Regional Studies

Chalmers, James A.; Beckhelm, Terrance L.

doi: 10.1080/09595237600185031pmid: N/A

‘… the shift and share technique is not a useful framework for regional projection … the competitive component is not associated with the forces others have argued determine a region's competitive position,’ Brown (1969) Chalmers J. A. and Beckhelm T. L. (1976). Shift and share and the theory of industrial location, Reg. Studies, 10, 15–23. The paper challenges the contention that the differential shift is not a useful concept because it cannot be given behavioral content. A set of hypotheses about the determinants of industrial location is presented in the framework of space cost and space revenue surfaces. The model is tested for 23 industries for as many SMSA's as there are disclosed data in the 1963 and 1967 Census of Manufacturers. The results show that the differential shift in many industries in a cross-section of cities can be well-explained by variables that would be expected to affect spatial variations in profits.

Gordon, Ian R.

doi: 10.1080/09595237600185041pmid: N/A

Gordon I. R. (1976) Gravity demand functions, accessibility and regional trade, Reg. Studies 10, 25–37. The paper examines the spatial stability of the gravity model relationship between regional trade flows and distance costs in the light of recent suggestions that the degree of distance deterrence is inversely related to accessibility. A re-analysis of British freight flow data suggests that any such spatial variation is probably attributable to the commodity composition of traffic and is sufficiently limited not to invalidate the use of (slightly modified) measures of economic potential. A broader aim of the paper is to offer an economic interpretation of the gravity and potential concepts within the framework of recent statistical derivations.

Masser, Ian

doi: 10.1080/09595237600185051pmid: N/A

Masser I. (1976) The design of spatial systems for internal migration analysis, Reg. Studies 10, 39–52. To overcome the accounting problems that have hitherto inhibited studies of migration which include both intraregional and interregional flows, spatial systems must be defined in terms of two or more levels of resolution. The basic framework of migration analysis in a two level spatial system is described in general terms and its value is illustrated by reference to an analysis of internal migration in the Netherlands during 1969. In studies of this kind special consideration must be given to the development of special aggregation procedures for identifying the migration sub-systems that are used in the accounting framework and conventional models of spatial interaction must be reformulated to take account of two level systems. The results of the Dutch study draw attention to some limitations in the spatial system that is currently used for accounting purposes in the Netherlands and demonstrate the flexibility of the two level spatial interaction model in situations of this kind.

Bracken, I.J.

doi: 10.1080/09595237600185061pmid: N/A

Bracken I. J. (1976) Estimation and cluster anlysis of net migration age profiles for urban areas in England and Wales, Reg. Studies. 10, 53–69. This paper describes a development of the residual method for the estimation of net migration data in disaggregated form by age and sex. This is in the form of a model which has been specifically designed to use British census data. Its application to population data for one hundred and twenty four urban areas in England and Wales is described. The paper deals with the particular calibration requirements of the model, the calculation of seven vital demographic rates and the difficulties imposed by the nature of the source data. The resulting net migration profiles by age are subject to a form of cluster analysis which is used to determine a classification based on similarities of the profiles. The paper concludes with some preliminary findings and suggests possible developments of the method.

Archer, B.H.

doi: 10.1080/09595237600185071pmid: N/A

Archer B. H. (1976) The anatomy of a multiplier, Reg. Studies 10, 71–77. Some disagreement still exists amongst economists about the exact meaning and concept of the regional multiplier and the nature of the multiplicand. This paper attempts to clarify the situation, firstly by means of a simple income formula and, secondly, by reference to a tourist multiplier model. The latter originally tested on Anglesey data and later used as the basis for studies in Tayside and Cardiganshire shows firstly how the multiplicand can be disaggregated to investigate direct first round leakages and secondly how subsequent indirect and induced regional income and employment generation can be measured.

Metcalf, A.E.; Markham, J.; Feeney, B.P.

doi: 10.1080/09595237600185081pmid: N/A

Metcalf A. E., Markham J. and Feeney B. P. (1976) A price resistance model for personal travel, Reg. Studies 10, 79–88. This paper describes the development of a price resistance model for personal travel. The model provides a comprehensive and flexible mechanism for assessing the effect on the demand for travel for any particular mode or modes of cost changes, such as changes in bus fares, petrol prices, parking charges, etc. Both the absolute change in the overall demand for travel associated with any change in cost (considered in terms of both time and money) for a specific mode, and the competitive adjustments in demand between modes as a result of the change are taken into account in the model. The results of a case study on the effect of bus fare increases shows that the models predictive ability is good and that it is a realistic and robust tool.

Robertson, Isobel M.L.

doi: 10.1080/09595237600185091pmid: N/A

Robertson I. M. L. (1976) Accessibility to services in the Argyll District of Strathclyde, a locational model, Reg. Studies 10, 89–95. A model which can determine the optimum locations for facilities in an area of circuitous communications is described. Based on real road distances and population data set out on a square grid mesh, the model is applied to the new district of Argyll, a sparsely populated area where the relationship between real road distance and linear distance can be as great as five. Examples are given of the kind of locational problems which can be handled by the technique.

Cesario, F.J.; Knetsch, J.L.

doi: 10.1080/09595237600185101pmid: N/A

Cesario F. J. and Knetsch J. L. (1976) A recreation site demand and benefit estimation model, Reg. Studies 10, 97–104. A model useful for estimating both the numbers of visits per unit time attracted to recreation sites in a region and the primary social benefits associated with these sites is developed. The visitor component of the model predicts use as a function of the characteristics of population centers, recreation sites and spatial separation. The benefits component of the model estimates aggregate willingness to pay using an extension of the familiar Clawson-Knetsch travel cost technique. Novel features of the model include incorporation of a way to capture substitution effects of price changes and inclusion of a measure of time cost as well as money cost in the analysis. An application is provided.