Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
R. Gray, C. Tanner, W. Pories, K. Macdonald, J. Houmard (2003)
Effect of weight loss on muscle lipid content in morbidly obese subjects.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 284 4
G. Bray, L. Tartaglia (2000)
Medicinal strategies in the treatment of obesityNature, 404
T. Sørensen, K. Lauritsen, J. Holst, F. Stadil, B. Andersen (1983)
Gut and pancreatic hormones after jejunoileal bypass with 3:1 or 1:3 jejunoileal ratio.Digestion, 26 3
F. Rubino, J. Marescaux (2004)
Effect of Duodenal–Jejunal Exclusion in a Non-obese Animal Model of Type 2 Diabetes: A New Perspective for an Old DiseaseAnnals of Surgery, 239
N. Tritos, E. Mun, A. Bertkau, Rebecca Grayson, E. Maratos-Flier, A. Goldfine (2003)
Serum ghrelin levels in response to glucose load in obese subjects post-gastric bypass surgery.Obesity research, 11 8
M. Nakazato, N. Murakami, Y. Date, M. Kojima, H. Matsuo, K. Kangawa, S. Matsukura (2001)
A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feedingNature, 409
M. Hickey, W. Pories, K. MacDonald, Kelly Cory, G. Dohm, M. Swanson, R. Israel, H. Barakat, R. Considine, J. Caro, J. Houmard (1998)
A new paradigm for type 2 diabetes mellitus: could it be a disease of the foregut?Annals of surgery, 227 5
H. Kenler, R. Brolin, R. Cody (1990)
Changes in eating behavior after horizontal gastroplasty and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.The American journal of clinical nutrition, 52 1
D. Cummings, R. Frayo, C. Marmonier, R. Aubert, D. Chapelot (2004)
Plasma ghrelin levels and hunger scores in humans initiating meals voluntarily without time- and food-related cues.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 287 2
Hans Lönroth, J. Dalenbäck, Eva Haglind, Lars Lundell (1996)
Laparoscopic gastric bypassSurgical Endoscopy, 10
E. Näslund, P. Grybäck, P. Hellström, H. Jacobsson, J. Holst, E. Theodorsson, Lars Bäckman (1997)
Gastrointestinal hormones and gastric emptying 20 years after jejunoileal bypass for massive obesityInternational Journal of Obesity, 21
D. Safer (1991)
Diet, Behavior Modification, and Exercise: A Review of Obesity Treatments from a Long‐Term PerspectiveSouthern Medical Journal, 84
D. Drucker (2003)
Enhancing incretin action for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.Diabetes care, 26 10
A. Wittgrove, G. Clark (2000)
Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass, Roux en-Y - 500 Patients: Technique and Results, with 3-60 month follow-upObesity Surgery, 10
P. Belchetz, T. Plant, Y. Nakai, E. Keogh, E. Knobil (1978)
Hypophysial responses to continuous and intermittent delivery of hypopthalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormoneScience, 202
Hafner Rj, Watts Jm, Jill Rogers (1991)
Quality of life after gastric bypass for morbid obesity.International journal of obesity, 15 8
I. Näslund, G. Wickbom, E. Christoffersson, G. Ågren (1986)
A prospective randomized comparison of gastric bypass and gastroplasty. Complications and early results.Acta chirurgica Scandinavica, 152
P. Kopelman (2000)
Obesity as a medical problemNature, 404
F. Broglio, E. Arvat, A. Benso, C. Gottero, G. Muccioli, M. Papotti, A. Lely, R. Deghenghi, E. Ghigo (2001)
Ghrelin, a natural GH secretagogue produced by the stomach, induces hyperglycemia and reduces insulin secretion in humans.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 86 10
Andrew Clegg, J. Colquitt, M. Sidhu, P. Royle, Andrew Walker (2003)
Clinical and cost effectiveness of surgery for morbid obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluationInternational Journal of Obesity, 27
F. Rubino, M. Gagner (2002)
Potential of Surgery for Curing Type 2 Diabetes MellitusAnnals of Surgery, 236
W. Griffen, V. Young, C. Stevenson (1977)
A prospective comparison of gastric and jejunoileal bypass procedures for morbid obesity. 1977.Surgery for obesity and related diseases : official journal of the American Society for Bariatric Surgery, 1 2
S. Long, K. O'brien, K. Macdonald, N. Leggett-Frazier, M. Swanson, W. Pories, J. Caro (1994)
Weight Loss in Severely Obese Subjects Prevents the Progression of Impaired Glucose Tolerance to Type II Diabetes: A longitudinal interventional studyDiabetes Care, 17
S. Meryn, D. Stein, E. Straus (1986)
Pancreatic polypeptide, pancreatic glucagon and enteroglucagon in morbid obesity and following gastric bypass operation.International journal of obesity, 10 1
D. Sarson, N. Scopinaro, S. Bloom (1981)
Gut hormone changes after jejunoileal (JIB) or biliopancreatic (BPB) bypass surgery for morbid obesity.International journal of obesity, 5 5
M. Faraj, P. Havel, Steve Phélis, D. Blank, A. Sniderman, K. Cianflone (2003)
Plasma acylation-stimulating protein, adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin before and after weight loss induced by gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 88 4
W. Pories, M. Swanson, K. Macdonald, Stuart Long, P. Morris, Brenda Brown, H. Barakat, Richard deRamon, G. Israel, J. Dolezal, L. Dohm (1995)
Who Would Have Thought It? An Operation Proves to Be the Most Effective Therapy for Adult‐Onset Diabetes MellitusAnnals of Surgery, 222
D. Cummings, D. Weigle, R. Frayo, P. Breen, Marina Ma, E. Dellinger, J. Purnell (2002)
Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery.The New England journal of medicine, 346 21
D. Cummings, J. Purnell, R. Frayo, Karin Schmidova, B. Wisse, D. Weigle (2001)
A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans.Diabetes, 50 8
B. Balsiger, J. Poggio, Jane Mai, K. Kelly, M. Sam (2000)
Ten and more years after vertical banded gastroplasty as primary operation for morbid obesityJournal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 4
H. Sugerman, J. Starkey, R. Birkenhauer (1987)
A randomized prospective trial of gastric bypass versus vertical banded gastroplasty for morbid obesity and their effects on sweets versus non-sweets eaters.Annals of surgery, 205 6
W. Pories (2004)
Diabetes: the evolution of a new paradigm.Annals of surgery, 239 1
S. Grundy, J. Barondess, N. Bellegie, H. Fromm, F. Greenway, C. Halsted, E. Huth, S. Kumanyika, E. Reisin, M. Robinson, J. Stevens, P. Twomey, M. Viederman, W. Zipf (1991)
Gastrointestinal surgery for severe obesityAnnals of Internal Medicine, 115
Markham Nightengale, Michel Sarr, K. Kelly, M. Jensen, A. Zinsmeister, P. Palumbo (1991)
Prospective evaluation of vertical banded gastroplasty as the primary operation for morbid obesity.Mayo Clinic proceedings, 66 8
T. Ueno, C. Shibata, H. Naito, Xue-Lin Jin, Y. Funayama, K. Fukushima, S. Matsuno, I. Sasaki (2002)
Ileojejunal Transposition Delays Gastric Emptying and Decreases Fecal Water Content in Dogs withTotal ColectomyDiseases of the Colon & Rectum, 45
M. Kojima, H. Hosoda, Y. Date, M. Nakazato, H. Matsuo, K. Kangawa (1999)
Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomachNature, 402
N. Trostler, Ayelet Mann, Nurit Zilberbush, E. Avinoach, I. Charuzi (1995)
Weight Loss and Food Intake 18 Months following Vertical Banded Gastroplasty or Gastric Bypass for Severe ObesityObesity Surgery, 5
J. Kellum, J. Kuemmerle, THOMAS OʼDORISIO, Phillip Rayford, Daniel Martin, Katherine Engle, Luke Wolf, Harvey Sugerman (1990)
Gastrointestinal hormone responses to meals before and after gastric bypass and vertical banded gastroplasty.Annals of surgery, 211 6
M. Tschöp, D. Smiley, M. Heiman (2000)
Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodentsNature, 407
D. Cummings, M. Schwartz (2003)
Genetics and pathophysiology of human obesity.Annual review of medicine, 54
J. Houmard, C. Tanner, Chunli Yu, P. Cunningham, W. Pories, K. Macdonald, G. Shulman (2002)
Effect of weight loss on insulin sensitivity and intramuscular long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs in morbidly obese subjects.Diabetes, 51 10
C. Rand, A. Macgregor, G. Hankins (1987)
Eating Behavior After Gastric Bypass Surgery for ObesitySouthern Medical Journal, 80
E. Mason (1982)
Vertical banded gastroplasty for obesity.Archives of surgery, 117 5
P. Schauer, S. Ikramuddin, W. Gourash, R. Ramanathan, J. Luketich (2000)
Outcomes After Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass for Morbid ObesityAnnals of Surgery, 232
M. Faraj, P. Jones, A. Sniderman, K. Cianflone (2001)
Enhanced dietary fat clearance in postobese women.Journal of lipid research, 42 4
G. Frühbeck, A. Caballero, M. Gil (2004)
Fundus functionality and ghrelin concentrations after bariatric surgery.The New England journal of medicine, 350 3
B. Geloneze, M. Tambascia, V. Pilla, S. Geloneze, E. Repetto, J. Pareja (2003)
Ghrelin: a Gut-Brain Hormone: Effect of Gastric Bypass SurgeryObesity Surgery, 13
John Fang (2003)
The cost-effectiveness of bariatric surgeryAmerican Journal of Gastroenterology, 98
H. Koopmans, G. Ferri, D. Sarson, J. Polak, S. Bloom (1984)
The effects of ileal transposition and jejunoileal bypass on food intake and GI hormone levels in ratsPhysiology & Behavior, 33
T. Pappas (1992)
Physiological satiety implications of gastrointestinal antiobesity surgery.The American journal of clinical nutrition, 55 2 Suppl
R. Greenstein (1992)
Vertical banded gastroplasty.Mayo Clinic proceedings, 67 3
P. Schauer, B. Burguera, S. Ikramuddin, D. Cottam, W. Gourash, G. Hamad, G. Eid, S. Mattar, R. Ramanathan, Emma Barinas-Mitchel, R. Rao, L. Kuller, D. Kelley (2003)
Effect of Laparoscopic Roux-En Y Gastric Bypass on Type 2 Diabetes MellitusAnnals of Surgery, 238
D. Cummings, Michael Shannon (2003)
Roles for ghrelin in the regulation of appetite and body weight.Archives of surgery, 138 4
W. Pace, E. Martin, T. Tetirick, P. Fabri, L. Carey (1979)
Gastric Partitioning for Morbid ObesityAnnals of Surgery, 190
C. Pender, I. Goldfine, C. Tanner, W. Pories, K. MacDonald, P. Havel, J. Houmard, J. Youngren (2004)
Muscle insulin receptor concentrations in obese patients post bariatric surgery: relationship to hyperinsulinemiaInternational Journal of Obesity, 28
R. Brolin (2002)
Bariatric surgery and long-term control of morbid obesity.JAMA, 288 22
M. Zander, S. Madsbad, J. Madsen, J. Holst (2002)
Effect of 6-week course of glucagon-like peptide 1 on glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell function in type 2 diabetes: a parallel-group studyThe Lancet, 359
A. Must, Jennifer Spadano, E. Coakley, A. Field, G. Colditz, W. Dietz (1999)
The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity.JAMA, 282 16
Diana Williams, D. Cummings, H. Grill, J. Kaplan (2003)
Meal-related ghrelin suppression requires postgastric feedback.Endocrinology, 144 7
F. Leonetti, G. Silecchia, G. Iacobellis, M. Ribaudo, A. Zappaterreno, C. Tiberti, C. Iannucci, N. Perrotta, V. Bacci, M. Basso, N. Basso, U. Mario (2003)
Different plasma ghrelin levels after laparoscopic gastric bypass and adjustable gastric banding in morbid obese subjects.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 88 9
A. Wren, C. Small, Helen Ward, K. Murphy, C. Dakin, S. Taheri, A. Kennedy, G. Roberts, D. Morgan, M. Ghatei, S. Bloom (2000)
The novel hypothalamic peptide ghrelin stimulates food intake and growth hormone secretion.Endocrinology, 141 11
L. Howard, M. Malone, A. Michalek, J. Carter, S. Alger, J. Woert (1995)
Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty- a Prospective Randomized Comparison and 5-Year Follow-upObesity Surgery, 5
S. Herpertz, R. Kielmann, A. Wolf, M. Langkafel, W. Senf, Johannes Hebebrand (2003)
Does obesity surgery improve psychosocial functioning? A systematic reviewInternational Journal of Obesity, 27
R. Stoeckli, Robin Chanda, I. Langer, U. Keller (2004)
Changes of body weight and plasma ghrelin levels after gastric banding and gastric bypass.Obesity research, 12 2
N. Andrews, M. Irving (1992)
Human gut hormone profiles in patients with short bowel syndromeDigestive Diseases and Sciences, 37
E. Naslund, P. Gryback, L. Backman, H. Jacobsson, J. Juul, Holst Theodorsson, P. Hellstrom (1998)
Distal Small Bowel Hormones (Correlation with Fasting Antroduodenal Motility and Gastric Emptying)Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 43
O. Bo, O. Modalsli (1983)
Gastric banding, a surgical method of treating morbid obesity: preliminary report.International journal of obesity, 7 5
J. Payne, L. Dewind (1969)
Surgical treatment of obesity.American journal of surgery, 118 2
Diana Williams, H. Grill, D. Cummings, J. Kaplan (2003)
Vagotomy dissociates short- and long-term controls of circulating ghrelin.Endocrinology, 144 12
M. Murata, Y. Okimura, K. Iida, M. Matsumoto, H. Sowa, H. Kaji, M. Kojima, K. Kangawa, K. Chihara (2002)
Ghrelin Modulates the Downstream Molecules of Insulin Signaling in Hepatoma Cells*The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277
K. McTigue, Russell Harris, B. Hemphill, L. Lux, S. Sutton, Audrina Bunton, K. Lohr (2003)
Screening and Interventions for Obesity in Adults: Summary of the Evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task ForceAnnals of Internal Medicine, 139
D. Cummings, Michael Shannon (2003)
Ghrelin and gastric bypass: is there a hormonal contribution to surgical weight loss?The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 88 7
J. Svensson, L. Lönn, J. Jansson, Gail Murphy, D. Wyss, D. Krupa, K. Cerchio, W. Polvino, B. Gertz, I. Boseaus, L. Sjöström, B. Bengtsson (1998)
Two-month treatment of obese subjects with the oral growth hormone (GH) secretagogue MK-677 increases GH secretion, fat-free mass, and energy expenditure.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 83 2
C. Holdstock, B. Engström, M. Öhrvall, Lars Lind, Magnus Sundbom, F. Karlsson (2003)
Ghrelin and adipose tissue regulatory peptides: effect of gastric bypass surgery in obese humans.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 88 7
E. Mun, G. Blackburn, J. Matthews (2001)
Current status of medical and surgical therapy for obesity.Gastroenterology, 120 3
G. Adami, R. Cordera, G. Marinari, Giovanni Lamerini, G. Andraghetti, N. Scopinaro (2003)
Plasma Ghrelin Concentratin in the Short-Term following Biliopancreatic DiversionObesity Surgery, 13
U. Hanusch-Enserer, G. Brabant, M. Roden (2003)
Ghrelin concentrations in morbidly obese patients after adjustable gastric banding.The New England journal of medicine, 348 21
K. Jones (2000)
Experience with the Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass, and Commentary on Current TrendsObesity Surgery, 10
I. Näslund (1987)
Gastric bypass versus gastroplasty. A prospective study of differences in two surgical procedures for morbid obesity.Acta chirurgica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 536
J. May (1997)
Surgery: Scientific principles and practiceJournal of Vascular Surgery, 26
H. Ariyasu, K. Takaya, T. Tagami, Y. Ogawa, K. Hosoda, T. Akamizu, M. Suda, T. Koh, K. Natsui, S. Toyooka, G. Shirakami, T. Usui, A. Shimatsu, K. Doi, H. Hosoda, M. Kojima, K. Kangawa, K. Nakao (2001)
Stomach is a major source of circulating ghrelin, and feeding state determines plasma ghrelin-like immunoreactivity levels in humans.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 86 10
E. Mason, K. Printen, T. Blommers, D. Scott (1978)
Gastric bypass for obesity after ten years experience.International journal of obesity, 2 2
R. Batterham, Mark Cohen, S. Ellis, C. Roux, D. Withers, G. Frost, M. Ghatei, S. Bloom (2003)
Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36.The New England journal of medicine, 349 10
H. Sugerman, L. Wolfe, D. Sica, J. Clore (2003)
Diabetes and Hypertension in Severe Obesity and Effects of Gastric Bypass-Induced Weight LossAnnals of Surgery, 237
E. Näslund, L. Backman, J. Holst, E. Theodorsson, P. Hellström (1998)
Importance of Small Bowel Peptides for the Improved Glucose Metabolism 20 Years after Jejunoileal Bypass for ObesityObesity Surgery, 8
R. Rittmaster, Lynn Loriaux, George Merriam (1987)
Effect of continuous somatostatin and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) infusions on the subsequent growth hormone (GH) response to GHRH. Evidence for somatotroph desensitization independent of GH pool depletion.Neuroendocrinology, 45 2
L. Maclean, B. Rhode, C. Nohr (2001)
Long-or short-limb gastric bypass?Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 5
K. Halmi, E. Mason, Falk, A. Stunkard (1981)
Appetitive behavior after gastric bypass for obesity.International journal of obesity, 5 5
S. Greenway, F. Greenway, Stanley Klein (2002)
Effects of obesity surgery on non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.Archives of surgery, 137 10
R. Batterham, M. Cowley, C. Small, H. Herzog, Mark Cohen, C. Dakin, A. Wren, A. Brynes, M. Low, M. Ghatei, R. Cone, S. Bloom (2002)
Gut hormone PYY3-36 physiologically inhibits food intakeNature, 418
D. Drucker (2003)
Glucagon-like peptide-1 and the islet beta-cell: augmentation of cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis.Endocrinology, 144 12
0021-972X/04/$15.00/0 The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 89(6):2608 –2615 Printed in U.S.A. Copyright © 2004 by The Endocrine Society doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-0433 Gastric Bypass for Obesity: Mechanisms of Weight Loss and Diabetes Resolution DAVID E. CUMMINGS, JOOST OVERDUIN, AND KAREN E. FOSTER-SCHUBERT Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98195 Energy homeostasis and medical vs. surgical methods to pseudotumor cerebri, arthritis, infertility, stress inconti- overcome it nence, and venous stasis ulcers (4, 8, 9). The net effect is an increase in quality of life and decrease in overall mortality Obesity is now a global pandemic that continues to ac- (11, 12). Estimates of the cost of bariatric surgery per quality- celerate despite the often Herculean efforts by afflicted in- adjusted life year (QALY) range from $5,400 to $36,600/ dividuals to lose weight. These efforts are thwarted by a QALY, well under the $50,000/QALY benchmark that is physiological system that regulates body weight in a manner generally regarded in the United States as being cost effective analogous to that by which a thermostat controls ambient (13, 14). Unquestionably, obesity surgery is a drastic ap- temperature. For
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism – Oxford University Press
Published: Jun 1, 2004
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.