memory specificity is consid- Abbreviations: AM, Autobiographical Memory; viewed as overlapping with episodic mem- ered a marker of hippocampus and mPFC ASD, Autism Spectrum Disorders; AS, Asperger ory, the two are not synonymous (Gilboa, re-engagement during memory retrieval Syndrome; mPFC, medial Prefrontal Cortex; TD, Typically Developing. 2004). Episodic memory is a memory (Piolino et al., 2009). Memories are coded Frontiers in Human Neuroscience www.frontiersin.org February 2015 | Volume 9 | Article 76 | 1 Brezis Autobiographical memory integration in autism as “specific” if, in response to a cue, a network including the rhinal cortex, is AM performance (Maister et al., 2013; participants provide a narrative that is unimpaired in autism. Goddard et al., 2014). Further, AM abil- specific in time and place (e.g., “on my Further studies of the content of per- ity is related to Theory of Mind (Adler last birthday I went to Yogurtland with sonal memories in ASD found striking dif- et al., 2010; Crane et al., 2013) and emo- friends”); rather than a vague or repeti- ferences in the topics raised by individuals tional understanding (Losh and Capps, tive occurrence. Using several variants of with ASD and TD controls. For instance, 2003); presumably because the ability to youthwithASD arelesslikelytomention understand others’ thoughts and feelings this task, autobiographical narratives in ASD have consistently been shown to be humans (e.g., family members), and more may help one understand that one’s own reduced in specificity, compared with con- likely to mention non-humans, than TD experiences change over time. Emergent trol participants, in every reported study youth (Brezis et al., 2012; Chaput et al., findings point to a strong relation between (Goddard et al., 2007, 2014; Crane and 2013). Given that difficulties in social- difficulties in AM and future thought in Goddard, 2008; Crane et al., 2009, 2010, emotional processing are considered a core ASD, which may be subserved by a com- 2012, 2013; Tanweer et al., 2010; Brezis symptom of ASD, it is not surprising that mon difficulty in binding and constructing et al., 2012; Chaput et al., 2013; Maister individuals with autism have a reduced mental events (Lind et al., 2014). et al., 2013). In some cases, AM retrieval memory for social and emotional content Other basic functions of memory, such in individuals with ASD than is also slower (Souchay et al., 2013; Brezis et al., 2014). as visual, verbal and working memory and more effortful than for control partic- Beyond their reduced mentions of self and are not associated with AM (Crane et al., ipants (Goddard et al., 2007; Chaput et al., others, children and adults with ASD con- 2013; Goddard et al., 2014). And while 2013). sistently make fewer evaluations regarding reduced AM is considered a symptom of More broadly, the narrative structure of their own, or others’ mental states (Losh depression, depressed mood is not asso- AM in both children and adults with ASD and Capps, 2003, 2006; Brezis et al., 2012; ciated with AM in ASD (Crane et al., hasbeenfound to be reducedinintegra- Brown et al., 2012; Bang et al., 2013; King 2013). Further, though language ability tion. The personal narratives of adults with et al., 2013). relates to performance on AM tasks (King ASD are less likely to have an organizing The reduced focus on self and oth- et al., 2013), difficulties in AM appear to high-point and resolution (McCabe et al., ers and increased focus on fictional extend beyond language difficulties (Losh 2013); and those of children with ASD are characters in the personal narratives of and Capps, 2003; Lind et al., 2014). more likely to resemble a list of actions or individuals with autism is echoed in nat- The relation between AM and self- descriptions than a goal-directed sequence uralistic, ethnographic studies of autism. understanding is more complex. In line (Goldman, 2008). Furthermore, both chil- During dinnertime conversations, youth with known atypicalities in self-knowledge dren and adults with ASD employ fewer with autism are more likely to sponta- and self-awareness in ASD (Lind, 2010; causal connectors and evaluations and less neously recount a pre-existing narrative Tanweer et al., 2010), adults with ASD complex syntax in their personal narra- they read or viewed, than a personal have been found to extract less mean- tives than TD controls (Losh and Capps, event they experienced, compared with ing from their personal memories (Crane 2003, 2006; King et al., 2013; McCabe et al., their TD interlocutors (Solomon, 2004). et al., 2010), andwerelesslikelytoorga- 2013). Together, these studies point to a Furthermore, ASD individuals’ personal nize their self-related memories around general impairment of AM integration in interests in finance, dinosaurs, and reli- the self (Crane et al., 2009). These find- ASD, manifest both in reduced specificity gious narratives, or even their tendency ings suggest a failure to use the self as and narrative structure. to hoard, can become woven into their an effective memory organizational sys- identities and sense of self (Nickrenz, tem in ASD. Further research should clar- 2007; Sirota, 2010; Brezis, 2012; Skirrow ify whether reduced self-concept leads to MEMORY CONTENT et al., 2014). Returning to Ben Shalom’s reduced AM or results from it (Lind et al., The richness of autobiographical narra- hypothesis, spared semantic memory in 2014). tive data allows an examination not just of individuals with high-functioning ASD what is missing from the personal memo- may indeed serve them as a compensatory EPISODIC AM FOR RECENT AND REMOTE ries of individuals with autism, but also of mechanism for episodic AM. Further what they include. Early studies found that EVENTS research is needed to understand the ways both the published and experimentally- Examining episodic AM for different peri- in which semantic knowledge becomes induced autobiographical narratives of ods in participants’ lifetimes, studies have integrated into their personal memories adults with autism included very con- foundthatAMinASD followstypical and identities. crete, visually-oriented reports (Hurlburt patterns of memory deterioration—with et al., 1994; Frith and Happé, 1999); and more specific memories for recent than this finding was further replicated in a COGNITIVE CORRELATES OF EPISODIC AM remote events—in both adults (Crane study of children’s narratives (Losh and Different cognitive functions have been and Goddard, 2008; Tanweer et al., 2010) Capps, 2006;but see Boucher, 2007 and hypothesized to affect AM patterns in andchildren(Bruck et al., 2007; Goddard Ben Shalom et al., 2010 for a conflict- ASD. Impairments in executive func- et al., 2014;but see Bon et al., 2012). ing case study). Indeed, these findings fit tions in ASD, viz., the ability to bind Interestingly, Crane and Goddard (2008) with Ben Shalom’s (2009) claim that per- and integrate information (Bowler found that adults with ASD lack the typical ceptual memory, presumably subserved by et al., 2014), correlate significantly with increase of memories around adolescence Frontiers in Human Neuroscience www.frontiersin.org February 2015 | Volume 9 | Article 76 | 2 Brezis Autobiographical memory integration in autism years (the “reminiscence bump”) that through further naturalistic studies that Brezis, R. (2012). “Autism as a case for neuroanthro- pology:delineating theroleoftheoryofmindin is associated with identity-building seek to determine how they are integrated. religious development,” in The Encultured Brain, memories. Further cross-sectional and Finally, more longitudinal research, espe- edsD.H.Lende andG.Downey(Boston:MIT longitudinal research is needed to replicate cially around the “reminiscence bump” in Press), 291–314. and extend these findings. adolescence, is needed in order to track Brezis, R. S., Galili, T., Wong, T., and Piggot, J. I. the developmental trajectory of seman- (2014). Impaired social processing in autism and itsreflectionsinmemory: adeeperviewofencod- tic and episodic AM in ASD (Bon et al., CONCLUSIONS ing and retrieval processes. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 2012). Together, these studies will enable According to Tulving (2002), episodic 44, 1183–1192. doi: 10.1007/s10803-013-1980-y us to develop subtle interventions to memory is a “late-developing, and early- Brezis, R. S., Wong, T., Pham, D., Galili, T. D., strengthen the memory integration of and Piggot, J. (2012). “Autobiographical and deteriorating past-oriented memory social memory narratives in autism: delineat- individuals with autism, while maintain- system, more vulnerable than other mem- ing the role of the hippocampus and amyg- ing their unique characteristics and sup- ory systems to neuronal dysfunction” (p. dala,” in International Meeting for Autism Research porting their self-identity. 5). Thus, it is perhaps not surprising (Toronto, ON). that in autism, episodic AM is reduced Brown, B., Morris, G., Nida, R., and Baker-Ward, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS L. (2012). Brief report: making experience per- in specificity and structural integration. sonal: internal states language in the memory nar- I would like to thank Judith Piggot, Lawrie Nevertheless, an examination of the auto- ratives of children with and without asperger’s McKay, Tiffany Wong, Tal Galili, Kristen biographical narratives of individuals disorder. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 42, 441–446. doi: Gillespie and Michal Govrin for their reveals certain unique characteristics that 10.1007/s10803-011-1246-5 ongoing collegiality and support. Support are shaped by their specific difficulties Bruck, M., London, K., Landa, R., and Goodman, J. (2007). Autobiographical memory and sug- during the time of writing was provided with social-emotional processing and gestibility in children with autism spectrum by a fellowship from the Israel Ministry integration, possibly pointing to a dif- disorder. Dev. Psychopathol. 19, 73–95. doi: of Science and Ministry of Immigrant ferently configured memory system that 10.1017/S0954579407070058 Absorption. may require its own descriptive terminol- Chaput, V., Amsellem, F., Urdapilleta, I., Chaste, P., Leboyer, M., Delorme, R., et al. (2013). ogy (Mottron et al., 2008). 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Autism 14, 430–456. doi: 10.1177/1362 01.020 autism.Front.Hum.Neurosci. 9:76. doi: 10.3389/ 361309358700 Preston, A. R., and Eichenbaum, H. (2013). fnhum.2015.00076 Lind, S. E., Williams, D. M., Bowler, D. M., and Interplay of hippocampus and prefrontal cor- This article was submitted to the journal Frontiers in Peel, A. (2014). Episodic memory and episodic tex in memory. Curr. Biol. 23, R764–R773. doi: Human Neuroscience. future thinking impairments in high-functioning 10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.041 Copyright © 2015 Brezis. This is an open-access article autism spectrum disorder: an underlying diffi- Sirota, K. G. (2010). Narratives of distinction: per- distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons culty with scene construction or self-projection? sonal life narrative as a technology of the self in Attribution License (CC BY). 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Memory integration in the autobiographical narratives of individuals with autism

Brezis, Rachel S.
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience – Feb 13, 2015
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Memory integration in the autobiographical narratives of individuals with autism

Abstract

OPINION ARTICLE published: 13 February 2015 HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00076 Memory integration in the autobiographical narratives of individuals with autism Rachel S. Brezis* Sagol Center for Applied Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel *Correspondence: [email protected] Edited by: Dorit Ben Shalom, Ben Gurion University, Israel Reviewed by: Dermot Bowler, City University, UK Valérie Chaput, Hôpital Robert Debré, France Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, autobiographical memory, episodic memory, integrative functions, self, personal narratives, medial prefrontal cortex, memory specificity memory integration in ASD. Specifically, system, while AM is a type of content INTRODUCTION this review aims to determine how well (Gardiner, 2008). Thus, episodic memory As part of a unifying theory of autism, memory episodes are integrated in ASD; functions can encompass both AM and Ben Shalom (2009) proposed that while which elements become integrated and simple phenomena that do not necessarily procedural, perceptual and semantic which do not; whether the ability to represent self-relevant information (e.g., memory functions are intact in Autism form integrated, episodic memories relates source memory). At the same time, AM Spectrum Disorder (ASD), the more to other cognitive and emotional capaci- in fact comprises of both semantic and integrative level of episodic memory is ties; and

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Abstract

OPINION ARTICLE published: 13 February 2015 HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00076 Memory integration in the autobiographical narratives of individuals with autism Rachel S. Brezis* Sagol Center for Applied Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel *Correspondence: [email protected] Edited by: Dorit Ben Shalom, Ben Gurion University, Israel Reviewed by: Dermot Bowler, City University, UK Valérie Chaput, Hôpital Robert Debré, France Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, autobiographical memory, episodic memory, integrative functions, self, personal narratives, medial prefrontal cortex, memory specificity memory integration in ASD. Specifically, system, while AM is a type of content INTRODUCTION this review aims to determine how well (Gardiner, 2008). Thus, episodic memory As part of a unifying theory of autism, memory episodes are integrated in ASD; functions can encompass both AM and Ben Shalom (2009) proposed that while which elements become integrated and simple phenomena that do not necessarily procedural, perceptual and semantic which do not; whether the ability to represent self-relevant information (e.g., memory functions are intact in Autism form integrated, episodic memories relates source memory). At the same time, AM Spectrum Disorder (ASD), the more to other cognitive and emotional capaci- in fact comprises of both semantic and integrative level of episodic memory is ties; and how this pattern of integration episodic knowledge (e.g., semantic knowl- impaired. According to Ben Shalom, changes over time. edge of one’s date of birth, alongside an this reduced integration may be due to episodic memory of one’s last birthday). the reduced function of the medial pre- In children with ASD, both semantic frontal cortex (mPFC), which may also SEMANTIC AND EPISODIC and episodic AM is reduced (Bruck et al., explain the reduced integration found in AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY (AM) 2007; Bon et al., 2012; Goddard et al., motor, sensory-perceptual and emotional The declarative memory system com- 2014), though by adulthood, adults with processes in ASD. The present review prises semantic and episodic components. ASD show a spared memory for seman- examines this hypothesis, by focusing Semantic memories are memories of tic AM, alongside reduced episodic AM on evidence regarding autobiographical timeless, de-contextualized facts. Episodic (Klein et al., 1999; Crane and Goddard, memory (AM) episodes in ASD—arguably memory refers to personal events recol- 2008). These studies suggest that as seman- the highest form of memory integration lected in the context of a particular time tic AM may grow in ASD, episodic AM processes. and place, with some reference to oneself impairments are pervasive. These results Most research on memory in ASD as a participant in the episode (Tulving, fit with the general memory profile in thus far has focused on memory for 2002). Thus, episodic memories involve ASD, viz., spared semantic memory along- experimentally-presented stimuli (Lind, two functions: the ability to bind differ- side difficulties with episodic memory, 2010; Boucher et al., 2012). The present ent perceptual elements; and, in humans, which is found across experimental stud- paper builds on this literature to exam- the ability to perceive of oneself within ies (Boucher and Bowler, 2008). The ine the rich evidence that has recently this context. On a neurobiological level, present review concerns itself primar- accumulated from in-depth, systematic episodic memory storage and retrieval are ily with episodic AM in ASD, though studies of AM in ASD—memories of thought to involve the interaction of cor- personally-related events that are natural- semantic memory will be discussed as it tical association areas, in which basic sen- relates to the content of autobiographical istically accumulated over a person’s life- sory information regarding what occurred narratives. time. Of note, research on AM is limited and where is stored; the hippocampus, in its focus on memories that cannot be as which binds these elements into cohe- readily verified (but see Bruck et al., 2007), sive memories of individual events; and EPISODIC SPECIFICITY AND NARRATIVE and in its reliance on high-functioning INTEGRATION the mPFC, which further contextualizes verbal individuals. Nonetheless, studies these events into schemas, such as the self The most common marker of successful of AM provide us with an unparalleled (Preston and Eichenbaum, 2013). episodic AM integration is its degree of perspective on the naturalistic process of AM refers to memory for information specificity: to what extent is the mem- pertaining to the self; and while it is often ory vivid? Memory specificity is consid- Abbreviations: AM, Autobiographical Memory; viewed as overlapping with episodic mem- ered a marker of hippocampus and mPFC ASD, Autism Spectrum Disorders; AS, Asperger ory, the two are not synonymous (Gilboa, re-engagement during memory retrieval Syndrome; mPFC, medial Prefrontal Cortex; TD, Typically Developing. 2004). Episodic memory is a memory (Piolino et al., 2009). Memories are coded Frontiers in Human Neuroscience www.frontiersin.org February 2015 | Volume 9 | Article 76 | 1 Brezis Autobiographical memory integration in autism as “specific” if, in response to a cue, a network including the rhinal cortex, is AM performance (Maister et al., 2013; participants provide a narrative that is unimpaired in autism. Goddard et al., 2014). Further, AM abil- specific in time and place (e.g., “on my Further studies of the content of per- ity is related to Theory of Mind (Adler last birthday I went to Yogurtland with sonal memories in ASD found striking dif- et al., 2010; Crane et al., 2013) and emo- friends”); rather than a vague or repeti- ferences in the topics raised by individuals tional understanding (Losh and Capps, tive occurrence. Using several variants of with ASD and TD controls. For instance, 2003); presumably because the ability to youthwithASD arelesslikelytomention understand others’ thoughts and feelings this task, autobiographical narratives in ASD have consistently been shown to be humans (e.g., family members), and more may help one understand that one’s own reduced in specificity, compared with con- likely to mention non-humans, than TD experiences change over time. Emergent trol participants, in every reported study youth (Brezis et al., 2012; Chaput et al., findings point to a strong relation between (Goddard et al., 2007, 2014; Crane and 2013). Given that difficulties in social- difficulties in AM and future thought in Goddard, 2008; Crane et al., 2009, 2010, emotional processing are considered a core ASD, which may be subserved by a com- 2012, 2013; Tanweer et al., 2010; Brezis symptom of ASD, it is not surprising that mon difficulty in binding and constructing et al., 2012; Chaput et al., 2013; Maister individuals with autism have a reduced mental events (Lind et al., 2014). et al., 2013). In some cases, AM retrieval memory for social and emotional content Other basic functions of memory, such in individuals with ASD than is also slower (Souchay et al., 2013; Brezis et al., 2014). as visual, verbal and working memory and more effortful than for control partic- Beyond their reduced mentions of self and are not associated with AM (Crane et al., ipants (Goddard et al., 2007; Chaput et al., others, children and adults with ASD con- 2013; Goddard et al., 2014). And while 2013). sistently make fewer evaluations regarding reduced AM is considered a symptom of More broadly, the narrative structure of their own, or others’ mental states (Losh depression, depressed mood is not asso- AM in both children and adults with ASD and Capps, 2003, 2006; Brezis et al., 2012; ciated with AM in ASD (Crane et al., hasbeenfound to be reducedinintegra- Brown et al., 2012; Bang et al., 2013; King 2013). Further, though language ability tion. The personal narratives of adults with et al., 2013). relates to performance on AM tasks (King ASD are less likely to have an organizing The reduced focus on self and oth- et al., 2013), difficulties in AM appear to high-point and resolution (McCabe et al., ers and increased focus on fictional extend beyond language difficulties (Losh 2013); and those of children with ASD are characters in the personal narratives of and Capps, 2003; Lind et al., 2014). more likely to resemble a list of actions or individuals with autism is echoed in nat- The relation between AM and self- descriptions than a goal-directed sequence uralistic, ethnographic studies of autism. understanding is more complex. In line (Goldman, 2008). Furthermore, both chil- During dinnertime conversations, youth with known atypicalities in self-knowledge dren and adults with ASD employ fewer with autism are more likely to sponta- and self-awareness in ASD (Lind, 2010; causal connectors and evaluations and less neously recount a pre-existing narrative Tanweer et al., 2010), adults with ASD complex syntax in their personal narra- they read or viewed, than a personal have been found to extract less mean- tives than TD controls (Losh and Capps, event they experienced, compared with ing from their personal memories (Crane 2003, 2006; King et al., 2013; McCabe et al., their TD interlocutors (Solomon, 2004). et al., 2010), andwerelesslikelytoorga- 2013). Together, these studies point to a Furthermore, ASD individuals’ personal nize their self-related memories around general impairment of AM integration in interests in finance, dinosaurs, and reli- the self (Crane et al., 2009). These find- ASD, manifest both in reduced specificity gious narratives, or even their tendency ings suggest a failure to use the self as and narrative structure. to hoard, can become woven into their an effective memory organizational sys- identities and sense of self (Nickrenz, tem in ASD. Further research should clar- 2007; Sirota, 2010; Brezis, 2012; Skirrow ify whether reduced self-concept leads to MEMORY CONTENT et al., 2014). Returning to Ben Shalom’s reduced AM or results from it (Lind et al., The richness of autobiographical narra- hypothesis, spared semantic memory in 2014). tive data allows an examination not just of individuals with high-functioning ASD what is missing from the personal memo- may indeed serve them as a compensatory EPISODIC AM FOR RECENT AND REMOTE ries of individuals with autism, but also of mechanism for episodic AM. Further what they include. Early studies found that EVENTS research is needed to understand the ways both the published and experimentally- Examining episodic AM for different peri- in which semantic knowledge becomes induced autobiographical narratives of ods in participants’ lifetimes, studies have integrated into their personal memories adults with autism included very con- foundthatAMinASD followstypical and identities. crete, visually-oriented reports (Hurlburt patterns of memory deterioration—with et al., 1994; Frith and Happé, 1999); and more specific memories for recent than this finding was further replicated in a COGNITIVE CORRELATES OF EPISODIC AM remote events—in both adults (Crane study of children’s narratives (Losh and Different cognitive functions have been and Goddard, 2008; Tanweer et al., 2010) Capps, 2006;but see Boucher, 2007 and hypothesized to affect AM patterns in andchildren(Bruck et al., 2007; Goddard Ben Shalom et al., 2010 for a conflict- ASD. Impairments in executive func- et al., 2014;but see Bon et al., 2012). ing case study). Indeed, these findings fit tions in ASD, viz., the ability to bind Interestingly, Crane and Goddard (2008) with Ben Shalom’s (2009) claim that per- and integrate information (Bowler found that adults with ASD lack the typical ceptual memory, presumably subserved by et al., 2014), correlate significantly with increase of memories around adolescence Frontiers in Human Neuroscience www.frontiersin.org February 2015 | Volume 9 | Article 76 | 2 Brezis Autobiographical memory integration in autism years (the “reminiscence bump”) that through further naturalistic studies that Brezis, R. (2012). “Autism as a case for neuroanthro- pology:delineating theroleoftheoryofmindin is associated with identity-building seek to determine how they are integrated. religious development,” in The Encultured Brain, memories. Further cross-sectional and Finally, more longitudinal research, espe- edsD.H.Lende andG.Downey(Boston:MIT longitudinal research is needed to replicate cially around the “reminiscence bump” in Press), 291–314. and extend these findings. adolescence, is needed in order to track Brezis, R. S., Galili, T., Wong, T., and Piggot, J. I. the developmental trajectory of seman- (2014). Impaired social processing in autism and itsreflectionsinmemory: adeeperviewofencod- tic and episodic AM in ASD (Bon et al., CONCLUSIONS ing and retrieval processes. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 2012). Together, these studies will enable According to Tulving (2002), episodic 44, 1183–1192. doi: 10.1007/s10803-013-1980-y us to develop subtle interventions to memory is a “late-developing, and early- Brezis, R. S., Wong, T., Pham, D., Galili, T. D., strengthen the memory integration of and Piggot, J. (2012). “Autobiographical and deteriorating past-oriented memory social memory narratives in autism: delineat- individuals with autism, while maintain- system, more vulnerable than other mem- ing the role of the hippocampus and amyg- ing their unique characteristics and sup- ory systems to neuronal dysfunction” (p. dala,” in International Meeting for Autism Research porting their self-identity. 5). Thus, it is perhaps not surprising (Toronto, ON). that in autism, episodic AM is reduced Brown, B., Morris, G., Nida, R., and Baker-Ward, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS L. (2012). Brief report: making experience per- in specificity and structural integration. sonal: internal states language in the memory nar- I would like to thank Judith Piggot, Lawrie Nevertheless, an examination of the auto- ratives of children with and without asperger’s McKay, Tiffany Wong, Tal Galili, Kristen biographical narratives of individuals disorder. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 42, 441–446. doi: Gillespie and Michal Govrin for their reveals certain unique characteristics that 10.1007/s10803-011-1246-5 ongoing collegiality and support. Support are shaped by their specific difficulties Bruck, M., London, K., Landa, R., and Goodman, J. (2007). Autobiographical memory and sug- during the time of writing was provided with social-emotional processing and gestibility in children with autism spectrum by a fellowship from the Israel Ministry integration, possibly pointing to a dif- disorder. Dev. Psychopathol. 19, 73–95. doi: of Science and Ministry of Immigrant ferently configured memory system that 10.1017/S0954579407070058 Absorption. may require its own descriptive terminol- Chaput, V., Amsellem, F., Urdapilleta, I., Chaste, P., Leboyer, M., Delorme, R., et al. (2013). ogy (Mottron et al., 2008). 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The use, distribution or Neuropsychology 28, 55–67. doi: 10.1037/neu00 the everyday lives and relational worlds of children reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the 00005 with autism. Ethos 38, 93–115. doi: 10.1111/j.1548- original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the Losh, M., and Capps, L. (2003). Narrative abil- 1352.2009.01083.x original publication in this journal is cited, in accor- ity in high-functioning children with autism or Skirrow, P.,Jackson,P., Perry, E.,and Hare,D.J. dance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribu- Asperger’s syndrome. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 33, (2014). I collect therefore I am—autonoetic con- tion or reproduction is permitted which does not comply 239–251. doi: 10.1023/A:1024446215446 sciousness and hoarding in asperger syndrome. with these terms. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience www.frontiersin.org February 2015 | Volume 9 | Article 76 | 4

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