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T. Sun, Y. Chu (1984)
Carcinogenesis and prevention of liver cancer in areas of prevalence, 4
T. Sun, Y. Chu, C. Hsia, Y. Wei, S. Wu (1986a)
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MATERNAL DEATHSThe Lancet, 306
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R. Beasley, G. Lee, C. Roan, L. Hwang, C. Lan, F. Huang, Chiung-Lin Chen (1983)
PREVENTION OF PERINATALLY TRANSMITTED HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTIONS WITH HEPATITIS B IMMUNE GLOBULIN AND HEPATITIS B VACCINEThe Lancet, 322
M. Hilleman (1986)
Recombinant yeast hepatitis B vaccine.Developments in biological standardization, 63
P. Maupas, F. Barin, J. Chiron, P. Coursaget, A. Goudeau, J. Perrin, F. Denis, I. Mar (1981)
EFFICACY OF HEPATITIS B VACCINE IN PREVENTION OF EARLY HBsAg CARRIER STATE IN CHILDREN Controlled Trial in an Endemic Area (Senegal)The Lancet, 317
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Liver cell cancer in the young and adolescent and its relation to HBV
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Correlation between geographical distribution of hepatocellular carcinoma and selenium level
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Postexposure prophylaxis of hepatitis B.JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 38 3
W. Li, J. Xie, S. Yu, Y. Zhu, X. Guang, C. Hao, B. Wu, L. Cao (1985)
Qidong Liver Cancer Research
Wu Sm (1984)
Urinary excretion of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in Beijing and Qidong inhabitantsChinese journal of oncology, 6
(1980)
Demonstration of efficacy in a controlled clinical trial in a high risk population in the United States
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Prospec - tive study on chronic carriers of HBsAg and its relation to primary hepatocellular carcinoma
C. Harris, T. Sun (1984)
Multifactoral etiology of human liver cancer.Carcinogenesis, 5 6
(1980)
Immunological approach to natural history , early diagnosis and etiology of human hepatocellular carcinoma
T. Sun, Yuan‐Yun Chu (1984)
Carcinogenesis and prevention strategy of liver cancer in areas of prevalenceJournal of Cellular Physiology, 121
Sun Tt, Wu Sm, Wu Yy, Chu Yr (1985)
Measurement of individual aflatoxin exposure among people having different risk to primary hepatocellular carcinoma.Princess Takamatsu symposia, 16
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(1980)
The role of alcohol in the etiology of cancer of the liver
R. Beasley, Chia‐Chin Lin, L. Hwang, C. Chien (1981)
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND HEPATITIS B VIRUS A Prospective Study of 22 707 Men in TaiwanThe Lancet, 318
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Prevention of Liver Cancer. World Health Organization
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Technical Report Series 691. Prevention of Liver Cancer
P. Maupas, J. P. Chiron, F. Barin, P. Coursaget, A. Gordeau, J. Perrin, F. Denis, I. Diop Mar (1981)
Efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in prevention of early HBsAg carrier state in children, 1
(1983)
Preparation and preliminary use of hepatitis B immune globulin
H. Tada, M. Yanagida, J. Mishina, N. Sato, S. Aihara, K. Baba, M. Mayumi (1982)
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Preliminary analysis of family clustering phenomena of hepatocellular carcinoma in Qidong County . In : Qidong Liver Cancer Research
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) had been considered as the main causative factor of primary hepatocellular carcinoma and universal immunization of newborns was recommended as the major approach to control hepatitis and hepatoma in areas of prevalence. As the initial phase of the first vaccination program for such a purpose, a pilot study was done from September 1983 to May 1984 in a high incidence rural area of China. In an area of 214,343 inhabitants, 1,703 newborns (99% of all births) were vaccinated. Ninety‐seven percent of all vaccinees were followed up at 1 year. The vaccine used was Hep‐B Vax, given intramuscularly at 0, 1, and 6 months after birth. Four immunization regimes were used: 5‐μg or 2,5‐μg doses with or without hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) added in the case of carriers children. These groups were defined by drawing lots at community level. A matched control was selected on a voluntary basis. Each group consisted of 400 infants. Vaccination was proven to be very safe and well accepted by the public. The prevalence of HBV infection in the area was further demonstrated by the high HBsAg‐positive rate measured: 14.2% of the 1,180 mothers (3.9% were also e‐antigen positive), 7.6% and 10.1% of the unvaccinated children at 6.5 months and 1 year of age, respectively. It was shown that vaccination with a 5‐μg or 2.5‐μg dose significantly lowered the HBsAg positives to a level close to 1.5% versus 10% in the control group at 1 year. An 85% protection was thus achieved. A 5‐μg dose plus HBIG did not show additional benefit. A 2.5‐μg dose plus HBIG gave less protection, and anti‐HB levels were also significantly lower than in other groups. Among the 12 failures found in the 5‐μg and 2.5‐μg groups, 11 were born to HBsAg‐positive mothers, nine of whom also had e‐antigen. Available data showed that 29% of children born by e‐antigen‐positive and 2.7% of children born by e‐antigen‐negative carriers had the risk of becoming carriers during the first year of life following vaccination. The present study demonstrated the feasibility and rationale of conducting universal immunization of newborns in endemic rural area for controlling hepatitis and hepatoma. The significance of the possible use of the vaccination at lower dose had also been stressed.
Journal of Cellular Physiology – Wiley
Published: Jan 1, 1986
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