578
|
wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jen J Appl Entomol. 2018;142:578–588.
© 2018 Blackwell Verlag GmbH
Received: 27 September 2017
|
Accepted: 19 December 2017
DOI: 10.1111/jen.12491
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
A local risk map using field observations of the Asian
longhorned beetle to optimize monitoring activities
Y. Fragnière
1,2,3
| B. Forster
4
| D. Hölling
4
| B. Wermelinger
4
| S. Bacher
5
1
Forest and Fauna Service of the State of
Fribourg, Givisiez, Switzerland
2
Grangeneuve Agricultural Institute of the
State of Fribourg, Posieux, Switzerland
3
Natural History Museum Fribourg, Fribourg,
Switzerland
4
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow
and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf,
Switzerland
5
Department of Biology, Ecology& Evolution
Unit, University of Fribourg, Fribourg,
Switzerland
Correspondence
Yann Fragnière, Forest and Fauna Service of
the State of Fribourg, Givisiez, Switzerland.
Email: yann.fragniere@fr.ch
Abstract
The Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera:
Cerambycidae) is one of the most dangerous xylophagous pests affecting broadleaf
trees in the world. Eradication programmes are undertaken in non- native regions, re-
quiring extensive resources and involving high costs. An adapted strategy must be set
up to optimize the ratio cost/probability of success. We developed a method to gener-
ate a risk index of A. glabripennis presence at a local scale, in the surrounding area of
an infestation, using field observations (counts of adult insects, exit holes and infested
trees). The method, mathematically based on the bivariate symmetric Laplace distribu-
tion, has thus reasonable input requirements. The output risk map is easy to interpret
and can be directly used by decision- makers. We used our approach in three infesta-
tions in Switzerland. The risk map represented well the insect pressure (beetle popula-
tion density). We highlighted the fact that survey boundaries, commonly chosen using
constant distances from the infestation, should be selected regarding the spatial distri-
bution of the insect pressure, to prioritize monitoring activities. The risk map provides
a helpful instrument for advanced survey planning after a first overview, for example
to decide which area and which host trees should be inspected for infestations.
KEYWORDS
ALB, eradication strategy, model, risk index, survey, Switzerland
1 | INTRODUCTION
The Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) Anoplophora glabripennis
(Motschulsky), a beetle of the Cerambycidae family, is native to Asia
and occurs naturally in China and Korea (Lingafelter & Hoebeke, 2002).
This species was introduced accidentally into North America and
Europe via solid wood packing material and threatens urban ornamen-
tal broadleaf trees and forests in areas where it has been introduced
(Faccoli, Favaro, Smith, & Wu, 2015; Hu, Angeli, Schuetz, Luo, & Hajek,
2009; Javal et al., 2017; Nowak, Pasek, Sequeira, Crane, & Mastro,
2001; Wermelinger et al., 2015). In Europe and North America, the
ALB attacks healthy trees, principally maples (Acer spp.), buckeye and
horse chestnuts (Aesculus spp.), willows (Salix spp.), elms (Ulmus spp.),
birches (Betula spp.), plane trees (Platanus spp.) and poplars (Populus
spp.) (hereafter termed “primary hosts”), although several other genera
have been regionally reported as occasional hosts (hereafter termed
“secondary hosts”) (Haack, Hérard, Sun, & Turgeon, 2010; Haack et al.,
2006; Hérard et al., 2006; Meng, Hoover, & Keena, 2015; Sawyer,
2003). Larvae boring inside tree trunks and branches can cause se-
vere damage to the tree’s vascular system and the wood’s structural
properties. This can lead to the death of the attacked trees (Cavey,
Hoebeke, Passoa, & Lingafelter, 1998; Hu et al., 2009).
For these reasons, the ALB is considered as a dangerous quar-
antine pest in Europe and North America and immediate eradication
programmes must be undertaken when infestations are discovered
(Forster & Wermelinger, 2012; Hu et al., 2009; MacLeod, Evans, &
Baker, 2002; Pluess et al., 2013; USDA, 2016; Van Der Gaag et al.,
2010). Control strategies in Europe follow the EPPO standards on
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