Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

doi: 10.1007/BF00399462pmid: N/A

Keup, Lowell

doi: 10.1007/BF00399463pmid: 24258101

Lake restoration projects require substantial monitoring. Primary purposes are to assess a lake problem, determine its causes and design or develop a corrective program. Hundreds of these lake monitoring projects have been initiated in the United States over the past decade. A number of field limnological activities can be improved to make the monitoring results more applicable to the objectives of a project. This paper discusses twenty of the most common limnology procedures that may go awry in applied limnology and makes suggestions, alternatives or improved field and project procedures. Expenditures may be reduced, but more important can be an increased use capability of the information for the scientific and engineering needs of a lake restoration effort.

Ajmal, Mohammad; Khan, Mujahid; Nomani, Azhar

doi: 10.1007/BF00399464pmid: 24258102

The distribution of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in the plants and fish of Yamuna river from Delhi to Allahabad, a distance of about 840 km, at five sampling stations was determined in the year 1981. The results have shown wide variations in the heavy metal levels from one sampling station to the other. The concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the plants (Eicchornia crassipes) were found to be 0.02–0.12, 2.7–21.3, 4.6–64.8, 9.8–114.0, 193.0–1835.0, 380.0–1443.0, 4.4–83.0, 4.8–30.2, and 22.1–356.5 μg g-1 respectively whereas in the fish (Heteropnuestes fossilis) were found to be ND-0.40, 2.3–13.7, 3.7–26.9, 8.33–58.1, 278.3–1108.0, 81.3–213.8, 2.8–32.7, 1.4–12.8 and 101.8–364.8 μgg-1 respectively on dry weight basis.

Leonard, A.; Bogaert, M.; Bernard, A.; Lambotte-Vandepaer, M.; Lauwerys, R.

doi: 10.1007/BF00399465pmid: 24258103

The short-term tests performed in vitro on different systems, from phage to human cells, or in vivo, on laboratory animals, allow only a qualitative estimate of the action of mutagenic agents, and the extrapolation of such experimental results to man may encounter many difficulties.

McFarlane, Craig; Wickliff, Carlos

doi: 10.1007/BF00399466pmid: 24258104

Many organic pollutants potentially are available for uptake by plants and thus bioaccumulation and food contamination. One method of studying uptake is with excised roots, a technique extensively used with plant nutrients. A similar method was developed and used to evaluate uptake patterns of several 14C-labeled organic chemicals. Uptake rate constants for the chemicals tested occurred in the following order: captan ≃ phenol > aniline > ethanol ≃ indole ≃ trifluralin ≃ propanil > 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) > nitrobenzene ≃ atrazine > bromacil > simazine > monuron.

Krishna, G.; Nath, J.; Ong, T.; Whong, W-Z.

doi: 10.1007/BF00399467pmid: 24258105

Organic materials were extracted with acetone from filters of airborne particles by soaking, shaking, soxhletion, and sonication. These extracts were tested with and without S9 for mutagenicity using Ames assay and arabinose-resistant assay of Salmonella typhimurium. Among the extraction methods, soaking extract had the highest mutagenic activity followed by sonication, shaking, and soxhletion in both the assays. With the samples studied, it was concluded that soaking with acetone for 1/2 hr is the simplest and an efficient procedure for the extraction of mutagens from airborne particles.

Mason, William; Lewis, Philip; Weber, Cornelius

doi: 10.1007/BF00399468pmid: 24258106

This study shows that biological assessments of water quality status using biomass estimates of wet, dry, and ash-free dry weights and counts of individual organisms from a small, headwater stream in southwestern Ohio provide essentially similar results concerning the impact of a sewage treatment plant discharge. Of the indices of biotic status for the stream segment employed for data evaluation; Diversity Index (D), Community Diversity Index (d), Trophic Condition Index (TCI), and Empirical Biotic Index (EBI), the latter two provided evaluations most consistent with benchmark water chemistry and physics information concerning the trophic status of the stream. In addition, the percent composition of macro-invertebrate taxa by pollutional category; ‘clean water’, ‘facultative’, and ‘pollution tolerant’, as ascribed using TCI and EBI ranges for individual taxa collected in combination of Ekman grab, rock-filled basket sampler and drift net samples, proves adequate for interpretation of biotic status.

Bari, Abdul; Farooq, Shaukat

doi: 10.1007/BF00399469pmid: 24258107

The degree of chemical treatment in terms of removal of organic matter from different wastewaters has been investigated by employing potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) and ozone in various combinations. The study was performed in both the batch and the continuous flow systems. The treatment efficiency was determined through three different methods, i.e., chemical oxygen demand (COD), fluorescence and ultraviolet (UV) absorption. Fluorescence and UV absorption techniques were employed due to their specificity in measurement of humic substances, aromatic compounds and heterocyclic systems, whereas COD is a general parameter for the estimation of total organic matter. Fluorescence and UV absorbance values were correlated with respective COD values.