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M. Miracle, Diane Miracle, L. Cohen (1980)
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Due Due (1980)
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Abstract: As levels of living deteriorate in tropical Africa, donors and government officials are searching for ways of finding and managing funds to establish smallscale (or micro) enterprises to increase family incomes, nutrition, and employment. Often these funds are provided by donors in cooperation with host governments and administered by existing government parastatal (Tanzania), a gouvernment ministry (Malawi), or nongovernment organizations (NGOs) (Kenya, Tanzania and Malawi). (In one case, Botswana, funds came from the national government and a separate government agency was established (Due and Kurwijila, 1991).). How can these funds best be allocated and administered? Are nongovernment or government agencies more efficient? Which models have had higher repayment experience? What rates of interest have been charged? Should funds be allocated only to poor women (with greatest needs) or to middle income women with higher levels of education and income who, in theory, could provide better management of funds and higher rates of repayment since they have other funds on which to draw in emergencies? Should the funds be allocated to individuals or groups? Answers to some of these questions are found in the models tried in Kenya, Tanzania and Malawi. Although many of the programs are for both men and women, this report focuses on funding for women. Résumé Avec la détérioration des niveaux de vie en Afrique tropicale, les donneurs et les hauts fonctionnaires recherchent les moyens de trouver des fonds, et de les gérer, pour la création de petites (ou micro) entreprises en vue d'augmenter les revenus familiaux, d'améliorer la nutrition et decréer de nouveaux emplois. Ces fonds sont souvent fournis par les donneurs en coopération avec les gouvernements bheficiaires et administrés par les entreprises parapubliques existantes (Tanzanie), un ministére (Malawi) oudes organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) (Kenya, Tanzanie et Malawi). Dans un cas, le Botswana, les fonds ont été procurés par l'Etat, et unorganisme public distinct a été Créé (Due et Kunvijila, 1991). Quel est le meilleur mode d'affectation et d'administration de ces fonds ? Les organismes non gouvernementaux sont‐ils plus efficaces que les orgnismes publics? Quel modèle a enregistré le volume de remboursement le plusélevé? Quels taux d'intérêt ont ete perqus ? Ne devrait‐on affecter les fonds qu'aux femmes pauvres (dont les besoins sont les plus grands) ou à celles disposant d'un revenu moyen, dont les niveaux d'instruction et de revenusont plus élevés, et qui, en théorie, pourraient assurer une meilleure gestion des fonds et des taux de remboursement plus élevés puisqu'elles possèdent d'autres ressources sur lesquelles prelever en cas d'urgence ? Devrait‐on allouer les fonds à des particuliers ou à des groupes? On trouvera les réponses à certaines de ces questions dans les modeles testes au kenya, en Tanzanie et au Malawi. Bien que nombre des programmes s'appliquent aussi bien aux hommes qu'aux femmes, ce rapport focalise sur les financements au profit des femmes.
African Development Review – Wiley
Published: Dec 1, 1990
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