Peritoneal Equilibration Test in Costa Rica: Discrepancies from Other PopulationsAvellan-Boza, Marta;Hernández, Fabio;Ramos-Esquivel, Allan
doi: 10.1155/2014/326163pmid: 24551451
<i>Objective</i>. Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) is a kidney replacement therapy that has been recently incorporated in developing countries. We aim to establish our reference values, to compare them with the original and the Mexican population, and to associate some variables with the type of peritoneal transport. <i>Methods</i>. Thirty peritoneal equilibration tests (PET) were performed. The ratio for D/P creatinine and the D/D<sub>0</sub> ratio for glucose were calculated and compared to reference values. We conducted a retrospective analysis to correlate peritoneal transporters with some predictive variables. <i>Results</i>. D/P creatinine ratio at 2 hours, D/D<sub>0</sub> glucose ratio at 4 hours, and net ultrafiltrate volume (nUFV) were significantly different from those reported by Twardowski et al. The results documented in the Mexican population only coincide with our results for the D/P creatinine ratio at 4 hours. Any of the studied variables were associated with a specific type of peritoneal transport. <i>Conclusions</i>. Peritoneal permeability among Costa Rican CAPD patients is different from the original population described by Twardowski et al. and from other Latin-American population. This supports the theory that ethnical differences could be responsible for such variations and they validate our statement that each region should possess value references of their own.
Antibiogram for Haemodialysis Catheter-Related Bloodstream InfectionsAbdul Gafor, Abdul Halim;Cheong Ping, Pau;Zainal Abidin, Anis Farahanum;Saruddin, Muhammad Zulhilmie;Kah Yan, Ng;Adam, Siti Qania’ah;Ramli, Ramliza;Sulong, Anita;Periyasamy, Petrick
doi: 10.1155/2014/629459pmid: 24587904
<i>Background</i>. Haemodialysis (HD) catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) are a major complication of long-term catheter use in HD. This study identified the epidemiology of HD CRBSIs and to aid in the choice of empiric antibiotics therapy given to patients with HD CRBSIs. <i>Methods</i>. Patients with HD CRBSIs were identified. Their blood cultures were performed according to standard sterile technique. Specimens were sent to the microbiology lab for culture and sensitivity testing. Results were tabulated in antibiograms. <i>Results</i>. 18 patients with a median age of 61.0 years (IQR: 51.5–73.25) were confirmed to have HD CRBSIs based on our study criteria. Eight (44.4%) patients had gram-negative infections, 7 (38.9%) patients gram-positive infections, and 3 (16.7%) patients had polymicrobial infections. We noted that most of the gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to ceftazidime. Unfortunately, cloxacillin resistance was high among gram-positive organisms. <i>Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus</i> and <i>Bacillus</i> sp. were the most common gram-positive organisms and they were sensitive to vancomycin. <i>Conclusion</i>. Our study revealed the increased incidence of gram-negative organism in HD CRBSIs. Antibiogram is an important tool in deciding empirical antibiotics for HD CRBSIs. Tailoring your antibiotics accordingly to the antibiogram can increase the chance of successful treatment and prevent the emergence of bacterial resistance.
Values of Alpha 1 Microglobulin Does Not Differ between Individuals with and without Family History of Balkan Endemic NephropathyAleckovic-Halilovic, Mirna;Mesic, Enisa;Trnacevic, Senaid;Hodzic, Emir;Habul, Vildana;Atic, Mirza;Dugonjic, Maida;Hasanovic, Evlijana
doi: 10.1155/2014/284293pmid: 24563783
<i >Aim</i>. The aim of this study was to compare urinary alpha 1 microglobulin (A1MG) in healthy individuals with and without family burden for Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) in an endemic village. <i >Methods</i>. Otherwise healthy inhabitants with microalbuminuria or proteinuria were divided into two groups: with (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:44.400002px;" id="M1" height="11.125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 44.400002 11.125" width="44.400002" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><path id="x1D45B" d="M495 86q-46 -47 -87 -72.5t-63 -25.5q-43 0 -16 107l49 210q7 34 8 50.5t-3 21t-13 4.5q-35 0 -109.5 -72.5t-115.5 -140.5q-21 -75 -38 -159q-50 -10 -76 -21l-6 8l84 340q8 35 -4 35q-17 0 -67 -46l-15 26q44 44 85.5 70.5t64.5 26.5q35 0 10 -103l-24 -98h2
q42 56 97 103.5t96 71.5q46 26 74 26q9 0 16 -2.5t14 -11.5t9.5 -24.5t-1 -44t-13.5 -68.5q-30 -117 -47 -200q-4 -19 -3.5 -25t6.5 -6q21 0 70 48z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.305,10.862)"><path id="x3D" d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,28.008,10.862)"><path id="x32" d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,36.168,10.862)"><path id="x34" d="M456 178h-96v-72q0 -51 12.5 -62.5t72.5 -16.5v-27h-256v27q65 5 78 17t13 62v72h-260v28q182 271 300 426h40v-407h96v-47zM280 225v295h-2q-107 -148 -196 -295h198z" /></g>
</svg>) and without (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:44.400002px;" id="M2" height="11.125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 44.400002 11.125" width="44.400002" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x1D45B"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,13.305,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,28.008,10.862)"><path id="x33" d="M285 378v-2q65 -13 102 -54.5t37 -97.5q0 -57 -30.5 -104.5t-74 -75t-85.5 -42t-72 -14.5q-31 0 -59.5 11t-40.5 23q-19 18 -16 36q1 16 23 33q13 10 24 0q58 -51 124 -51q55 0 88 40t33 112q0 64 -39 96.5t-88 32.5q-29 0 -64 -11l-6 29q77 25 118 57.5t41 84.5
q0 45 -26.5 69.5t-68.5 24.5q-67 0 -120 -79l-20 20l43 63q51 56 127 56h1q66 0 107 -37t41 -95q0 -42 -31 -71q-22 -23 -68 -54z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,36.168,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x32"/></g>
</svg>) family BEN burden and screened for urinary A1MG and A1MG/urine creatinine ratio. <i >Results</i>. Average value of urinary A1MG was <svg style="vertical-align:-0.3003pt;width:82.525002px;" id="M3" height="11.2875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 82.525002 11.2875" width="82.525002" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.222,10.862)"><path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105
q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,16.381,10.862)"><path id="x2E" d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,20.257,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x33"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,28.416,10.862)"><path id="x35" d="M153 550l-26 -186q79 31 111 31q90 0 141.5 -51t51.5 -119q0 -93 -89 -166q-85 -69 -173 -71q-32 0 -61.5 11.5t-41.5 23.5q-18 17 -17 34q2 16 22 33q14 9 26 -1q61 -50 124 -50q60 0 93 43.5t33 104.5q0 69 -41.5 110t-121.5 41q-53 0 -102 -20l38 305h286l6 -8
l-26 -65h-233z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,40.35,10.862)"><path id="xB1" d="M535 290h-212v-206h-58v206h-213v50h213v193h58v-193h212v-50zM535 -22h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.102,10.862)"><path id="x37" d="M447 623l8 -12l-283 -613l-74 -10l-7 11q174 283 297 551h-216q-48 0 -62.5 -12t-33.5 -63h-29q10 60 18 148h382z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,62.261,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,66.137,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,74.296,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g>
</svg> mg/L in group with and <svg style="vertical-align:-0.3003pt;width:82.525002px;" id="M4" height="11.2875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 82.525002 11.2875" width="82.525002" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.222,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,16.381,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,20.257,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x37"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,28.416,10.862)"><path id="x39" d="M244 635q90 0 143 -72t53 -177q0 -133 -65 -229.5t-171 -139.5q-79 -32 -140 -32l-5 30q109 18 185 91t101 186l-68 -36q-29 -16 -60 -16q-79 0 -129 51.5t-50 130.5q0 80 57 146.5t149 66.5zM228 602q-52 0 -78 -45.5t-26 -98.5q0 -69 36.5 -115.5t97.5 -46.5
q53 0 90 28q4 31 4 66q0 51 -9.5 95.5t-39 80.5t-75.5 36z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,40.35,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#xB1"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.102,10.862)"><path id="x38" d="M249 635q70 0 116 -43t46 -105q0 -46 -28 -80q-22 -25 -80 -64q62 -35 97 -75t35 -99q0 -81 -63 -131t-135 -50q-83 0 -137.5 45.5t-54.5 123.5q0 52 45 95q29 28 89 64q-109 62 -109 155q0 66 50.5 115t128.5 49zM238 603q-42 0 -67.5 -31t-25.5 -72q0 -50 32.5 -79.5
t98.5 -62.5q61 48 61 124q0 59 -29.5 90t-69.5 31zM248 20q46 0 76.5 33.5t30.5 89.5q0 50 -39 85.5t-110 71.5q-81 -54 -81 -137q0 -67 35.5 -105t87.5 -38z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,62.261,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,66.137,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x32"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,74.296,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x37"/></g>
</svg> mg/L in group without family history for BEN (NS, <svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:58.712502px;" id="M5" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 58.712502 11.375" width="58.712502" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><path id="x1D443" d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5
t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,38.446,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x38"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x37"/></g>
</svg>). A1MG was higher than 10 mg/L in eight (33.33%) inhabitants with family history and in 12 (37.5%) without (NS, <svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:66.875px;" id="M6" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 66.875 11.375" width="66.875" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,38.446,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x38"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,58.64,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x37"/></g>
</svg>). Average values of urinary A1MG/creatinine ratio were <svg style="vertical-align:-0.3003pt;width:74.362503px;" id="M7" height="11.2875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 74.362503 11.2875" width="74.362503" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.222,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,12.098,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x33"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,20.257,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,32.19,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#xB1"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,45.942,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.102,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,57.977,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,66.137,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x39"/></g>
</svg> and <svg style="vertical-align:-0.3003pt;width:74.362503px;" id="M8" height="11.2875" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 74.362503 11.2875" width="74.362503" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,8.222,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,12.098,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x39"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,20.257,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,32.19,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#xB1"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,45.942,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.102,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,57.977,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x37"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,66.137,10.862)"><use xlink:href="#x38"/></g>
</svg> in group with and group without family BEN history (NS, <svg style="vertical-align:-0.20474pt;width:58.712502px;" id="M9" height="11.425" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 58.712502 11.425" width="58.712502" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,38.446,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x33"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x39"/></g>
</svg>, resp.). Elevated values of this ratio were found in 13 (54.17%) inhabitants with and 14 (43.75%) without family history for BEN (NS, <svg style="vertical-align:-0.1638pt;width:66.875px;" id="M10" height="11.375" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 66.875 11.375" width="66.875" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x1D443"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,15.582,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x3D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,30.286,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,38.446,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,42.321,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,50.481,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,58.64,11.112)"><use xlink:href="#x35"/></g>
</svg>). <i >Conclusion</i>. We did not find statistically significant difference in the examined markers between healthy individuals with and without family burden for BEN. We concluded that these markers are not predictive of risk for BEN.