Regional Studies

Kuklinski, A.R.

doi: 10.1080/09595237000185291pmid: N/A

Kuklinski A. R. (1970) Regional development, regional policies and regional planning—Problems and Issues, Reg. Studies 4, 269–278. This is a revised version of a paper which was presented by the author in Monte Carlo to the International Symposium on Development, and in Belfast to the Regional Planning Conference, Ireland 69. Both conferences took place in March 1969. The paper is an attempt to analyse the most important stages of the processes which induce and guide regional development; the processes of goal-setting for regional policies; the formulation of objectives for regional planning, the design of regional plans and their implementation. In the final part of the article, the basic weaknesses of regional planning are discussed and an attempt is made to outline the priorities in research on regional development.

Hart, R.A.

doi: 10.1080/09595237000185301pmid: N/A

Hart R. A. (1970) A model of inter-regional migration in England and Wales, Reg. Studies 4, 279–296. The causes of internal migration in Great Britain constitute a topic still largely unexplored. This study attempts to draw together various possible causal variables which are of interest both to the demographer and the economist. Using the most reliable source of migration statistics, the Census of Population, an examination is undertaken into the effect of regional population sizes and distances in respect to one another, the simple gravity model, as well as the effects of the regional changes in employment in manufacturing industry in the 1950s on the gross flows of migrants for the Census year, 1961. The latter variable, coupled with the regional allocation of service industries, would appear to be an important addition to the economist in his attempt to pinpoint the most important economic influences on the migration movement in order to find measures which will regulate such movement.

Buswell, R.J.; Lewis, E.W.

doi: 10.1080/09595237000185311pmid: N/A

Buswell R. J. and Lewis E. W. (1970) The geographical distribution of industrial research activity in the United Kingdom, Reg. Studies 4, 297–306. The growth of the institutional structure of industrial research activity and its geographical distribution within the United Kindom is described. The disproportionate concentration of research in the South-East and West Midland regions is attributed to a variety of interrelated factors: the high degree of accessibility of the two regions to sources and flows of ideas and information; convenient linkages with the science-based industries concentrated in the two regions and the head offices of research orientated companies, particularly in the London area; the government influence in sponsoring research projects, locating its own laboratories and selecting higher education centres for expansion; finally, the ability of the two regions to provide and attract the specialized labour supplies needed in the laboratories. The community interest in the location of research activities is examined in the final section.

Batty, M.

doi: 10.1080/09595237000185321pmid: N/A

Batty M. (1970) An activity allocation model for the Nottinghamshire-Derbyshire subregion, Reg. Studies 4, 307–332. This paper outlines the development of a quantitative model, designed to explain the location of population and service employment in the Nottinghamshire-Derbyshire subregion. The model uses an economic base mechanism to derive population and service employment from basic employment, and spatial interaction submodels to locate the population and service employment in different zones of the subregion. To fit the parameters of the model, a two-stage calibration process is developed, incorporating a simple hill-climbing procedure which involves successively improving the values of the model's parameters until a best fit is reached. Assessments of the calibration process reveal certain structural weaknesses in the model. A description of the recursive projections made with the model is provided and demonstrated in relation to a hypothetical development strategy for the Nottinghamshire-Derbyshire subregion. Projections with this model reveal ways in which the trajectories of population, employment and internal migration can be charted, and used by the planner in analysing and controlling the behaviour of the subregion through time.

Craig, J.

doi: 10.1080/09595237000185331pmid: N/A

Craig J. (1970) Estimating the age and sex structure of net migration for a subregion. A case study: North and South Humberside, 1951–1961, Reg. Studies 4, 333–347. Survival rate methods are adapted to provide an analysis by sex and quinary age groups of total net migration as estimated from births, deaths and population change; various difficulties in doing this are discussed. The effect of recruitment to, and demobilization from, the Armed Forces is considered and it is found that it is possible to make a better estimate of civilian net migration than that obtained from the usual assumption of “average” recruitment. Finally the results are examined to illustrate what kind of new information this method of analysis yields.

Sant, M.E.C.

doi: 10.1080/09595237000185341pmid: N/A

Sant M. E. C. (1970) Age and area in industrial location: A study of manufacturing establishments in East Anglia, Reg. Studies 4, 349–358. Industrial location is part of the process of economic development and should be seen in a dynamic context. Data collected from a sample of manufacturing firms in East Anglia suggest that over a long period the distribution of economic changes closely reflects a system of “cumulative causation”. In the mid-twentieth century “spread” effects have been operating, leading to changes in the character of areas which have profound effects on firms seeking locations in the region.

Law, C.M.

doi: 10.1080/09595237000185351pmid: N/A

Law C. M. (1970) Employment growth and regional policy in North-West England, Reg. Studies 4, 359–366. Employment location policies have hitherto been largely based on unemployment considerations. It is suggested that this basis is too narrow and that instead the geographical aspects of these policies should be based on the employment needs of an area obtained by measuring the actual employment growth against the planned job requirements. A technique for measuring employment growth in terms of the birth, death and migration of jobs is proposed. Although the data available to private research workers are too limited to apply this technique fully, an attempt has been made to demonstrate this technique using the crude data available for the North-West. It was found possible using this method to divide the areas of the region on the basis of employment growth performance and suggest possible policy conclusions. Such conclusions can be tentative in the absence of full data and full regional and national plans, but if these were provided it is suggested that this technique could be refined and used to frame broader employment location policies.

Board, C.; Davies, R.J.; Fair, T.J.D.

doi: 10.1080/09595237000185361pmid: N/A

Board C., Davies R. J. and Fair T. J. D. (1970). The structure of the South African space economy: an integrated approach, Reg. Studies 4, 367–392. The South African space economy in the 1960s is considered at the national and sub-national levels. An integrated view of it is achieved by relating surfaces of socio-economic character, the status and character of nodes, and flows and networks of traffic and communications. Principal components analysis isolates intensity of economic activity and welfare as main dimensions in the socio-economic landscape, whose peaks coincide with major poles of economic activity, leaders of the urban hierarchy and the foci of movement and interaction. The space economy is organized into a number of nodal regions, the largest of which centres on the Witwatersrand. When these are integrated with the surfaces of differing socioeconomic level, four development regions and some marginal areas are distinguished. Within them the degree to which peripheries are integrated with regional core areas suggests what stage of economic development they have reached.

Helliwell, D.R.

doi: 10.1080/09595237000185371pmid: N/A

Keeble, D.E.

doi: 10.1080/09595237000185381pmid: N/A