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Phosphorus–carbon nanocomposite anodes for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries

Phosphorus–carbon nanocomposite anodes for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries In lithium-ion batteries phosphorus is considered as a possible high capacity alternative to the conventional graphitic anode (theoretical capacity of only 372 mA h g−1). The theoretical capacity of phosphorus is much higher than that and is inferior only to Si (4200 mA h g−1)3,12 among the materials that can electrochemically alloy with lithium. Due to the limitations of electronic conductivity and significant volume changes upon operation in a lithium-ion battery, the practical electrochemical performance of bulk red or black phosphorus has been found unsatisfactory, with either poor reversibility and Coulombic efficiency4–6 or problematic cyclic stability.7 The current consensus opinion is that phosphorus-based battery anodes should be prepared in the form of nanocomposites in which the phosphorus component is finely dispersed in the carbon component.4,5,8–11 Composites of amorphous phosphorus8 as well as red4,9 and black5,8,10 crystalline forms with carbon have been demonstrated. Reasonably stable capacity retention over up to 100 cycles with high Coulombic efficiencies has been reported by Wang et al.11 and Qian et al.8 These two recent manuscripts claim the stable capacity in the phosphorus component of the composites in excess of 2000 mA h g−1, utilising 92.8 and 90.7% of the theoretical capacity of phosphorus, respectively. Sun et al. have suggested that the formation of stable P–C bonds may be responsible for the stability of ball milled phosphorus–carbon nanocomposites in lithium-ion battery anodes.13 http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Journal of Materials Chemistry A Royal Society of Chemistry

Phosphorus–carbon nanocomposite anodes for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries

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Royal Society of Chemistry
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Abstract

In lithium-ion batteries phosphorus is considered as a possible high capacity alternative to the conventional graphitic anode (theoretical capacity of only 372 mA h g−1). The theoretical capacity of phosphorus is much higher than that and is inferior only to Si (4200 mA h g−1)3,12 among the materials that can electrochemically alloy with lithium. Due to the limitations of electronic conductivity and significant volume changes upon operation in a lithium-ion battery, the practical electrochemical performance of bulk red or black phosphorus has been found unsatisfactory, with either poor reversibility and Coulombic efficiency4–6 or problematic cyclic stability.7 The current consensus opinion is that phosphorus-based battery anodes should be prepared in the form of nanocomposites in which the phosphorus component is finely dispersed in the carbon component.4,5,8–11 Composites of amorphous phosphorus8 as well as red4,9 and black5,8,10 crystalline forms with carbon have been demonstrated. Reasonably stable capacity retention over up to 100 cycles with high Coulombic efficiencies has been reported by Wang et al.11 and Qian et al.8 These two recent manuscripts claim the stable capacity in the phosphorus component of the composites in excess of 2000 mA h g−1, utilising 92.8 and 90.7% of the theoretical capacity of phosphorus, respectively. Sun et al. have suggested that the formation of stable P–C bonds may be responsible for the stability of ball milled phosphorus–carbon nanocomposites in lithium-ion battery anodes.13

Journal

Journal of Materials Chemistry A – Royal Society of Chemistry

Published: Feb 24, 2015

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