Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
Edward Smith, R. Sternberg (1988)
The Psychology of human thought
D. Kahneman, A. Tversky (1982)
The simulation heuristic
(1984)
Beleid berust op veronderstellingen: De beleidstheorie
S. Fiske, Shelley Taylor (1991)
Social cognition, 2nd ed.
G. Bower, D. Morrow (1990)
Mental models in narrative comprehension.Science, 247 4938
D. Rumelhart, James McClelland (1986)
Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vol. 1: foundations
Van Heusden, R. Arnold (1980)
Human prediction of third-order autoregressive time series.IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics
S. Read (1987)
Constructing causal scenarios: a knowledge structure approach to causal reasoning.Journal of personality and social psychology, 52 2
(1988)
6 It should be noted that
B. Brehmer (1992)
Dynamic decision making. Human control of complex systemsSystem Dynamics Review, 81
(1974)
Heuristics and Biases
P. Johnson-Laird, R. Byrne, P. Tabossi (1989)
Reasoning by model: The case of multiple quantification.Psychological Review, 96
C. L. Borgman (1986)
The user's mental model of an information retrieval system: An experiment on a prototype online catalogInternational Journal of Man‐Machine Studies, 24
J. Doyle (1997)
The cognitive psychology of systems thinkingSystem Dynamics Review, 13
N. Moray (1987)
Intelligent Aids, Mental Models, and the Theory of MachinesInt. J. Man Mach. Stud., 27
C. J. Atman, A. Bostrom, B. Fischhoff, M. G. Morgan (1994)
Designing risk communications: Completing and correcting mental models of hazardous processes, Part 1Journal of Social Issues, 14
C. Borgman (1999)
The user's mental model of an information retrieval system
J. Vennix, D. Andersen, George Richardson, J. Rohrbaugh (1992)
Model-building for group decision support: Issues and alternatives in knowledge elicitationEuropean Journal of Operational Research, 59
C. Argyris (1982)
Reasoning, learning, and action : individual and organizational
A. Bostrom, M. Morgan, Baruch Fischhoff, D. Read (1994)
What Do People Know About Global Climate Change? 1. Mental ModelsRisk Analysis, 14
W. Kempton (1986)
Two Theories of Home Heat ControlCogn. Sci., 10
R. Giora (1990)
Concepts and conceptual development: Ulric Neisser, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. 317 ppJournal of Pragmatics, 14
H. Gardner (1985)
The mind's new science: a history of the cognitive revolution
A. Bostrom, C. Atman, Baruch Fischhoff, M. Morgan (1994)
Evaluating Risk Communications: Completing and Correcting Mental Models of Hazardous Processes, Part IIRisk Analysis, 14
George Richardson, D. Andersen, T. Maxwell, T. Stewart, N. Rockefeller (1994)
Foundations of Mental Model Research
P. Johnson-Laird (1994)
Mental models and probabilistic thinkingCognition, 50
George Miller (1994)
The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. 1956.Psychological review, 101 2
N. Staggers, A. Norcio (1993)
Mental Models: Concepts for Human-Computer Interaction ResearchInt. J. Man Mach. Stud., 38
D. Nachmias, Chava Nachmias (1976)
Research Methods in the Social Sciences
B. G. Coury, M. Z. Weiland, V. G. Cuolock‐Knopp (1992)
Probing the mental models of system state categories with multidimensional scalingSystems Dynamics Review, 36
H. Simon (1974)
How Big Is a Chunk?Science, 183
A. Collins, E. Loftus (1975)
A spreading-activation theory of semantic processingPsychological Review, 82
M. Sherif, H. Cantril (1946)
The psychology of attitudes.Psychological review, 53
J. Sterman (1994)
Learning in and about complex systemsSystem Dynamics Review, 10
(1983)
Assumptions and ambiguities in mechanistic
I. Begg, A. Anas, S. Farinacci (1992)
Dissociation of processes in belief: Source recollection, statement familiarity, and the illusion of truthPsychological Review, 121
D. Kieras, S. Bovair (1984)
The Role of a Mental Model in Learning to Operate a Device.Cognitive Science, 8
P. Senge (1991)
The fifth discipline : the art and practice of the learning organization/ Peter M. Senge
N. Neil, T. Malmfors, P. Slovic (1992)
Intuitive Toxicology: Expert and Lay Judgments of Chemical RisksToxicologic Pathology, 22
G. Miller (1956)
The magical number seven plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information.Psychological review, 63 2
D. Meadows, D. Meadows, J. Randers (1992)
Beyond the limits: confronting global collapse envisioning a sustainable future.
(1983)
Phenomenology and the evolution of intuition
N. Schmajuk (1998)
Cognitive maps
A. Bostrom, M. G. Morgan, D. Read (1994)
What do people know about global climate change? Part 1: Mental modelsSimulation and Games, 14
A. D. Baddeley (1986)
Working MemoryScience
S. Vosniadou, W. Brewer (1992)
Mental models of the earth: A study of conceptual change in childhoodCognitive Psychology, 24
(1983)
Conceptual entities
(1993)
An Exploration of Systems Product Development at Gadget, Inc. Technical Report D-4460,
J. Clement (1983)
Mental ModelsAnnual Review of Public Health
R. Nisbett, T. Wilson (1977)
Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.Psychological Review, 84
E. Tolman (1948)
Cognitive maps in rats and men.Psychological review, 55 4
C. Atman, A. Bostrom, Baruch Fischhoff, M. Morgan (1994)
Designing risk communications: completing and correcting mental models of hazardous processes, Part I.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis, 14 5
M. McCloskey (1982)
Naive Theories of Motion.
(1983)
Strategy of Discourse Comprehension
G. Lakoff (1987)
Cognitive models and prototype theory.
(1991)
A cognitive theory of juror decision making: The story model
J. Payne, J. Bettman, Eric Johnson (1992)
Behavioral decision research: A constructive processing perspective.Annual Review of Psychology, 43
B. Coury, M. Weiland, V. Cuqlock-Knopp (1992)
Probing the Mental Models of System State Categories with Multidimensional ScalingInt. J. Man Mach. Stud., 36
P. Bayman, R. Mayer (1983)
A diagnosis of beginning programmers' misconceptions of BASIC programming statementsCommunications of the ACM, 26
C. Alexander (1965)
Notes on the Synthesis of Form
J. Morecroft (1992)
Executive knowledge, models and learningEuropean Journal of Operational Research, 59
J. R. Anderson (1983)
The Architecture of CognitionCommunications of the ACM
W. Veldhuyzen, H. Stassen (1977)
The Internal Model Concept: An Application to Modeling Human Control of Large ShipsHuman Factors: The Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 19
J. Sterman (1989)
Misperceptions of Feedback in a Dynamic Decision Making Experiment
D. Meadows (1974)
Dynamics of Growth in a Finite World
Mary Means, J. Voss (1985)
Star Wars: A developmental study of expert and novice knowledge structuresJournal of Memory and Language, 24
J. Sterman (1989)
Misperceptions of feedback in dynamic decision makingOrganizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 43
A. A. Disessa (1983)
Mental ModelsHuman Factors
T. Nelson (1992)
Metacognition : core readings
M. Roberts (1993)
Human Reasoning: Deduction Rules or Mental Models, or Both?Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46
R. Atkinson, R. Shiffrin (1968)
Human Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes
J. Vennix (1990)
Mental models and computer models: design and evaluation of a computer-based learning environment for policy-making
J. Forrester (1992)
Policies, decisions and information sources for modeling☆European Journal of Operational Research, 59
Kenneth Craik (1944)
The nature of explanation
D. Kleinmuntz (1993)
Information processing and misperceptions of the implications of feedback in dynamic decision makingSystem Dynamics Review, 9
(1976)
The Structure of Decision: The Cognitive Maps of Political ElitesRisk Analysis
M. Posner (1989)
Foundations of cognitive science
D. Norman (1987)
Some observations on mental modelsHuman-Computer Interaction
R. C. Atkinson, R. M. Shiffrin (1968)
The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and TheoryInternational Journal of Man‐Machine Studies, 2
T. De Jong, M. G. M. Ferguson‐Hessler (1986)
Cognitive structures of good and poor novice problem solvers in physicsManagement Science, 78
B. Tonn, C. Travis, R. Goeltz, Raymond Phillippi (1990)
Knowledge-based representations of risk beliefs.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis, 10 1
K. Eason (1985)
Analysis, design and evaluation of man-machine systems: Pergamon, Oxford, 1983, xvii + 424 pages, £60.00European Journal of Operational Research, 19
J. K. Doyle (1997)
The cognitive psychology of systems thinkingEducational Technology Research and Development, 13
A. Bostrom, B. Fischhoff, M. G. Morgan (1993)
Characterizing mental models of hazardous processes: A methodology and an application to radonJournal of Educational Psychology, 48
B. Brehmer (1992)
Dynamic decision making: human control of complex systems.Acta psychologica, 81 3
R. Schank, R. Abelson (1988)
SCRIPTS, PLANS, GOALS, AND UNDERSTANDING
S. Vosniadou, W. Brewer (1994)
Mental Models of the Day/Night CycleCogn. Sci., 18
Y. Shih, Stephen Alessi (1993)
Mental Models and Transfer of Learning in Computer Programming.Journal of research on computing in education, 26
J. Doyle, M. Radzicki, W. Trees (1998)
Measuring Change in Mental Models of Dynamic Systems: An Exploratory Study
A. Bostrom, Baruch Fischhoff, M. Morgan (1992)
Characterizing Mental Models of Hazardous Processes: A Methodology and an Application to RadonJournal of Social Issues, 48
U. Neisser (1987)
From direct perception to conceptual structure.
D. Whitfield, A. Jackson (1982)
The Air Traffic Controller's Picture as an Example of a Mental ModelIFAC Proceedings Volumes, 15
dietrich. doerner (1980)
On the Difficulties People Have in Dealing With ComplexitySimulation & Gaming, 11
Baruch Fischhoff, A. Bostrom, M. Quadrel (1993)
Risk perception and communication.Annual review of public health, 14
P. Johnson-Laird (1986)
Mental models: towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness
N. Pennington (1987)
Stimulus structures and mental representations in expert comprehension of computer programsCognitive Psychology, 19
G. Shafer, Daniel Kahnerman, P. Slovic, A. Tversky (1984)
Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases.Journal of the American Statistical Association, 79
R. Finke (1989)
Principles of mental imagery
P. Bayman, R. E. Mayer (1983)
Diagnosis of beginning programmers' misconceptions of BASIC programming statementsActa Psychologica, 26
R. Jagacinski, R. Miller (1978)
Describing the Human Operator's Internal Model of a Dynamic SystemHuman Factors: The Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 20
C. Eden (1994)
Cognitive mapping and problem structuring for system dynamics model buildingSystem Dynamics Review, 10
(1992)
The most complex structure in the known universe
Myles Brand, R. Harnish (1986)
The Representation of knowledge and belief
James McClelland, D. Rumelhart (1986)
A distributed model of human learning and memory
D. Gentner, D. Gentner (1982)
Flowing waters or teeming crowds: Mental models of electricity
P. Mohapatra, P. Mandal, Madhab Bora (1994)
Introduction to System Dynamics Modeling
W. Rouse, N. Morris (1986)
On Looking into the Black Box: Prospects and Limits in the Search for Mental ModelsPsychological Bulletin, 100
George Richardson, A. Pugh (1981)
Introduction to System Dynamics Modeling with DYNAMOJournal of the Operational Research Society, 48
J. Forrester (1971)
Counterintuitive behavior of social systemsTheory and Decision, 2
R. Howard (1989)
Knowledge MapsManagement Science, 35
David O'Brien, M. Braine, Yingrui Yang (1994)
Propositional reasoning by mental models? Simple to refute in principle and in practice.Psychological review, 101 4
W. Kempton (1991)
Public understanding of global warmingSociety & Natural Resources, 4
H. Jungermann, M. Thüring (1987)
The use of mental models for generating scenarios.
H. Simon (1956)
Rational choice and the structure of the environment.Psychological review, 63 2
G. Halford (1993)
Children's Understanding: The Development of Mental Models
D. Whitfield, R. Stammers (1978)
The Air-Traffic Controller
D. Kieras, S. Bovair (1990)
The Role of a Mental Model in Learning to Operate a DeviceCogn. Sci., 8
(1983)
Intuitive physics
R. Hall, P. Aitchison, W. Kocay (1994)
Causal policy maps of managers: Formal methods for elicitation and analysisSystem Dynamics Review, 10
N. Morris, W. Rouse (1985)
The effects of type of knowledge upon human problem solving in a process control taskIEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC-15
R. Shavelson (1972)
Some Aspects of the Correspondence between Content Structure and Cognitive Structure in Physics Instruction.Journal of Educational Psychology, 63
R. Young (1983)
Surrogates and mappings: two kinds of conceptual models for interactive
M. Vázquez, M. Liz, J. Aracil (1996)
Knowledge and reality: some conceptual issues in system dynamics modelingSystem Dynamics Review, 12
M. Ford, P. Johnson-Laird (1985)
Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and ConsciousnessLanguage, 61
J. Clement (1983)
A conceptual model discussed by Galileo and used intuitively by physics students
I. Begg, Ann Anas, Suzanne Farinacci (1992)
Dissociation of processes in belief: Source recollection, statement familiarity, and the illusion of truthJournal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121
H. Jih, T. Reeves (1992)
Mental models: A research focus for interactive learning systemsEducational Technology Research and Development, 40
George Innis, J. Forrester (1997)
Industrial DynamicsJournal of the Operational Research Society, 48
A. Tversky, D. Kahneman (1973)
Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probabilityCognitive Psychology, 5
D. Dörner (1980)
On the difficulties people have in dealing with complexityInternational Journal of Man–Machine Studies, 11
(1990)
theories-in-use (Argyris, 1982), and policy theory (Hoogerwerf
T. Jong, M. Ferguson-Hessler (1986)
Cognitive structures of good and poor novice problem solvers in physicsJournal of Educational Psychology, 78
J. Ormrod, Richard Ormrod, E. Wagner, Rose McCallin (1988)
Reconceptualizing Map LearningAmerican Journal of Psychology, 101
H. Jungermann, Holger Schütz, Manfred Thüring (1988)
Mental models in risk assessment: informing people about drugs.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis, 8 1
E. Hunt (1989)
COGNITIVE SCIENCE: Definition, Status, and QuestionsAnnual Review of Psychology, 40
Michael Maharik, Baruch Fischhoff (1992)
The Risks of Using Nuclear Energy Sources in Space: Some Lay Activists’PerceptionsRisk Analysis, 12
A. Newell (1973)
Human Problem Solving
M. Morgan, H. Florig, I. Nair, Concepcion Cortés, Kevin Marsh, Karen Pavlosky (1990)
Lay understanding of low-frequency electric and magnetic fields.Bioelectromagnetics, 11 4
Mark Rollins (1989)
Mental Imagery
K. Galotti, J. Baron, J. Sabini (1986)
Individual differences in syllogistic reasoning: deduction rules or mental models?Journal of experimental psychology. General, 115 1
A. M. Collins, E. M. Loftus (1975)
A spreading‐Activation theory of semantic memoryJournal of Experimental Psychology: General, 82
Beverly Janosky, Philip Smith, C. Hildreth (1986)
Online Library Catalog Systems: An Analysis of User ErrorsInt. J. Man Mach. Stud., 25
Although “mental models” are of central importance to system dynamics research and practice, the field has yet to develop an unambiguous and agreed upon definition of them. To begin to address this problem, existing definitions and descriptions of mental models in system dynamics and several literatures related to cognitive science were reviewed and compared. Available definitions were found to be overly brief, general, and vague, and different authors were found to markedly disagree on the basic characteristics of mental models. Based on this review, we concluded that in order to reduce the amount of confusion in the literature, the mental models concept should be “unbundled” and the term “mental models” should be used more narrowly. To initiate a dialogue through which the system dynamics community might achieve a shared understanding of mental models, we propose a new definition of “mental models of dynamic systems” accompanied by an extended annotation that explains the definitional choices made and suggests terms for other cognitive structures left undefined by narrowing the mental model concept. Suggestions for future research that could improve the field's ability to further define mental models are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
System Dynamics Review – Wiley
Published: Mar 1, 1998
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.