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- Royal Society of Chemistry
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Abstract
According to the curve, the entire processes in creep of polymers can be considered as four stages, namely, (I) instantaneous deformation with ε0, (II) primary creep with ε1, (III) secondary creep with ε2, and (IV) tertiary creep with ε3.6,7 The instantaneous deformation is independent of time and is caused by the elastic and plastic deformation of polymer once the initial external stress is applied. At the start of the primary creep stage, the creep rate is relatively high and then decreases rapidly with time, which may be due to the orientation of the polymer chains under persistent stress. Viscoelastic flow in the polymer occurs and the duration is relatively long if it is under a low stress level in the secondary creep stage; the creep rate reaches a steady-state value after a certain period of time. In addition, strain hardening may appear at this stage. Finally, the material falls into the tertiary creep stage, where the creep rate increases rapidly with the occurrence of final creep rupture or advanced necking,6 as illustrated in Fig. 1.
Journal
RSC Advances – Royal Society of Chemistry
Published: Jan 4, 2016