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von Studnitz, Roswitha E.; Green, David W.
doi: 10.1177/136700699700100102pmid: N/A
Previous research has suggested that there is a cost in switching between language in a lexical decision task. This paper reports two studies exploring its basis. Experiment 1 confirmed such a cost in a lexical decision task in which the target language for a trial is specified. German-English bilinguals were slower on switch trials compared to nonswitch trials. Experiment 2 changed the task to one in which a word response could be given independent of language. In this case, there was still a cost of switching between languages but it was much reduced. We propose that in bilingual lexical decision a cost arises because of the process of testing the output of the lexico-semantic system. Different lexical decision tasks induce different output tests. We also outline a mechanism that could give rise to these effects based on the notion of competition between language schemas.
Jake, Janice L.; Myers-Scotton, Carol
doi: 10.1177/136700699700100103pmid: N/A
This paper deals with two compromise strategies: 1) “Embedded Language Islands” and 2) “bare forms” in codeswitching (CS) within the CP (projection of Complementizer). These elements are discussed within the framework of the Matrix Language Frame Model (MLF model), a model explicated in Myers-Scotton (1993) and extended in Myers-Scotton and Jake (1995). While both EL Islands and bare forms are compromise strategies in CS, both are permissible options under the provisions of the MLF model; this paper shows how the MLF model provides an explanatory account for their occurrence. However, more importantly, the analysis of compromise strategies in CS has implications for how linguists should approach 1) differences across languages and 2) the nature of linguistic structure within a language–in particular, what levels of linguistic structure (i.e., lexical vs. S-structure) seem to be the most significant in regard to contributing to grammatical structure.
doi: 10.1177/136700699700100104pmid: N/A
Among the Gaelic-English bilinguals of East Sutherland, Scotland, code choice is made above all according to interlocutor. When the chosen code is Gaelic, the community norm for rendering direct quotations within a narrative is to produce them in Gaelic, regardless of which language was used originally and regardless of whether the quoted person was actually capable of speaking Gaelic. Examples are given to illustrate this quotational norm, but factors that can override it are identified and exemplified as well: a quoted monolingual's deeply ingrained identification with the landed gentry, the presence of profanity in the original English, or a particularly strong negative or positive resonance in the English original that a narrator wishes to reproduce. English remarks rendered as direct quotations in Gaelic narratives may show evidence of an unrealistic code choice in slight grammatical deviation or in the presence of more phrasal code switches than average, but in the more usual case local narrative practices make it impossible to distinguish monolinguals from bilinguals on the basis of their quoted remarks.
Holm, Alison; Dodd, Barbara; Ozanne, Anne
doi: 10.1177/136700699700100105pmid: N/A
This treatment case study presents a five-year-old bilingual Cantonese/English speaking boy with articulation and phonological errors. It reports two treatment phases: articulation therapy and phonological therapy. The articulation therapy was given in English and targeted the distorted production of /s/. The result was a perceptually acceptable pronunciation of /s/ in both English and Cantonese. The phonological therapy, also given in English, targeted cluster reduction, but it was only effective in treating English errors. The reduction of consonant clusters in Cantonese remained unchanged. These data have implications for two issues: the separateness of bilingual children's two phonological systems, and the differences between articulation and phonological errors.
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