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Contributions of the Chemist to the Pulp and Paper Industry.

Contributions of the Chemist to the Pulp and Paper Industry. THE JOCRSdL OF ISDUSTRIAL AND ESGI>VEERIXG CHEMISTRY 292 1’0l. 7, NO. 4 Specific Heat Solubility Specific Gravity to this plant. From this modest beginning, the sulfite industry Thermal Conductivity Hygroscopicity Tensile Strength of the United States has developed at present to a daily pro- Thermal Expansion Refraction Compression Strength duction of over 5,000 tons, and the process has revolutionized Dielectric Constant Dispersion Modulus of Elasticity Electromagnetic Dispersion Hardness many departments of paper manufacture. Keedless to say its effi- Electromagnetic Rotation of Plane of Polarization cient operation requires constant chemical supervision and control. Absorption (Transmission) of Radia- Another important chemical v~oocl process, the soda process, tion Both n’ithin and Without by which the wood is reduced to pulp by digestion in a strong the Visible Spectrum X-ray Transmission and Fluorescence solution of caustic soda. became possible only after the dis- The physical measurements were made in collaboration with coveries and engineering triumphs of a long series of chemists of the Jena University and their students, the Physics professors from Le Blaiic clown through Muspratt, M’eldon and Tennant, on the chemical side Schott has had the as- In the glassworks had supplied the world with cheap caustic and carbonated alkali. sistance of such men as Herschkowitz, Schaller and Zschimmer, The soda process itsel€ as applied to the manufacture oi wood all of whom have contributed to the literature of glassmaking. pulp is, like the sulfite process, of American origin, having been It is to Zschimmer’s work on “The Glass Industry in Jena” invented by SVatt and Burgess, in 1853, and developed at nlana- that we are indebted for many of the facts here presented. yunk, near Philadelphia. At first, and for many years, the pro- Other names to be mentioned in connection with glass de- cess mas operated with no attempt at recovery of the soda liquors. velopnient are Henriraux at St. Gobain, famed for plate-glass; The process has been able to hold its own only because or the Bontcrnps. maker o€ optical glass at Choisey-le-Roi and later development, largely by chemists, oE the processes of soda re- of whom at Birmingham with Chance; the Guinands, the eldest covery. Similarly, in case of the sulfite process, many chemists originated the stirring process for optical glass; Feil, Mantois, ha.ve attacked the far more difficult problem of utilizing the L’zrneuil, Benrath, Powell, Chance, Harris, Siemens; and to the waste sulfite liquors, but thus far only with moderate success. It is, nevertheless, to chemists that we must look for the solutiou list might be added others equally deserving. America’s contributions to the development of the glass in- of this important problem. dustry, chiefly in methods of working and handling the molt,en The suliate process for chemical wood pulp, an interesting modi- of the soda process, was developed by the chemist Dah1 glass, are epoch-making in character; along more strictly chem- fication ical lines creditable work has been done, as instanced by the at Danzig about 1883. It has become of great industrial im- Tiffany or Aurene glass, the selenium red, and others. Aside portance during the last fern years through its application to the 0.1 which a beginning is being made, the glasses of the now well known Kraft wrapping paper, the from opiical glass, manufacture produced 111 this ccI;ntry probably are fully equal in quality and introduction of which. from Sweden has already exercised a pro- variety to those produced abroad ; and in some respects America found influence upon the whole wrapping paper industry. is forging ahead. The great names of Le Blanc, Weldon, Solvay and Xond stand for the highest type of the chemical engineer, and to them and CORNJNG r\-snr YORX the long line of their associates and successors the paper trade, like many other industries, is indebted lor the cheap alkali and CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE CHEMIST TO THE PULP AND cheap bleaching powder, without which it could hardly exist PAPER INDUSTRY today. It is only necessary to contrast the old methods of treat-. By F. I,. MOORE ing rags by retting and grass bleaching, with the modern methods President American Paper and Pulp Association of pressure cooking and rapid bleaching, to realize how many The manufaLture of pulp and paper is an industry based largely of the foundation stones of paper making have been set in place on chemical reactions and processes and as such has been largely by chemists. dependent upon the efforts of chemists for its maintenance and A further step in advance is the production of electrolytic advancement. Chemists of former days are responsible for bleach and alkali which has become a matter of routine in many inventions to which paper making literally owes its existence paper mills as the result of the discoveries of Watt in 1851, in its present lorm, and our modern chemists are essential factors and the later work of chemists like Le Sueur, Hargraves, Castncr, in the everyday operation o€ this industry. Tt is not too much Tou-nsend and many others. to say that the development of modern paper making and the enormous extensions of the use of paper in recent times have Among the less fundamental, but nevertheless highly im- portant advances in the art of paper making, which are directly been due for the most part to the introduction oE the three chem- ical processes by which wood fiber has been made arailable as attributable to the chemist, is the introduction of coal tar colors. Practically all of the colors now employed in paper making are a general substitute for rags. the products of the chemical laboratory, the work of an army of The sulfite process, by which wood is reduced to paper pulp German chemists having supplied us with the whole wonderful by digestion in acid bisulfite solutions, was inrented by a Phila- range of coal tar colors, many of which are more permanent than delphia chemist, B. C. Tilglinian, iu 1867. Tilghman was the natural dye-stuffs which they displace. also the inventor of the sandblast and ol the important auto- for the manufacture of glycerin. Although his To chemists also we are indebted for the discovery or the use- clave process ful properties of rosin in rendering paper resistant to ink and attempts to manufacture sulfite fiber upon a commercial scale failed and 71-ere abandoned because of the many serious tcchnical water and for the modern methods of rosin size production, €or difficulties encountered. his patents tievertheless disclosed a processes for producing casein for paper coating and for render-. remarkably clear and comprehensive understanding oE the princi- ing it insoluble by the action of formaldehyde, for the discovery so largely used for top sizing, for processes oi ples involved. The process was later taken up in Sweden by of soluble starch water purification and those for the manufacture of alum, es- Ekman and in Germany by llitscherlich, both of whom were pecially of the high-grade alum, the cheap production of which chemists, and by other iuventors in England and elsewhere, was developed along somewhat divergent lines. It has been made possible by the Bayer process for the manufacture by whom it returned to the United States in 1883 when the mill of the Rich- of pure alumina. mond Paper Company was built at Rudord, Iihode Island, Enough has been said to indicate the vastly important service which the chemist has rendered in the development o€ the pulp to operate under the Ekman modification of the process, with and paper industry. The chemist of today is no less vital to a nominal capacity of IO tons per day. -4rthur D. Little, who the industry’s operation and advancement. Under the stress served for many years as official chemist of the American Paper Pulp Association, began his professional work as chemist of modern competition, pulp and paper manufacturers are forced and Apr., 1915 THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY 293 to turn to the chemist with constantly increasing frequency for substantially the same wine, year in and year out, no matter of what the weather; he has reduced the spoilage from 25 per cent the testing of supplies, for the control of processes; many which are essentially chemical in nature, and for the elimination to 0.46 per cent of the total; he has increased the shipping radius of wastes. The testing of paper, which yearly assumes increasing of the goods and has made preservatives unnecessary. importance, is entirely in the hands of the chemist, and the chem- In the COPPER IKDUSTRY he has learned and has taught how ist is in large part responsible for the startling expansion in the to make operations so constant and so continuous that in the use of paper which has taken place in the last two decades. manufacture of blister copper valuations are less than $1 00 apart on every $10,000 worth of product and in refined copper CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE CHEMIST TO THE INDUS- the valuations of the product do not differ by more than $I 00 in every $50,000 worth of product. The quality of output is TRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNITED maintained constant within microscopic differences. STATES-A RECORD OF ACHIEVEMENTI Without the chemist the CORN PRODUCTS INDUSTRY would never have arisen and in 1914 this industry consumed as much corn By BERNHAKD C HESSE as was grown in that year by the nine states of Maine, New Since the outbreak of the European War, the American public Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, has been led, adroitly or otherwise, to believe that industrial New York, New Jersey and Delaware combined; this amount is chemistry, that is, the industrial activity of the chemist, is equal to the entire production of the State of North Carolina limited to coal-tar dyes and that nothing should be regarded as 80 per cent of the production of each of the States of and about industrial chemistry that does not deal with the manufacture Georgia, Michigan and Wisconsin; the chemist has produced of these dyes. Nothing could be further from the truth. over roo useful commercial products from corn, which, without While it is true that the manufacture of coal-tar dyes forms an him, would never have been produced. important branch of industrial chemistry, or of chemical industry, In the ASPHALT INDUSTRY the chemist has taught how to lay whichever you will, it by no means forms the whole of it or even a road surface that will always be good, and he has learned a preponderating part of it. and taught how to construct a suitable road surface for different From the economic point of view, economic effect and eco- conditions of service. nomic result is the measure to apply in determining economic In the COTTONSEED OIL INDUSTRY, the chemist standardized importance and not the intellectual or scientific labor involved methods of production, reduced losses, increased yields, made in the creation of that result. new use of wastes and by-products and has added somewhere From a strictly economic point of view coal-tar dyes can between $IO and $12 to the value of each bale of cotton grown. hardly be said to be vital or essential and by that I mean, that In the CEMENT INDUSTRY, the chemist has ascertained new we can get along without them and not suffer great hardship, ingredients, has utilized theretofore waste products for this pur- of less need than that can hardly personal or otherwise; anything pose, has reduced the waste heaps of many industries and made be called an economic necessity. them his starting material; he has standardized methods of manu- THE CHEMIST AND HIS WORK facture. introduced methods of chemical control and has insured The American public has seemingly given too little con- constancy and permanency of quality and quantity of output. sideration to those industries of this country that make use of In the SUGAR INDUSTRY, the chemist has been active for so chemical knowledge and experience in the manufacture or utiliza- long a time that “the memory of man runneth not to the con- tion of products and yet these are the ones that compose chemical trary.” The sugar industry without the chemist is unthinkable. industry or industrial chemistry. The WELSBACH MANTLE is distinctly a chemist’s invention For the present, permit me to give in a few words the sub- and its successful and economical manufacture depends largely stance of the impressive series of papers presented at the meetings upon chemical methods. It would be difficult to give a just of this forenoon and this afternoon, and, as this presentation estimate of the economic effect of this device upon illumination, is being made, please have in mind the question as to whether so great and valuable is it. you would prefer to have the United States able to produce all In the TEXTILE INDUSTRY, he has substituted uniform, rational, of its requirements of coal-tar dyes and not able to produce any well thought-out and simple methods of treatment of all the of the various things which I am about to mention. various textile fabrics and fibers where mystery, empiricism, According to this symposiuni there are at least nineteen “rule-of-thumb” and their accompanying uncertainties reigned. American industries in which the chemist has been of great help, In the FERTILIZER INDUSTRY, it was the chemist who learned either in founding the industry, in developing it, or in refining and who taught how to make our immense beds of phosphate the methods of control or of manufacture, thus rendering profit rock useful and serviceable to man in the enrichment of the soil; more certain, costs less high and output uniform in standard he has taught how to make waste products of other industries amount and quality. useful and available for fertilization and he has taught how to The substitution of accurate, dependable and non-failing make the gas works contribute to the fertility of the soil. methods of operation for “rule-of-thumb” and “helter-skelter” In the SODA INDUSTRY, the chemist can successfully claim methods must appeal to every manufacturer as a decided ad- it, developed it, and brought it to its present that he founded vancement and a valuable contribution state of perfection and utility, but not without the help of other NINETEEN AMERICAN CHEMICAL IXDUSTRIES technical men; the fundamental ideas were and are chemical. In presenting to you these various contributions of the chem- In the LEATHER INDUSTRY, the chemist has given us all of ist, I by no means wish to be understood as in any wise mini- the modern methods of mineral tanning and without them the mizing or reducing the contributions made to the final result by modern leather industry is unthinkable In the case of vege- others, such as merchants, bankers, engineers, bacteriologists, table-tanned leather he has also stepped in, standardized the electricians, power-men and the like; all that I wish to emphasize quality of incoming material and of outgoing product. is that the chemist did make a contribution, and to that extent In the FLOUR INDUSTRY the chemist has learned and taught he is entitled to credit and acknowledgment. how to select the proper grain for specific purposes, to standardize The chemist has made the WINE INDUSTRY reasonably inde- the product and how to make flour available for certain specific pendent of climatic conditions; he has enabled it to produce culinary and food purposes. In the BREWING INDUSTRY, the chemist has standardized the 1 Public Address at the 50th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New Orleans, March 31 to April 3, 1915. methods of determining the quality of incoming material and of http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Unpaywall

Contributions of the Chemist to the Pulp and Paper Industry.

Moore, F. L.
Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry – Apr 1, 1915
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0095-9014
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THE JOCRSdL OF ISDUSTRIAL AND ESGI>VEERIXG CHEMISTRY 292 1’0l. 7, NO. 4 Specific Heat Solubility Specific Gravity to this plant. From this modest beginning, the sulfite industry Thermal Conductivity Hygroscopicity Tensile Strength of the United States has developed at present to a daily pro- Thermal Expansion Refraction Compression Strength duction of over 5,000 tons, and the process has revolutionized Dielectric Constant Dispersion Modulus of Elasticity Electromagnetic Dispersion Hardness many departments of paper manufacture. Keedless to say its effi- Electromagnetic Rotation of Plane of Polarization cient operation requires constant chemical supervision and control. Absorption (Transmission) of Radia- Another important chemical v~oocl process, the soda process, tion Both n’ithin and Without by which the wood is reduced to pulp by digestion in a strong the Visible Spectrum X-ray Transmission and Fluorescence solution of caustic soda. became possible only after the dis- The physical measurements were made in collaboration with coveries and engineering triumphs of a long series of chemists of the Jena University and their students, the Physics professors from Le Blaiic clown through Muspratt, M’eldon and Tennant, on the chemical side Schott has had the as- In the glassworks had supplied the world with cheap caustic and carbonated alkali. sistance of such men as Herschkowitz, Schaller and Zschimmer, The soda process itsel€ as applied to the manufacture oi wood all of whom have contributed to the literature of glassmaking. pulp is, like the sulfite process, of American origin, having been It is to Zschimmer’s work on “The Glass Industry in Jena” invented by SVatt and Burgess, in 1853, and developed at nlana- that we are indebted for many of the facts here presented. yunk, near Philadelphia. At first, and for many years, the pro- Other names to be mentioned in connection with glass de- cess mas operated with no attempt at recovery of the soda liquors. velopnient are Henriraux at St. Gobain, famed for plate-glass; The process has been able to hold its own only because or the Bontcrnps. maker o€ optical glass at Choisey-le-Roi and later development, largely by chemists, oE the processes of soda re- of whom at Birmingham with Chance; the Guinands, the eldest covery. Similarly, in case of the sulfite process, many chemists originated the stirring process for optical glass; Feil, Mantois, ha.ve attacked the far more difficult problem of utilizing the L’zrneuil, Benrath, Powell, Chance, Harris, Siemens; and to the waste sulfite liquors, but thus far only with moderate success. It is, nevertheless, to chemists that we must look for the solutiou list might be added others equally deserving. America’s contributions to the development of the glass in- of this important problem. dustry, chiefly in methods of working and handling the molt,en The suliate process for chemical wood pulp, an interesting modi- of the soda process, was developed by the chemist Dah1 glass, are epoch-making in character; along more strictly chem- fication ical lines creditable work has been done, as instanced by the at Danzig about 1883. It has become of great industrial im- Tiffany or Aurene glass, the selenium red, and others. Aside portance during the last fern years through its application to the 0.1 which a beginning is being made, the glasses of the now well known Kraft wrapping paper, the from opiical glass, manufacture produced 111 this ccI;ntry probably are fully equal in quality and introduction of which. from Sweden has already exercised a pro- variety to those produced abroad ; and in some respects America found influence upon the whole wrapping paper industry. is forging ahead. The great names of Le Blanc, Weldon, Solvay and Xond stand for the highest type of the chemical engineer, and to them and CORNJNG r\-snr YORX the long line of their associates and successors the paper trade, like many other industries, is indebted lor the cheap alkali and CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE CHEMIST TO THE PULP AND cheap bleaching powder, without which it could hardly exist PAPER INDUSTRY today. It is only necessary to contrast the old methods of treat-. By F. I,. MOORE ing rags by retting and grass bleaching, with the modern methods President American Paper and Pulp Association of pressure cooking and rapid bleaching, to realize how many The manufaLture of pulp and paper is an industry based largely of the foundation stones of paper making have been set in place on chemical reactions and processes and as such has been largely by chemists. dependent upon the efforts of chemists for its maintenance and A further step in advance is the production of electrolytic advancement. Chemists of former days are responsible for bleach and alkali which has become a matter of routine in many inventions to which paper making literally owes its existence paper mills as the result of the discoveries of Watt in 1851, in its present lorm, and our modern chemists are essential factors and the later work of chemists like Le Sueur, Hargraves, Castncr, in the everyday operation o€ this industry. Tt is not too much Tou-nsend and many others. to say that the development of modern paper making and the enormous extensions of the use of paper in recent times have Among the less fundamental, but nevertheless highly im- portant advances in the art of paper making, which are directly been due for the most part to the introduction oE the three chem- ical processes by which wood fiber has been made arailable as attributable to the chemist, is the introduction of coal tar colors. Practically all of the colors now employed in paper making are a general substitute for rags. the products of the chemical laboratory, the work of an army of The sulfite process, by which wood is reduced to paper pulp German chemists having supplied us with the whole wonderful by digestion in acid bisulfite solutions, was inrented by a Phila- range of coal tar colors, many of which are more permanent than delphia chemist, B. C. Tilglinian, iu 1867. Tilghman was the natural dye-stuffs which they displace. also the inventor of the sandblast and ol the important auto- for the manufacture of glycerin. Although his To chemists also we are indebted for the discovery or the use- clave process ful properties of rosin in rendering paper resistant to ink and attempts to manufacture sulfite fiber upon a commercial scale failed and 71-ere abandoned because of the many serious tcchnical water and for the modern methods of rosin size production, €or difficulties encountered. his patents tievertheless disclosed a processes for producing casein for paper coating and for render-. remarkably clear and comprehensive understanding oE the princi- ing it insoluble by the action of formaldehyde, for the discovery so largely used for top sizing, for processes oi ples involved. The process was later taken up in Sweden by of soluble starch water purification and those for the manufacture of alum, es- Ekman and in Germany by llitscherlich, both of whom were pecially of the high-grade alum, the cheap production of which chemists, and by other iuventors in England and elsewhere, was developed along somewhat divergent lines. It has been made possible by the Bayer process for the manufacture by whom it returned to the United States in 1883 when the mill of the Rich- of pure alumina. mond Paper Company was built at Rudord, Iihode Island, Enough has been said to indicate the vastly important service which the chemist has rendered in the development o€ the pulp to operate under the Ekman modification of the process, with and paper industry. The chemist of today is no less vital to a nominal capacity of IO tons per day. -4rthur D. Little, who the industry’s operation and advancement. Under the stress served for many years as official chemist of the American Paper Pulp Association, began his professional work as chemist of modern competition, pulp and paper manufacturers are forced and Apr., 1915 THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY 293 to turn to the chemist with constantly increasing frequency for substantially the same wine, year in and year out, no matter of what the weather; he has reduced the spoilage from 25 per cent the testing of supplies, for the control of processes; many which are essentially chemical in nature, and for the elimination to 0.46 per cent of the total; he has increased the shipping radius of wastes. The testing of paper, which yearly assumes increasing of the goods and has made preservatives unnecessary. importance, is entirely in the hands of the chemist, and the chem- In the COPPER IKDUSTRY he has learned and has taught how ist is in large part responsible for the startling expansion in the to make operations so constant and so continuous that in the use of paper which has taken place in the last two decades. manufacture of blister copper valuations are less than $1 00 apart on every $10,000 worth of product and in refined copper CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE CHEMIST TO THE INDUS- the valuations of the product do not differ by more than $I 00 in every $50,000 worth of product. The quality of output is TRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNITED maintained constant within microscopic differences. STATES-A RECORD OF ACHIEVEMENTI Without the chemist the CORN PRODUCTS INDUSTRY would never have arisen and in 1914 this industry consumed as much corn By BERNHAKD C HESSE as was grown in that year by the nine states of Maine, New Since the outbreak of the European War, the American public Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, has been led, adroitly or otherwise, to believe that industrial New York, New Jersey and Delaware combined; this amount is chemistry, that is, the industrial activity of the chemist, is equal to the entire production of the State of North Carolina limited to coal-tar dyes and that nothing should be regarded as 80 per cent of the production of each of the States of and about industrial chemistry that does not deal with the manufacture Georgia, Michigan and Wisconsin; the chemist has produced of these dyes. Nothing could be further from the truth. over roo useful commercial products from corn, which, without While it is true that the manufacture of coal-tar dyes forms an him, would never have been produced. important branch of industrial chemistry, or of chemical industry, In the ASPHALT INDUSTRY the chemist has taught how to lay whichever you will, it by no means forms the whole of it or even a road surface that will always be good, and he has learned a preponderating part of it. and taught how to construct a suitable road surface for different From the economic point of view, economic effect and eco- conditions of service. nomic result is the measure to apply in determining economic In the COTTONSEED OIL INDUSTRY, the chemist standardized importance and not the intellectual or scientific labor involved methods of production, reduced losses, increased yields, made in the creation of that result. new use of wastes and by-products and has added somewhere From a strictly economic point of view coal-tar dyes can between $IO and $12 to the value of each bale of cotton grown. hardly be said to be vital or essential and by that I mean, that In the CEMENT INDUSTRY, the chemist has ascertained new we can get along without them and not suffer great hardship, ingredients, has utilized theretofore waste products for this pur- of less need than that can hardly personal or otherwise; anything pose, has reduced the waste heaps of many industries and made be called an economic necessity. them his starting material; he has standardized methods of manu- THE CHEMIST AND HIS WORK facture. introduced methods of chemical control and has insured The American public has seemingly given too little con- constancy and permanency of quality and quantity of output. sideration to those industries of this country that make use of In the SUGAR INDUSTRY, the chemist has been active for so chemical knowledge and experience in the manufacture or utiliza- long a time that “the memory of man runneth not to the con- tion of products and yet these are the ones that compose chemical trary.” The sugar industry without the chemist is unthinkable. industry or industrial chemistry. The WELSBACH MANTLE is distinctly a chemist’s invention For the present, permit me to give in a few words the sub- and its successful and economical manufacture depends largely stance of the impressive series of papers presented at the meetings upon chemical methods. It would be difficult to give a just of this forenoon and this afternoon, and, as this presentation estimate of the economic effect of this device upon illumination, is being made, please have in mind the question as to whether so great and valuable is it. you would prefer to have the United States able to produce all In the TEXTILE INDUSTRY, he has substituted uniform, rational, of its requirements of coal-tar dyes and not able to produce any well thought-out and simple methods of treatment of all the of the various things which I am about to mention. various textile fabrics and fibers where mystery, empiricism, According to this symposiuni there are at least nineteen “rule-of-thumb” and their accompanying uncertainties reigned. American industries in which the chemist has been of great help, In the FERTILIZER INDUSTRY, it was the chemist who learned either in founding the industry, in developing it, or in refining and who taught how to make our immense beds of phosphate the methods of control or of manufacture, thus rendering profit rock useful and serviceable to man in the enrichment of the soil; more certain, costs less high and output uniform in standard he has taught how to make waste products of other industries amount and quality. useful and available for fertilization and he has taught how to The substitution of accurate, dependable and non-failing make the gas works contribute to the fertility of the soil. methods of operation for “rule-of-thumb” and “helter-skelter” In the SODA INDUSTRY, the chemist can successfully claim methods must appeal to every manufacturer as a decided ad- it, developed it, and brought it to its present that he founded vancement and a valuable contribution state of perfection and utility, but not without the help of other NINETEEN AMERICAN CHEMICAL IXDUSTRIES technical men; the fundamental ideas were and are chemical. In presenting to you these various contributions of the chem- In the LEATHER INDUSTRY, the chemist has given us all of ist, I by no means wish to be understood as in any wise mini- the modern methods of mineral tanning and without them the mizing or reducing the contributions made to the final result by modern leather industry is unthinkable In the case of vege- others, such as merchants, bankers, engineers, bacteriologists, table-tanned leather he has also stepped in, standardized the electricians, power-men and the like; all that I wish to emphasize quality of incoming material and of outgoing product. is that the chemist did make a contribution, and to that extent In the FLOUR INDUSTRY the chemist has learned and taught he is entitled to credit and acknowledgment. how to select the proper grain for specific purposes, to standardize The chemist has made the WINE INDUSTRY reasonably inde- the product and how to make flour available for certain specific pendent of climatic conditions; he has enabled it to produce culinary and food purposes. In the BREWING INDUSTRY, the chemist has standardized the 1 Public Address at the 50th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New Orleans, March 31 to April 3, 1915. methods of determining the quality of incoming material and of

Journal

Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry – Unpaywall

Published: Apr 1, 1915

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