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BASILE, PAUL S.; GRANDVILLE, BAUDOIN
doi: 10.1111/j.1477-8947.1984.tb00479.xpmid: N/A
In 1982, for the first time since OPEC was founded in 1961, its production was surpassed by the non‐OPEC countries in the world excluding the centrally planned economies. In that year, for the world as a whole, OPEC provided 35% of the oil consumed. The decline was brought about by a decrease in consumption and by a marked increase in production from non‐OPEC sources. It is expected that non‐OPEC producers will have the capacity to meet more than half of the world's oil requirements until the early 1990s, at which time OPEC producers will again assume the role of providing over 50% of the world's oil.
doi: 10.1111/j.1477-8947.1984.tb00480.xpmid: N/A
One of the most critical problems facing many developing countries is that of the alarming rate of depletion of traditional sources of energy, largely fuelwood and charcoal, which together command the largest share of energy used in rural areas. This has resulted in soil erosion, degradation of the land, reduced agricultural productivity and potentially serious ecological change. The social and economic impacts have been detrimental to the countries' populations, particularly for those living in the rural areas. Urgent action is therefore required to correct the fast deteriorating situation through evolution of fitting policies, establishment or strengthening of appropriate institutions and provision of adequate funding. But resolving the situation will be difficult and challenging for the problems are many, some of them complex. New sources of energy such as solar, wind, biomass, hydro and geothermal have a potential role to play in helping meet current and future energy requirements in the rural areas; but their widespread use and acceptance would be enhanced through increased research, development and demonstration, more funding, improved education and training and better flow of information on the advances in these fields.
doi: 10.1111/j.1477-8947.1984.tb00481.xpmid: N/A
The nature of the technical assistance needed by the energy‐importing developing countries to bring energy sector projects up to the implementation stage is discussed. Such projects may be delayed or poorly implemented because the energy‐importing developing country lacks the proper infrastructure or the technical/managerial skills to carry them out. Planning helps to identify the resources, financial, technical and managerial, that need to be brought to bear as well as the benefits that can be achieved.
doi: 10.1111/j.1477-8947.1984.tb00482.xpmid: N/A
This paper reviews the water resources management experience with respect to large‐scale irrigation in the Chao Phya Basin in Central Thailand. Following a description of the physical setting and the water resources development schemes that have evolved since the early 1900s, the applicable governmental organization structure is presented in relation to specific water resources management activities. A summary of major accomplishments and environmental consequences of the development is presented. Finally, major problems and issues of water resources management are raised, including: lack of comprehensive planning; data shortages, overemphasis on physical factors; emerging water scarcities; and difficulties of achieving efficient and equitable development.
LÉVY, JEAN‐PIERRE; ODUNTON, NII ALLOTEY
doi: 10.1111/j.1477-8947.1984.tb00483.xpmid: N/A
In 1983, the Preparatory Commission for the International Sea‐Bed Authority and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea appointed its officers, decided upon its structure and adopted a programme of work. In July of the previous year, the US Government announced that it would not sign the Convention on the Law of the Sea and thus would not participate in the deliberations of the Preparatory Commission. As part of the Texts adopted, Resolution II establishes a scheme for the Protection of Pioneer investment pending the entry into force of the Convention. This scheme is predicated on the philosphy embodied in the Convention in respect of the establishment of a resource policy for the development of sea‐bed mineral resources and takes into account its basic component, the limitation of production. This article investigates the impact of future sea‐bed mineral development on the affected economies of developing land‐based producer states. It also reviews the mechanisms to be utilized to mitigate against possible adverse impacts and attempts to assess the extent to which these resources may be exploited in the medium term.
CLARK, ALLEN; JOHNSON, CHARLES; CHINN, PAULINE
doi: 10.1111/j.1477-8947.1984.tb00484.xpmid: N/A
Cobalt‐rich manganese crusts occurring within the 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of Pacific island nations may be of long‐term strategic importance to the major industrialized nations and represent an important long‐term development option for Pacific island nations. A resource assessment methodology is described and used to estimate the resource potential of cobalt, copper, nickel and manganese within the EEZs of the Hawaiian Archipelago, Johnston and Palmyra Islands. Results of this study indicate a resource of roughly 10 million tons of cobalt, 6 million tons of nickel, 1 million tons of copper and 300 million tons of manganese within the study area. Available data on manganese crusts and ocean bottom topography is inadequate for undertaking a full assessment of the resource potential of crusts within the EEZs of most Pacific island nations. Therefore it is recommended that to evaluate the potential of these nations a comprehensive research programme should be developed and implemented.
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