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doi: 10.1111/j.1477-8947.1978.tb00388.xpmid: N/A
This article examines the potential of State Petroleum Enterprises in the developing countries for taking a lead in transfer of technology. After examining the reasons behind the growing demands for technology transfer, the paper defines the content of this technology and the means by which it can be transferred. In spite of reluctance on the part of the developed nations and the multinational oil companies to part with petroleum technology without an economic or political concession from the developing countries, much of this technology is either in the public domain or for sale by small speciality companies. The Enterprises can buy this technology and they can contract with specialty firms for operation with their countries. Of foremost importance is the education of nationals and development of indigenous group familiar with the scientific basis and specific techniques of petroleum technology.
doi: 10.1111/j.1477-8947.1978.tb00389.xpmid: N/A
Future energy requirements are often estimated by prediction, as if they were beyond man's control. After stating that such predictions have, in practice, become implicit planning, the author outlines necessary steps for discussing future energy requirements and raises some basic issues which must be considered when comparing the feasibilities of ‘hard’ or ‘soft’ energy paths.
doi: 10.1111/j.1477-8947.1978.tb00390.xpmid: N/A
This article discusses the problems facing refinery operations in developing countries and possible solutions to them. The topics covered include security of crude oil supply to the developing countries; difficulties encountered in development of indigenous expertise in refinery operation; refinery capacity and the special problems of maintenance and repair facing refinery operators in the developing parts of the world; and the potential for improved refinery operation through increased international co‐operation.
doi: 10.1111/j.1477-8947.1978.tb00391.xpmid: N/A
Official statistics and surveys show that woodfuel is the dominant end‐use of forest products especially in developing countries. This paper examines the end‐use pattern and per capita consumption figures for selected developing countries. In terms of total energy requirements woodfuel, a renewable resource, is the third most important fuel after oil and coal, but may be the primary fuel in terms of number of actual consumers. The future consumption pattern is estimated for the developing and developed countries and it is anticipated that total woodfuel consumption may increase by about 2 per cent per year at least until the year 2000. The supply position shows that while present consumption of all forest products is more or less in balance with the increment of the growing stock, in certain areas the forest capital is being depleted to meet demand. Total demand is likely to double by the turn of the century. Therefore, plantations, especially of fuelwood, will have to be established if the growing stock is not to be depleted and if an energy crisis in developing countries is to be averted.
Neghassi, Habte Mariam; Seagraves, James A.
doi: 10.1111/j.1477-8947.1978.tb00392.xpmid: N/A
Efficiency in the use of water for irrigation is normally defined in a physical sense ‐ engineering and agronomic; and it is often assumed that higher efficiency is desirable. However, in an economic sense, there is an optimum range in the level of physical efficiency. Normally it can be said that as water prices increase, it becomes more rational to increase physical efficiency by selecting and adopting improved methods of controlling, measuring and applying water, and to design systems of pricing and regulations that will promote optimal allocation and efficient use. However, the value of water is often extremely low, in which case there may be little economic incentive to improve physical efficiency unless forced by physical factors that affect production and productivity such as soil characteristics, waterlogging or nutrient leaching. The combination of regulations and prices that are used to allocate irrigation water reflect the conflicting goals of redistribution of income in favor of agriculture and needs to encourage efficient use of water. Regulations and pricing systems also depend on the value of water, the dependability of supplies, systems of delivery and the extent to which flows can be regulated. Using examples and case studies, this paper discusses physical and economic efficiencies and their interrelationships. It emphasizes the role of pricing and regulations and provides general guidelines.
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