Review article: short chain fatty acids as potential therapeutic agents in human gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders

P. A. Gill; M. C. Zelm; J. G. Muir; P. R. Gibson

doi:10.1111/apt.14689

Dietary fibre intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta‐analysis

Threapleton, DE; Greenwood, DC; Evans, CE

Dietary fibre in food and protection against colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): an observational study

Bingham, SA; Day, NE; Luben, R

Whole‐grain and fiber intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes

Montonen, J; Knekt, P; Jarvinen, R; Aromaa, A; Reunanen, A

Production rates and metabolism of short‐chain fatty acids in the colon and whole body using stable isotopes

Pouteau, E; Nguyen, P; Ballevre, O; Krempf, M

De novo lipogenesis, lipid kinetics, and whole‐body lipid balances in humans after acute alcohol consumption

Siler, SQ; Neese, RA; Hellerstein, MK

Short‐chain fatty acids in germfree mice and rats

Hoverstad, T; Midtvedt, T

Review article: insights into colonic protein fermentation, its modulation and potential health implications

Yao, CK; Muir, JG; Gibson, PR

The control and consequences of bacterial fermentation in the human colon

Cummings, JH; Macfarlane, GT

Dietary fibre in Europe: current state of knowledge on definitions, sources, recommendations, intakes and relationships to health

Stephen, AM; Champ, MM; Cloran, SJ

Fiber and functional gastrointestinal disorders

Eswaran, S; Muir, J; Chey, WD

Translocation of Crohn's disease Escherichia coli across M‐cells: contrasting effects of soluble plant fibres and emulsifiers

Roberts, CL; Keita, AV; Duncan, SH

Mechanism of action of dietary fibre in the human colon

Stephen, AM; Cummings, JH

Constipation, dietary fibre and the control of large bowel function

Cummings, JH

Butyrate production from dietary fibre and protection against large bowel cancer in a rat model

McIntyre, A; Gibson, PR; Young, GP

Production, metabolism, and excretion of hydrogen in the large intestine

Christl, SU; Murgatroyd, PR; Gibson, GR; Cummings, JH

Fructooligosaccharides exhibit more rapid fermentation than long‐chain inulin in an in vitro fermentation system

Stewart, ML; Timm, DA; Slavin, JL

In vitro batch fecal fermentation comparison of gas and short‐chain fatty acid production using “slowly fermentable” dietary fibers

Kaur, A; Rose, DJ; Rumpagaporn, P; Patterson, JA; Hamaker, BR

Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa

Filippo, C; Cavalieri, D; Paola, M

Dominant and diet‐responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota

Walker, AW; Ince, J; Duncan, SH

Ruminococcus bromii is a keystone species for the degradation of resistant starch in the human colon

Ze, X; Duncan, SH; Louis, P; Flint, HJ

Linking phylogenetic identities of bacteria to starch fermentation in an in vitro model of the large intestine by RNA‐based stable isotope probing

Kovatcheva‐Datchary, P; Egert, M; Maathuis, A

Links between diet, gut microbiota composition and gut metabolism

Flint, HJ; Duncan, SH; Scott, KP; Louis, P

Sulphate reducing bacteria and hydrogen metabolism in the human large intestine

Gibson, GR; Macfarlane, GT; Cummings, JH

Fecal butyrate levels vary widely among individuals but are usually increased by a diet high in resistant starch

McOrist, AL; Miller, RB; Bird, AR

Regulation of short‐chain fatty acid production

Macfarlane, S; Macfarlane, GT

Abnormal fibre usage in UC in remission

James, SL; Christophersen, CT; Bird, AR

Role of pH in production of hydrogen from carbohydrates by colonic bacterial flora. Studies in vivo and in vitro

Perman, JA; Modler, S; Olson, AC

Combinations of indigestible carbohydrates affect short‐chain fatty acid formation in the hindgut of rats

Henningsson, AM; Bjorck, IM; Nyman, EM

Effect of resistant starch on fecal bulk and fermentation‐dependent events in humans

Phillips, J; Muir, JG; Birkett, A

Two routes of metabolic cross‐feeding between Bifidobacterium adolescentis and butyrate‐producing anaerobes from the human gut

Belenguer, A; Duncan, SH; Calder, AG

Gut‐derived short‐chain fatty acids are vividly assimilated into host carbohydrates and lipids

Besten, G; Lange, K; Havinga, R

The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio of the human microbiota changes with age

Mariat, D; Firmesse, O; Levenez, F

Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic‐treated and non‐antibiotic‐treated elderly subjects

Woodmansey, EJ; McMurdo, ME; Macfarlane, GT; Macfarlane, S

pH and peptide supply can radically alter bacterial populations and short‐chain fatty acid ratios within microbial communities from the human colon

Walker, AW; Duncan, SH; McWilliam Leitch, EC; Child, MW; Flint, HJ

Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood

Cummings, JH; Pomare, EW; Branch, WJ; Naylor, CP; Macfarlane, GT

Investigation of pH and temperature profiles in the gi tract of fasted human subjects using the intellicap((R)) system

Koziolek, M; Grimm, M; Becker, D

Combining wheat bran with resistant starch has more beneficial effects on fecal indexes than does wheat bran alone

Muir, JG; Yeow, EG; Keogh, J

The use of a wireless motility device (SmartPill(R)) for the measurement of gastrointestinal transit time after a dietary fibre intervention

Timm, D; Willis, H; Thomas, W; Sanders, L; Boileau, T; Slavin, J

Bio‐electrolytic sensor for rapid monitoring of volatile fatty acids in anaerobic digestion process

Jin, X; Li, X; Zhao, N; Angelidaki, I; Zhang, Y

Wheat bran affects the site of fermentation of resistant starch and luminal indexes related to colon cancer risk: a study in pigs

Govers, MJ; Gannon, NJ; Dunshea, FR; Gibson, PR; Muir, JG

Different fibers have different regional effects on luminal contents of rat colon

McIntyre, A; Young, GP; Taranto, T; Gibson, PR; Ward, PB

Increasing butyrate concentration in the distal colon by accelerating intestinal transit

Lewis, SJ; Heaton, KW

Relations between transit time, fermentation products, and hydrogen consuming flora in healthy humans

Oufir, L; Flourie, B; Bruley des Varannes, S

Short‐chain fatty acids modify colonic motility through nerves and polypeptide YY release in the rat

Cherbut, C; Ferrier, L; Roze, C

The short chain fatty acid propionate stimulates GLP‐1 and PYY secretion via free fatty acid receptor 2 in rodents

Psichas, A; Sleeth, ML; Murphy, KG

Effects of targeted delivery of propionate to the human colon on appetite regulation, body weight maintenance and adiposity in overweight adults

Chambers, ES; Viardot, A; Psichas, A

Colonic infusions of short‐chain fatty acid mixtures promote energy metabolism in overweight/obese men: a randomized crossover trial

Canfora, EE; Beek, CM; Jocken, JWE

Effects of peptide YY (PYY) on mouth to caecum intestinal transit time and on the rate of gastric emptying in healthy volunteers

Savage, AP; Adrian, TE; Carolan, G; Chatterjee, VK; Bloom, SR

Production and utilization of acetate in mammals

Knowles, SE; Jarrett, IG; Filsell, OH; Ballard, FJ

Ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetate, and lactate levels after alcohol intake in white men and women: effect of 4‐methylpyrazole

Sarkola, T; Iles, MR; Kohlenberg‐Mueller, K; Eriksson, CJ

Measurement of propionate turnover in vivo using sodium [2H5]propionate and sodium [13C]propionate

Walter, JH; Thompson, GN; Leonard, JV; Heatherington, CS; Bartlett, K

The contribution of the large intestine to blood acetate in man

Scheppach, W; Pomare, EW; Elia, M; Cummings, JH

Time of day and glucose tolerance status affect serum short‐chain fatty acid concentrations in humans

Wolever, TM; Josse, RG; Leiter, LA; Chiasson, JL

Plasma acetate levels in a group of obese diabetic, obese normoglycemic, and control subjects and their relationships with other blood parameters

Todesco, T; Zamboni, M; Armellini, F

Comparison and validation of 2 analytical methods for the determination of free fatty acids in dairy products by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection

Mannion, DT; Furey, A; Kilcawley, KN

Biotechnology of lactic acid bacteria

Mayo, B; Aleksandrzak‐Piekarczyk, T; Fernández, M; Kowalczyk, M; Álvarez‐Martín, P; Bardowski, J

Probiotic bacteria in fermented foods: product characteristics and starter organisms

Heller, KJ

Influence of starter cultures on the antioxidant activity of kombucha beverage

Malbasa, RV; Loncar, ES; Vitas, JS; Canadanovic‐Brunet, JM

Cultivation and preservation of vinegar bacteria

Sokollek, SJ; Hertel, C; Hammes, WP

Blue cheese

Cantor, MD; van den Tempel, T; Hansen, TK; Ardö, Y

Sensitivity of bifidobacteria to oxygen and redox potential in non‐fermented pasteurized milk

Bolduc, MP; Raymond, Y; Fustier, P; Champagne, CP; Vuillemard, JC

Survival of Lactobacillus‐Acidophilus and Bifidobacterium‐Bifidum in commercial yogurt during refrigerated storage

Shah, NP; Lankaputhra, WEV; Britz, ML; Kyle, WSA

Acceleration of cheese ripening

Fox, PF; Wallace, JM; Morgan, S; Lynch, CM; Niland, EJ; Tobin, J

Growth, organic acids profile and sugar metabolism of Bifidobacterium lactis in co‐culture with Streptococcus thermophilus: the inulin effect

Oliveira, RPD; Perego, P; Oliveira, MN; Converti, A

Absorption of short‐chain fatty acids from the rat cecum in vivo

Fleming, SE; Choi, SY; Fitch, MD

Short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) uptake into Caco‐2 cells by a pH‐dependent and carrier mediated transport mechanism

Stein, J; Zores, M; Schroder, O

Mechanism of short‐chain fatty acid uptake by apical membrane vesicles of rat distal colon

Mascolo, N; Rajendran, VM; Binder, HJ

Functional identification of SLC5A8, a tumor suppressor down‐regulated in colon cancer, as a Na(+)‐coupled transporter for short‐chain fatty acids

Miyauchi, S; Gopal, E; Fei, YJ; Ganapathy, V

A novel nutrient sensing mechanism underlies substrate‐induced regulation of monocarboxylate transporter‐1

Borthakur, A; Priyamvada, S; Kumar, A

Inhibition of butyrate uptake by the primary bile salt chenodeoxycholic acid in intestinal epithelial cells

Goncalves, P; Catarino, T; Gregorio, I; Martel, F

Lactobacillus acidophilus counteracts enteropathogenic E. coli‐induced inhibition of butyrate uptake in intestinal epithelial cells

Kumar, A; Alrefai, WA; Borthakur, A; Dudeja, PK

Portal and peripheral blood short chain fatty acid concentrations after caecal lactulose instillation at surgery

Peters, SG; Pomare, EW; Fisher, CA

Systemic availability and metabolism of colonic‐derived short‐chain fatty acids in healthy subjects: a stable isotope study

Boets, E; Gomand, SV; Deroover, L

Resistant starch in the diet increases breath hydrogen and serum acetate in human subjects

Muir, JG; Lu, ZX; Young, GP; Cameron‐Smith, D; Collier, GR; O'Dea, K

Xylo‐oligosaccharide (XOS) in combination with inulin modulates both the intestinal environment and immune status in healthy subjects, while XOS alone only shows prebiotic properties

Lecerf, JM; Depeint, F; Clerc, E

Guar, but not psyllium, increases breath methane and serum acetate concentrations in human subjects

Wolever, TM; Wal, P; Spadafora, P; Robb, P

The acute effects of inulin and resistant starch on postprandial serum short‐chain fatty acids and second‐meal glycemic response in lean and overweight humans

Rahat‐Rozenbloom, S; Fernandes, J; Cheng, J; Gloor, GB; Wolever, TM

Acute effects of intravenous and rectal acetate on glucagon‐like peptide‐1, peptide YY, ghrelin, adiponectin and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha

Freeland, KR; Wolever, TM

The orphan G protein‐coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids

Brown, AJ; Goldsworthy, SM; Barnes, AA

GPR109A, GPR109B and GPR81, a family of hydroxy‐carboxylic acid receptors

Ahmed, K; Tunaru, S; Offermanns, S

Metabolite‐sensing G protein‐coupled receptors‐facilitators of diet‐related immune regulation

Tan, JK; McKenzie, C; Marino, E; Macia, L; Mackay, CR

Expression of the short chain fatty acid receptor GPR41/FFAR3 in autonomic and somatic sensory ganglia

Nohr, MK; Egerod, KL; Christiansen, SH

Functional characterization of human receptors for short chain fatty acids and their role in polymorphonuclear cell activation

Poul, E; Loison, C; Struyf, S

(D)‐beta‐Hydroxybutyrate inhibits adipocyte lipolysis via the nicotinic acid receptor PUMA‐G

Taggart, AK; Kero, J; Gan, X

Inhibition of histone‐deacetylase activity by short‐chain fatty acids and some polyphenol metabolites formed in the colon

Waldecker, M; Kautenburger, T; Daumann, H; Busch, C; Schrenk, D

Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity by butyrate

Davie, JR

Competitive inhibition of histone deacetylase activity by trichostatin A and butyrate

Sekhavat, A; Sun, JM; Davie, JR

Short‐chain fatty acids induce both effector and regulatory T cells by suppression of histone deacetylases and regulation of the mTOR‐S6K pathway

Park, J; Kim, M; Kang, SG

Utilization of nutrients by isolated epithelial cells of the rat colon

Roediger, WE

Does butyrate protect from colorectal cancer?

Sengupta, S; Muir, JG; Gibson, PR

Contrasting effects of butyrate on the expression of phenotypic markers of differentiation in neoplastic and non‐neoplastic colonic epithelial cells in vitro

Gibson, PR; Moeller, I; Kagelari, O; Folino, M; Young, GP

Dietary fructo‐oligosaccharides and lactulose inhibit intestinal colonisation but stimulate translocation of salmonella in rats

Bovee‐Oudenhoven, IM; Bruggencate, SJ; Lettink‐Wissink, ML; Meer, R

Dietary fructooligosaccharides increase intestinal permeability in rats

Bruggencate, SJ; Bovee‐Oudenhoven, IM; Lettink‐Wissink, ML; Meer, R

Dietary fructooligosaccharides affect intestinal barrier function in healthy men

Bruggencate, SJ; Bovee‐Oudenhoven, IM; Lettink‐Wissink, ML; Katan, MB; Meer, R

Relationship of hydrolase activities to epithelial cell turnover in distal colonic mucosa of normal rats

Gibson, PR; Nov, R; Fielding, M

Wheat bran suppresses potato starch–potentiated colorectal tumorigenesis at the aberrant crypt stage in a rat model

Young, GP; McIntyre, A; Albert, V; Folino, M; Muir, JG; Gibson, PR

The monocarboxylate transporter family–role and regulation

Halestrap, AP; Wilson, MC

SLC transporters as a novel class of tumour suppressors: identity, function and molecular mechanisms

Bhutia, YD; Babu, E; Ramachandran, S; Yang, S; Thangaraju, M; Ganapathy, V

Stimulatory effect of short‐chain fatty acids on epithelial cell proliferation in the rat intestine: a possible explanation for trophic effects of fermentable fibre, gut microbes and luminal trophic factors

Sakata, T

Effects of an elemental diet, inert bulk and different types of dietary fibre on the response of the intestinal epithelium to refeeding in the rat and relationship to plasma gastrin, enteroglucagon, and PYY concentrations

Goodlad, RA; Lenton, W; Ghatei, MA; Adrian, TE; Bloom, SR; Wright, NA

Stimulation of intestinal mucosal growth with intracolonic infusion of short‐chain fatty acids

Kripke, SA; Fox, AD; Berman, JM; Settle, RG; Rombeau, JL

Resistant starch induces catabolic but suppresses immune and cell division pathways and changes the microbiome in the proximal colon of male pigs

Haenen, D; Souza da Silva, C; Zhang, J

Short‐chain fatty acids induce reversible injury of porcine colon

Argenzio, RA; Meuten, DJ

Butyrate is a potent inhibitor of urokinase secretion by normal colonic epithelium in vitro

Gibson, PR; Rosella, O; Rosella, G; Young, GP

Effect of short‐chain fatty acids on paracellular permeability in Caco‐2 intestinal epithelium model

Mariadason, JM; Barkla, DH; Gibson, PR

Short‐chain fatty acids promote the migration of colonic epithelial cells in vitro

Wilson, AJ; Gibson, PR

Butyrate modulates bacterial adherence on LS174T human colorectal cells by stimulating mucin secretion and MAPK signaling pathway

Jung, TH; Park, JH; Jeon, WM; Han, KS

Diet‐derived short chain fatty acids stimulate intestinal epithelial cells to induce mucosal tolerogenic dendritic cells

Goverse, G; Molenaar, R; Macia, L

Gut microbiome‐derived metabolites modulate intestinal epithelial cell damage and mitigate graft‐versus‐host disease

Mathewson, ND; Jenq, R; Mathew, AV

The SCFA butyrate stimulates the epithelial production of retinoic acid via inhibition of epithelial HDAC

Schilderink, R; Verseijden, C; Seppen, J

Sodium butyrate induces apoptosis in human colonic tumour cell lines in a p53‐independent pathway: implications for the possible role of dietary fibre in the prevention of large‐bowel cancer

Hague, A; Manning, AM; Hanlon, KA; Huschtscha, LI; Hart, D; Paraskeva, C

The influence of specific luminal factors on the colonic epithelium: high‐dose butyrate and physical changes suppress early carcinogenic events in rats

Wong, CS; Sengupta, S; Tjandra, JJ; Gibson, PR

Phase I study of the orally administered butyrate prodrug, tributyrin, in patients with solid tumors

Conley, BA; Egorin, MJ; Tait, N

Butyrate delivered by butyrylated starch increases distal colonic epithelial apoptosis in carcinogen‐treated rats

Clarke, JM; Young, GP; Topping, DL

Colonic epithelial cell activation and the paradoxical effects of butyrate

Gibson, PR; Rosella, O; Wilson, AJ

Resistance to butyrate‐induced cell differentiation and apoptosis during spontaneous Caco‐2 cell differentiation

Mariadason, JM; Velcich, A; Wilson, AJ; Augenlicht, LH; Gibson, PR

Promotion of intestinal epithelial cell turnover by commensal bacteria: role of short‐chain fatty acids

Park, JH; Kotani, T; Konno, T

Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation

Vander Heiden, MG; Cantley, LC; Thompson, CB

The Warburg effect dictates the mechanism of butyrate‐mediated histone acetylation and cell proliferation

Donohoe, DR; Collins, LB; Wali, A; Bigler, R; Sun, W; Bultman, SJ

Gut microbial metabolism drives transformation of MSH2‐deficient colon epithelial cells

Belcheva, A; Irrazabal, T; Robertson, SJ

Activation of Gpr109a, receptor for niacin and the commensal metabolite butyrate, suppresses colonic inflammation and carcinogenesis

Singh, N; Gurav, A; Sivaprakasam, S

Short‐chain fatty acids regulate secretion of IL‐8 from human intestinal epithelial cell lines in vitro

Asarat, M; Vasiljevic, T; Apostolopoulos, V; Donkor, O

Short‐chain fatty acids activate GPR41 and GPR43 on intestinal epithelial cells to promote inflammatory responses in mice

Kim, MH; Kang, SG; Park, JH; Yanagisawa, M; Kim, CH

Butyrate inhibits inflammatory responses through NFkappaB inhibition: implications for Crohn's disease

Segain, JP; Raingeard de la Bletiere, D; Bourreille, A

Interleukin 8 secretion by colonic crypt cells in vitro: response to injury suppressed by butyrate and enhanced in inflammatory bowel disease

Gibson, P; Rosella, O

An essential role of Ffar2 (Gpr43) in dietary fibre‐mediated promotion of healthy composition of gut microbiota and suppression of intestinal carcinogenesis

Sivaprakasam, S; Gurav, A; Paschall, AV

Metabolite‐sensing receptors GPR43 and GPR109A facilitate dietary fibre‐induced gut homeostasis through regulation of the inflammasome

Macia, L; Tan, J; Vieira, AT

Gut microbiota‐derived short‐chain fatty acids, T cells, and inflammation

Kim, CH; Park, J; Kim, M

Effect of sodium butyrate on lymphocyte activation

Kyner, D; Zabos, P; Christman, J; Acs, G

Butyrate inhibits NF‐kappaB activation in lamina propria macrophages of patients with ulcerative colitis

Luhrs, H; Gerke, T; Muller, JG

The microbial metabolite butyrate regulates intestinal macrophage function via histone deacetylase inhibition

Chang, PV; Hao, L; Offermanns, S; Medzhitov, R

Microbial metabolite butyrate facilitates M2 macrophage polarization and function

Ji, J; Shu, D; Zheng, M

Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T‐cell generation

Arpaia, N; Campbell, C; Fan, X

Dietary fiber and bacterial SCFA enhance oral tolerance and protect against food allergy through diverse cellular pathways

Tan, J; McKenzie, C; Vuillermin, PJ

Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43

Maslowski, KM; Vieira, AT; Ng, A

Suppressive effect of short‐chain fatty acids on production of proinflammatory mediators by neutrophils

Vinolo, MA; Rodrigues, HG; Hatanaka, E; Sato, FT; Sampaio, SC; Curi, R

Bacterial short‐chain fatty acid metabolites modulate the inflammatory response against infectious bacteria

Correa, RO; Vieira, A; Sernaglia, EM

Relation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T‐cell suppression of allergen‐driven T‐cell activation to atopic status and expression of allergic disease

Ling, EM; Smith, T; Nguyen, XD

Peripheral and intestinal regulatory CD4+ CD25(high) T cells in inflammatory bowel disease

Maul, J; Loddenkemper, C; Mundt, P

Treg induction by a rationally selected mixture of Clostridia strains from the human microbiota

Atarashi, K; Tanoue, T; Oshima, K

The microbial metabolites, short‐chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis

Smith, PM; Howitt, MR; Panikov, N

Evidence that asthma is a developmental origin disease influenced by maternal diet and bacterial metabolites

Thorburn, AN; McKenzie, CI; Shen, S

Essential role of mitochondrial energy metabolism in Foxp3(+) T‐regulatory cell function and allograft survival

Beier, UH; Angelin, A; Akimova, T

Differential effects of alpha4beta7 and GPR15 on homing of effector and regulatory T cells from patients with UC to the inflamed gut in vivo

Fischer, A; Zundler, S; Atreya, R

Short‐chain fatty acids regulate cytokines and Th17/Treg cells in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro

Asarat, M; Apostolopoulos, V; Vasiljevic, T; Donkor, O

n‐butyrate downregulates the stimulatory function of peripheral blood‐derived antigen‐presenting cells: a potential mechanism for modulating T‐cell responses by short‐chain fatty acids

Bohmig, GA; Krieger, PM; Saemann, MD; Wenhardt, C; Pohanka, E; Zlabinger, GJ

Butyrate strongly inhibits in vitro stimulated release of cytokines in blood

Nancey, S; Bienvenu, J; Coffin, B; Andre, F; Descos, L; Flourie, B

Anti‐inflammatory effects of sodium butyrate on human monocytes: potent inhibition of IL‐12 and up‐regulation of IL‐10 production

Saemann, MD; Bohmig, GA; Osterreicher, CH

Butyrate and trichostatin A attenuate nuclear factor kappaB activation and tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion and increase prostaglandin E2 secretion in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Usami, M; Kishimoto, K; Ohata, A

The short‐chain fatty acid sodium butyrate functions as a regulator of the skin immune system

Schwarz, A; Bruhs, A; Schwarz, T

Gut microbial metabolites limit the frequency of autoimmune T cells and protect against type 1 diabetes

Marino, E; Richards, JL; McLeod, KH

Microbiota metabolite short‐chain fatty acid acetate promotes intestinal IgA response to microbiota which is mediated by GPR43

Wu, W; Sun, M; Chen, F

Gut microbial metabolites fuel host antibody responses

Kim, M; Qie, Y; Park, J; Kim, CH

Chronically elevated levels of short‐chain fatty acids induce T cell‐mediated ureteritis and hydronephrosis

Park, J; Goergen, CJ; HogenEsch, H; Kim, CH

Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis

Trompette, A; Gollwitzer, ES; Yadava, K

Butyrylated starch increases colonic butyrate concentration but has limited effects on immunity in healthy physically active individuals

West, NP; Christophersen, CT; Pyne, DB

Substituting whole grains for refined grains in a 6‐wk randomized trial has a modest effect on gut microbiota and immune and inflammatory markers of healthy adults

Vanegas, SM; Meydani, M; Barnett, JB

Commensal microbe‐derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells

Furusawa, Y; Obata, Y; Fukuda, S

Dietary fatty acids directly impact central nervous system autoimmunity via the small intestine

Haghikia, A; Jorg, S; Duscha, A

A role for gut microbiota and the metabolite‐sensing receptor GPR43 in a murine model of gout

Vieira, AT; Macia, L; Galvao, I

Consumption of cereal fiber, mixtures of whole grains and bran, and whole grains and risk reduction in type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease

Cho, SS; Qi, L; Fahey, GC; Klurfeld, DM

The gut microbiota suppresses insulin‐mediated fat accumulation via the short‐chain fatty acid receptor GPR43

Kimura, I; Ozawa, K; Inoue, D

Short‐chain fatty acid acetate stimulates adipogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis via GPR43 in brown adipocytes

Hu, J; Kyrou, I; Tan, BK

Distal, not proximal, colonic acetate infusions promote fat oxidation and improve metabolic markers in overweight/obese men

Beek, CM; Canfora, EE; Lenaerts, K

Short‐chain fatty acids stimulate leptin production in adipocytes through the G protein‐coupled receptor GPR41

Xiong, Y; Miyamoto, N; Shibata, K

Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects

Schwiertz, A; Taras, D; Schafer, K

An obesity‐associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest

Turnbaugh, PJ; Ley, RE; Mahowald, MA; Magrini, V; Mardis, ER; Gordon, JI

Arabinoxylan fibre improves metabolic control in people with Type II diabetes

Lu, ZX; Walker, KZ; Muir, JG; O'Dea, K

Effects of wheat bran extract rich in arabinoxylan oligosaccharides and resistant starch on overnight glucose tolerance and markers of gut fermentation in healthy young adults

Boll, EV; Ekstrom, LM; Courtin, CM

Short‐chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon‐like peptide‐1 secretion via the G‐protein‐coupled receptor FFAR2

Tolhurst, G; Heffron, H; Lam, YS

Activation of short and long chain fatty acid sensing machinery in the ileum lowers glucose production in vivo

Zadeh‐Tahmasebi, M; Duca, FA; Rasmussen, BA

Loss of free fatty acid receptor 2 leads to impaired islet mass and beta cell survival

Villa, SR; Priyadarshini, M; Fuller, MH

Microbiota‐generated metabolites promote metabolic benefits via gut‐brain neural circuits

Vadder, F; Kovatcheva‐Datchary, P; Goncalves, D

Acetate mediates a microbiome‐brain‐beta‐cell axis to promote metabolic syndrome

Perry, RJ; Peng, L; Barry, NA

Increased colonic propionate reduces anticipatory reward responses in the human striatum to high‐energy foods

Byrne, CS; Chambers, ES; Alhabeeb, H

Acetate transport and utilization in the rat brain

Deelchand, DK; Shestov, AA; Koski, DM; Ugurbil, K; Henry, PG

The short‐chain fatty acid acetate reduces appetite via a central homeostatic mechanism

Frost, G; Sleeth, ML; Sahuri‐Arisoylu, M

Short‐chain fatty acids and ketones directly regulate sympathetic nervous system via G protein‐coupled receptor 41 (GPR41)

Kimura, I; Inoue, D; Maeda, T

High fibre diet and acetate supplementation change the gut microbiota and prevent the development of hypertension and heart failure in DOCA‐salt hypertensive mice

Marques, FZ; Nelson, EM; Chu, PY

Abstract 030: microbial short chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabolites lower blood pressure (BP) via endothelial g‐protein coupled receptor 41 (gpr41)

Natarajan, N; Hori, D; Berkowitz, DE; Pluznick, JL

Clinical and pharmacologic study of tributyrin: an oral butyrate prodrug

Edelman, MJ; Bauer, K; Khanwani, S

In vitro digestion and fermentation of microencapsulated tributyrin for the delivery of butyrate

Donovan, JD; Bauer, L; Fahey, GC; Lee, Y

Impact of dietary resistant starch type 4 on human gut microbiota and immunometabolic functions

Upadhyaya, B; McCormack, L; Fardin‐Kia, AR

Variable responses of human microbiomes to dietary supplementation with resistant starch

Venkataraman, A; Sieber, JR; Schmidt, AW; Waldron, C; Theis, KR; Schmidt, TM

Effects of processing high amylose maize starches under controlled conditions on structural organisation and amylase digestibility

Htoon, A; Shrestha, AK; Flanagan, BM

Effect of high‐amylose starch and oat bran on metabolic variables and bowel function in subjects with hypertriglyceridemia

Noakes, M; Clifton, PM; Nestel, PJ; Leu, R; McIntosh, G

Consumption of breads containing in situ‐produced arabinoxylan oligosaccharides alters gastrointestinal effects in healthy volunteers

Damen, B; Cloetens, L; Broekaert, WF

CODEX‐aligned dietary fiber definitions help to bridge the ‘fiber gap’

Jones, JM

Acetylated, propionylated or butyrylated starches raise large bowel short‐chain fatty acids preferentially when fed to rats

Annison, G; Illman, RJ; Topping, DL

Excretion of starch and esterified short‐chain fatty acids by ileostomy subjects after the ingestion of acylated starches

Clarke, JM; Bird, AR; Topping, DL; Cobiac, L

Butyrate esterified to starch is released in the human gastrointestinal tract

Clarke, JM; Topping, DL; Christophersen, CT

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Effect of butyrate enemas on gene expression profiles and endoscopic/histopathological scores of diverted colorectal mucosa: a randomized trial

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Microencapsulated sodium butyrate administered to patients with diverticulosis decreases incidence of diverticulitis–a prospective randomized study

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Rectal irrigation with short‐chain fatty acids for distal ulcerative colitis. Preliminary report

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Short‐chain fatty acid topical treatment in distal ulcerative colitis

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Topical butyrate improves efficacy of 5‐ASA in refractory distal ulcerative colitis: results of a multicentre trial

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Combined oral sodium butyrate and mesalazine treatment compared to oral mesalazine alone in ulcerative colitis: randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled pilot study

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Vinegar supplementation lowers glucose and insulin responses and increases satiety after a bread meal in healthy subjects

Ostman, E; Granfeldt, Y; Persson, L; Bjorck, I

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Modulation of Th1/Th2 balance by Lactobacillus strains isolated from kimchi via stimulation of macrophage cell line J774A.1 in vitro

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A periodic diet that mimics fasting promotes multi‐system regeneration, enhanced cognitive performance, and healthspan

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Brief report: Ramadan as a model of intermittent fasting: effects on body composition, metabolic parameters, gut hormones and appetite in adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus

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Review article: short chain fatty acids as potential therapeutic agents in human gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders

Review article: short chain fatty acids as potential therapeutic agents in human gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders

Get 20M+ Full-Text Papers For Less Than $1.50/day. Start a 14-Day Trial for You or Your Team.

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Review article: short chain fatty acids as potential therapeutic agents in human gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders

Review article: short chain fatty acids as potential therapeutic agents in human gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders

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