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doi: 10.1080/09595237000185201pmid: N/A
Lichfield N. (1970) Evaluation methodology of urban and regional plans: A Review, Reg. Studies 4, 151–165. Of recent years there has been advancement in the urban and regional planning process in terms of the conscious searching out of alternative policies, projects and plans with a view to selection amongst them of the preferred solution. The search may be confined to the design process of the professional planners culminating in one preferred solution to the political decision makers; or it may lead to the presentation of alternatives to the decision makers, with or without a recommendation as to choice. In both cases there is need for formal testing of the alternatives with a view to indicating the preferred choice. There has also been advancement in such testing methodologies. But a distinction is here made between tests in general and the particular test of a plan or project as a whole with a view to choice of that which is best in terms of community welfare. Such a test is here called Plan Evaluation. After describing the generalities of tests the article makes a comparative review of some twenty plan evaluation methodologies which have been used in practice or advocated in the literature. It does so by reference to ten criteria to which comprehensive evaluation methodologies should conform if they are to suit the purpose, concerning itself with the potential of the methodology rather than the actual example of its use. It concludes in favour of the Planning Balance Sheet, that is cost-benefit analysis as applied to urban and regional planning, as having the greater potential.
doi: 10.1080/09595237000185211pmid: N/A
Gwilliam K. M. (1970) The indirect effects of highway investment, Reg. Studies 4, 167–176. Both in the context of developed and developing economies there has been controversy concerning the way in which the indirect or secondary effects of road investment should be handled. This paper reviews some recent contributions to the discussion and examines the theoretical basis for including indirect effects in the project appraisal scheme. The role of impact studies in producing the relevant basic data is discussed. The paper concludes with some suggestions concerning the way in which consideration of re-organization effects might be introduced into the appraisal without abandoning the present established general form.
doi: 10.1080/09595237000185221pmid: N/A
Waller R. A. (1970) Environmental quality, its measurement and control, Reg. Studies 4, 177–191. Before it can be controlled, environmental quality needs to be measured. This involves finding a measure of the physical environment which correlates with people's enjoyment of it. It also involves evaluating the worth of the environment in monetary terms in order to decide how much to spend. The paper summarizes techniques of evaluation and puts forward a method by which many diverse aspects of the environment can be related to a common scale which in turn can have a monetary value attached to it. The implications of this philosophy are explored in the context of political decisions relating to planning problems and using traffic noise as an example demonstrates how cost-benefit techniques can be applied to environmental questions.
doi: 10.1080/09595237000185231pmid: N/A
J. F. Smith (1970) The design of a transportation study with regard to the evaluation of its output, Reg. Studies 4, 193–204. The paper gives a brief summary of the methods of evaluation at present available for the system-wide evaluation of transport predictions. Recognizing two distinct problem areas, the design of studies which consider network options for a single land-use prediction, and the design of studies involving network alternatives and land-use alternatives together, the paper goes on to show how evaluation controls the prediction work which is undertaken for both these cases. Attention is particularly drawn to the difficulties of evaluation for the second case.
doi: 10.1080/09595237000185241pmid: N/A
Quarmby D. A. (1970) Estimating the transport value of a Barrage across Morecambe Bay, Reg. Studies 4, 205–239. The paper describes an attempt to estimate the net transport value of a road built on top of a Morecambe Bay Barrage whose primary purpose would be water supply. The basic method involved a traffic model to simulate vehicle movements on the road network in the area, and an economic evaluation procedure to measure benefits arising from changes in the network. Problems included the strong dependence of benefits to the Barrage road on the possible existence of other projects such as the Arnside Link and the Duddon Estuary crossing (and vice versa), and the budget constraint on road building in the Ministry of Transport which has the effect of raising the criteria for road projects above those normally required for other public sector investments. The effects of tolls were also studied.
doi: 10.1080/09595237000185251pmid: N/A
McBride G. A. (1970) Policy matters in investment decision-making, Reg. Studies 4, 241–253. This paper illustrates the importance of policy determination in investment decision-making. It focuses on a methodology for formulating investment plans, using the Appalachian Development Highway System as an example. The distinguishing feature of such a program is that multiple objectives are involved; one concerned with the distribution of net benefits. In this paper, a benefit-cost framework is proposed that simultaneously treats multiple objectives, as well as other matters of policy. The framework is used to evaluate one segment of the Appalachian System. It is shown that the outcome depends largely on the policy-makers' statement of objectives, the relative values assigned to contributions to these objectives generated by the investment, and the selection of a rate of interest and economic life of the project. It is not a complete accounting of the benefits and costs, nor does it provide an estimate of multiplier benefits. It does, however, provide an estimate of the first-round net benefits generated by the investment for multiple objectives.
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