Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
J. Young, B. Stricklen, Brad Chadwell (2016)
Effects of support diameter and compliance on common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) gait kinematicsJournal of Experimental Biology, 219
M. Hildebrand (1989)
The quadrupedal gaits of vertebratesBioScience, 39
M. Cartmill, P. Lemelin, D. Schmitt (2007a)
Primate origins: Adaptations and evolution
L. Shapiro, J. Young (2012)
Kinematics of quadrupedal locomotion in sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps): effects of age and substrate sizeJournal of Experimental Biology, 215
M. Hildebrand (1967)
Symmetrical gaits of primatesAmerican Journal of Physical Anthropology, 26
J. Young, B. Patel, N. Stevens (2007)
Body mass distribution and gait mechanics in fat-tailed dwarf lemurs (Cheirogaleus medius) and patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas).Journal of human evolution, 53 1
M. Hildebrand (1966)
Analysis of the symmetrical gaits of tetrapods, 6
P. Lemelin, D. Schmitt, M. Cartmill (2003)
Footfall patterns and interlimb co‐ordination in opossums (family Didelphidae): Evidence for the evolution of diagonal‐sequence walking gaits in primates, 260
N. Stevens (2008)
The effect of branch diameter on primate gait sequence patternAmerican Journal of Primatology, 70
M. Cartmill, P. Lemelin, D. Schmitt (2007)
Understanding the adaptive value of diagonal-sequence gaits in primates: a comment on Shapiro and Raichlen, 2005.American journal of physical anthropology, 133 2
Yoshihiko Nakano (1996)
Footfall patterns in the early development of the quadrupedal walking of Japanese macaques.Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology, 66 1-4
(2022)
R: A language and environment for statistical computing
Alexa Wimberly, G. Slater, M. Granatosky (2021)
Evolutionary history of quadrupedal walking gaits shows mammalian release from locomotor constraintProceedings of the Royal Society B, 288
P. Lemelin, M. Cartmill (2010)
The effect of substrate size on the locomotion and gait patterns of the kinkajou (Potos flavus).Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological genetics and physiology, 313 3
Ryosuke Goto, Kazunori Yamada, Y. Nakano (2021)
Differences in the vertical components of substrate reaction forces between two modes of infant carrying in Japanese macaques ( Macaca fuscata fuscata )American Journal of Biological Anthropology
M. Cartmill, P. Lemelin, D. Schmitt (2002)
Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammalsZoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 136
M. Hildebrand (1965)
Symmetrical gaits of horses.Science, 150 3697
D. Schmitt (1994)
Forelimb mechanics as a function of substrate type during quadrupedalism in two anthropoid primatesJournal of Human Evolution, 26
Tetsuya Shitara, Ryosuke Goto, Kohta Ito, E. Hirasaki, Y. Nakano (2022)
Hip medial rotator action of gluteus medius in Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) and implications to adaptive significance for quadrupedal walking in primatesJournal of Anatomy, 241
Yasuo Higurashi, E. Hirasaki, H. Kumakura (2009)
Gaits of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) on a horizontal ladder and arboreal stability.American journal of physical anthropology, 138 4
I. Wallace, B. Demes (2008)
Symmetrical gaits of Cebus apella: implications for the functional significance of diagonal sequence gait in primates.Journal of human evolution, 54 6
M. Hildebrand (1968)
Symmetrical gaits of dogs in relation to body buildJournal of Morphology, 124
J. Nyakatura, M. Fischer, Manuela Schmidt (2008)
Gait parameter adjustments of cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus, Callitrichidae) to locomotion on inclined arboreal substrates.American journal of physical anthropology, 135 1
J. Young (2012)
Gait selection and the ontogeny of quadrupedal walking in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis).American journal of physical anthropology, 147 4
S. Mori, E. Miyashita, K. Nakajima, M. Asanome (1996)
Quadrupedal locomotor movements in monkeys (M. Fuscata) on a treadmill: kinematic analyses.Neuroreport, 7 14
Nicole Schapker, Brad Chadwell, J. Young (2022)
Robust locomotor performance of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis) in response to simulated changes in support diameter and compliance.Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology
L. Shapiro, D. Raichlen (2005)
Lateral sequence walking in infant Papio cynocephalus: implications for the evolution of diagonal sequence walking in primates.American journal of physical anthropology, 126 2
E. Saiff, M. Vagell (2001)
Foot placement cues used by chameleons while walking and climbingJournal of the Ghana Science Association, 3
N. Dunham, Allison McNamara, L. Shapiro, T. Hieronymus, Taylor Phelps, J. Young (2019)
Effects of substrate and phylogeny on quadrupedal gait in free-ranging platyrrhines.American journal of physical anthropology
R. Goto, K. Yamada, Y. Nakano (2022)
Difference in the vertical components of substrate reaction forces between two modes of infant carrying in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata), 177
M. Granatosky, D. Schmitt, Jandy Hanna (2019)
Comparison of spatiotemporal gait characteristics between vertical climbing and horizontal walking in primatesJournal of Experimental Biology, 222
L. Shapiro, D. Raichlen (2007)
A response to Cartmill et al.: Primate gaits and arboreal stabilityAmerican Journal of Physical Anthropology, 133
Allison McNamara, N. Dunham, L. Shapiro, J. Young (2019)
The effects of natural substrate discontinuities on the quadrupedal gait kinematics of free‐ranging Saimiri sciureusAmerican Journal of Primatology, 81
Nikolaos-Evangelos Karantanis, D. Youlatos, L. Rychlik (2015)
Diagonal gaits in the feathertail glider Acrobates pygmaeus (Acrobatidae, Diprotodontia): Insights for the evolution of primate quadrupedalism.Journal of human evolution, 86
M. Granatosky, Sonia Amanat, A. Panyutina, D. Youlatos (2021)
Gait mechanics of a blind echolocating rodent: Implications for the locomotion of small arboreal mammals and proto-bats.Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological and integrative physiology
L. Shapiro, J. Young (2010)
Is primate-like quadrupedalism necessary for fine-branch locomotion? A test using sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps).Journal of human evolution, 58 4
Yasuo Higurashi, M. Maier, K. Nakajima, Kazunori Morita, S. Fujiki, S. Aoi, F. Mori, A. Murata, M. Inase (2019)
Locomotor kinematics and EMG activity during quadrupedal vs. bipedal gait in the Japanese macaque.Journal of neurophysiology
Nikolaos-Evangelos Karantanis, L. Rychlik, A. Herrel, D. Youlatos (2017)
Arboreal Locomotion in Eurasian Harvest Mice Micromys Minutus (Rodentia: Muridae) The Gaits of Small MammalsJournal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology, 327
S. Larson (2018)
Nonhuman Primate Locomotion.American journal of physical anthropology, 165 4
S. Larson, J. Stern (1987)
EMG of chimpanzee shoulder muscles during knuckle‐walking: problems of terrestrial locomotion in a suspensory adapted primateJournal of Zoology, 212
N. Stevens (2006)
Stability, limb coordination and substrate type: the ecorelevance of gait sequence pattern in primates.Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Comparative experimental biology, 305 11
M. Granatosky, Aidan Fitzsimons, A. Zeininger, D. Schmitt (2018)
Mechanisms for the functional differentiation of the propulsive and braking roles of the forelimbs and hindlimbs during quadrupedal walking in primates and felinesJournal of Experimental Biology, 221
M. Cartmill, Kaye Brown, C. Atkinson, E. Cartmill, Erica Findley, D. Gonzalez-Socoloske, A. Hartstone-Rose, Joanne Mueller (2019)
The gaits of marsupials and the evolution of diagonal-sequence walking in primates.American journal of physical anthropology
C. Miller, L. Johnson, H. Pinkard, P. Lemelin, D. Schmitt (2019)
Limb phase flexibility in walking: a test case in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)Frontiers in Zoology, 16
INTRODUCTIONVariation in gaitWalking on all fours, quadrupeds control stride cycles in both the forelimb and hindlimb pairs. Gaits are differentiated by the time lag between the fore‐ and hindlimb stride cycles. The time lag is referred to as the limb phase, representing the percentage of the gait cycle that the hindlimb touchdown precedes the ipsilateral forelimb touchdown (Hildebrand, 1965, 1966, 1989). Based on the limb phase, gait has been classified into four categories (Cartmill et al., 2002; Shapiro & Raichlen, 2005), a modified definition of the original classification (Hildebrand, 1965): (1) lateral‐sequence, lateral‐couplet (LSLC; 0% < limb phase < 25%), (2) lateral‐sequence, diagonal‐couplet (LSDC; 25% < limb phase < 50%), (3) diagonal‐sequence, diagonal‐couplet (DSDC; 50% < limb phase < 75%), and (4) diagonal‐sequence, lateral‐couplet (DSLC; 75% < limb phase < 100%). The sequence represents the order of limb touchdowns: lateral‐sequence (LS) and diagonal‐sequence (DS). The touchdown of the right hand comes after the touchdown of the right (ipsilateral) foot during LS, with the sequence being in the order of right hindlimb (RH), right forelimb (RF), left hindlimb (LH), and left forelimb (LF). The touchdown of the left hand comes after that of the right (contralateral) foot during DS, with the sequence being in the order of RH, LF, LH, and RF. The couplet represents fore‐ and hindlimbs that are
American Journal of Physical Anthropology – Wiley
Published: Jul 1, 2023
Keywords: arboreal quadrupedal walking; discontinuous supports; limb proximity; symmetrical gait
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.