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Tea Waste Management: A Case Study from West Bengal, India

Tea Waste Management: A Case Study from West Bengal, India Objectives: The purpose of the present study is to focus on the types of wastages that generated as a byproduct from tea processing industries. Quality and quantities of tea waste and their proper management or waste disposal method were determined in Terai and Duars region of West Bengal. There are very few companies or societies who buy a very little amount of tea waste that does not have any significant impact on the tea waste management as a whole. Lastly, there is a lack of comprehensive and uniform guidelines towards tea waste management in this area. Methods: Random cluster sampling technique in selecting 20 study sites, out of the 30 tea factories that are spread in four major tea producing districts namely foothills of Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar and a part of Cooch Behar were performed. Primary and secondary data are documented during data collection, using questionnaires, interviews, observation and necessary photographs were taken. Findings: Authors have attempted to bring out this work to develop some management strategy of tea waste. Our survey report indicated that effective management strategies would improvise socio-economic status of tea garden workers as well as owners by utilizing this waste in poultry and fish feed, garden manure and caffeine extraction. Applications/Improvement: Fibers from tea waste can now be converted into different industrially implemented products like low cost absorbent during removal of pollutants from waste water. New technologies are emerged through which factory tea waste might be utilized for the preparation of n-triacontanol, which is commercially valuable bio-nutrient and has important growth promoting activities of leaf primordia. Keywords: Disposal Method and Management, Tea Plantation, Tea Waste, West Bengal mainly appointed as tea leaf puckers. Tea is the major 1. Introduction prime crop leading to the economy of North Bengal. As a result, most of the other crop fields of North Bengal are Terai & Duars are located in the foothills of the Himalaya being replaced gradually by the tea gardens as it yields and rich in large and small sized tea gardens in both higher prot. Th fi e cultivation of tea for its commercial banks of river Tista. Tea plantation is one of the noblest purpose is gaining popularity among the farmers in a professions in this area due to the favourable climatic faster manner. Very recently a large number of tea growers conditions. The people of rural ethnic groups of this in the Terai and Duars regions of West Bengal have been region are very much dependent on tea gardens for their crumpled by a drastic drop of the prices of green tea leaves economy. Tribal women are the major workers who are * Author for correspondence Tea Waste Management: A Case Study from West Bengal, India coming down to Rs. 6 – 7/kg as compared with a normal wastes are produced as a byproduct in the tea industry. 1,2 market average value of Rs. 15 – 16/kg . A little amount of tea waste is purchased by one or two Most of the tea factories do not obey the rules of Tea companies for the extraction of caein ff e. The rest of the Board of India regarding the disposal of tea waste. Every byproducts are deposited in one corner of tea factory tea factory produces a large amount of tea waste, but tea (Figure 1) or in the tea garden areas. Decaein ff ated tea waste buyer is lesser in number in this region. This waste wastes are discarded, but this byproduct can be used as may be the alternative income source for the tea growers poultry and pig feed. Tea byproduct has a little effect on as well as the owners of tea factories. the environment. The two types of tea wastes are: e wa Th stes derived from tea factories are called tea waste. This waste includes discarded tea leaves, buds and • Factory Tea Waste (FTW) tender stems of tea plants. If the tea waste is not disposed During the tea processing in the factory the fiber portion properly, it can pollute the environment like soil, water of leaves is removed and discarded as Tea Waste which and air . also contains some tea leaves and dust. FTW contains er Th e shall be a minimum volume of tea waste tannic acid that is one of the limiting factors for utilization 4,5 and made tea at the ratio of 2:100 kilograms . Before of tea by-product in Poultry and Pigs feed . exporting, selling or holding stock of tea waste, it shall be denatured by the admixture of urea not less than five • Decaeff inated Tea Waste (DCTW) percent, cow dung, slack lime or such other denaturants Decaein ff ated Tea Waste (DCTW) is the waste available as may be specified by the Tea Board of India . Mainly the in the Caein ff e factories aer t ft he extraction of caein ff e by-product of tea industry is treated as waste, sometimes it from Factory Tea Waste. e Th interesting feature of this is used in caein ff e industries for the extraction of caein ff e . industrial waste is that it contains little quantity of tannic In some part of the Assam, tea wastes are sometimes acid (0.4–1.0% on a DM basis) . If the DCTW is washed used as poultry and piggery feed . In the present study, with boiled water, then it becomes good feed for Poultry, the various ways for utilization of tea wastes, alternative Pig and Fishes. earning source through selling tea waste and their appropriate management were discussed. 3.1 Eeff cts of Tea Waste Factory tea wastes have a little bit pollution effect on the 2. Methodology environment. Caein ff e of tea waste is responsible for the acidity of soil and ultimately it effects on the quality of tea. This work is a preliminary work that is generally based on the extensive survey in various garden and tea 3.2 Method of Tea Waste Disposal factories in the study area. The study applied a random ‘Disposal of waste’ means ‘to get rid of waste’. The disposal cluster sampling technique in selecting 20 study sites, of waste should be done in a scientific way. There are out of the 30 tea factories that are spread in four major different methods of tea waste disposal. Some of the tea producing districts namely foothills of Darjeeling, important modes of tea waste disposal: Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar and a part of Cooch Behar. Both • By selling primary and secondary data are documented during data • By exporting collection, using questionnaires, interviews, observation • By using the feed for poultry and necessary photographs were taken. Some modern • By using the feed for fish technique has been discussed to analyze or separate the • By separating the bioactive chemical components chemical components of tea waste. • By utilizing it in the manufacture of caein ff e or instant Tea making 3. Observation and Discussion • By using for Bio-nutrient and Bio-fertilizer • By burning e p Th resent study confirms that mainly two types of tea Vol 9 (42) | November 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology Anurag Chowdhury, Satyajit Sarkar, Akash Chowdhury, Soumik Bardhan, Palash Mandal and Monoranjan Chowdhury Figure 1. Deposition of tea waster in different places of tea factories: (A) Inside factory shade (B) waste warehouse (C) processing centre. Assam is one of the states of India where a large number of 3.2.1 By Selling caein ff e industry is present and they are always searching We can dispose the factory tea waste by selling to the for factory tea waste. caein ff e industry. In Siliguri, one industry is present who buys the factory tea waste for extraction of caein ff e and 3.2.3 Instant Tea Processing they supply it to the pharmaceutical industry. Tea wastes are used for production of instant tea. Caein ff e is separated from tea waste before instant tea 3.2.2 By Exporting manufacture . In the process of production of instant tea By exporting one can dispose the factory tea waste in from tea waste, excess tannin is also reduced . other places where available caein ff e industry is present. Vol 9 (42) | November 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology Tea Waste Management: A Case Study from West Bengal, India waste can be performed at University of North Bengal, 3.2.4 By using Feed for Poultry and Pig Darjeeling and Tea Research Centre of Tea Board, New One can use the factory tea waste aer t ft he separation Jalpaiguri of this region. Re-processing of tea fiber waste of caein ff e. Decaein ff ated tea waste has the immense for the production of valuable biological products might potentiality for the preparation of poultry and pigs’ feed. be another option of its utilization, because tea fiber waste Factory Tea Waste showing the highest level of tannic contains several polyphenols and cellulosic materials as acid beyond 5% has a deleterious effect on the growth and analyzed previously . Recycling of plant fibers obtained performances of broiler chicken . Tannic acids possibly from Calotropisgigantea through enzymatic hydrolysis of act as anti-nutritive factors in broiler chicken, so the cellulose for bioethanol production has been reported very existence of tannic acid in tea waste might perturb the recently . Also, there are appropriate scientific methods growth of those animals . This kind of food also increased for evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of the immune response in finishing pigs and increased the wood fibers as already implied on Quercus, Fagus, Alnus egg laying capacity in hens . and Fraxinus hardwood plants . For improvement of tea fibers isolated from waste, those attributes might 3.2.5 By using the Feed for Fish be standardized with functional group modification of Locally, one can use the decaein ff ated tea waste as a fish biopolymer components. feed with the mixture of mustard cake and water, as revealed from our survey report. DCTW contains eight 3.2.7 By Utilizing It in the Manufacture of Caei ff ne times lesser tannic acid content than FTW, so DCTW or Instant Tea Making can be effectively used as sfi h feed for growth and Aer ft the chemical separation, caein ff e is extracted from development. the factory tea waste and utilized in the pharmaceutical laboratory. 3.2.6 By Separating the Bioactive Chemical Components 3.2.8 By using for Bio-nutrient and Bio-fertilizer Considering the large scale availability of tea waste in this Most of tea factories of this area utilized their tea waste region, both FTW and DCTW can be used as a source of in the plantation area. Due to caein ff e, tea waste increases feed for livestock and poultry aer ft separating the toxic the acidity of soil. But if we mixed the factory tea waste chemical components up to tolerance level. For example, with 5% urea and cow dung for at least 45 days and kept in 5% level of tannic acid or phosphorus present in the tea soil, then it will be converted into a good bio-nutrient and waste showed stress tolerance if used as livestock feed. bio-fertilizer. Tea waste also contains significant amounts Fluoride and pesticide residues can also be found in tea of n-triacontanol . The compound n-triacontanol has waste. Identification of toxic and bioactive chemicals tea plant growth promoting properties and might also from the waste can be made by using UV-Vis, Fluroscence regulate different other physiological properties like the Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy formation of leaf primordial and development of primary (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Atomic leaves . Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) and Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (LC/ 15 3.2.9 By Burning APCI-MS) . The subsequent separation of chemicals from the waste can be made by means of Low Pressure Liquid In some cases, the factory tea waste can be disposed by Column Chromatography (LPLC), Gas Chromatography burning. (GC) and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Further, Tea waste can be used as a low cost 3.3 Rate of Tea Waste adsorbent for the removal of Cu and Pb from wastewater . er Th e is no fixed rate determined by Tea Board of India Activated tea waste can also be used as a potential low- for the sale of tea waste. Generally, rupees 25/- to 30/- cost adsorbent for the removal of ρ-nitrophenol from prot m fi argin could be achieved by selling one kg of tea wastewater. e c Th hemical analysis and separation of tea Vol 9 (42) | November 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology Anurag Chowdhury, Satyajit Sarkar, Akash Chowdhury, Soumik Bardhan, Palash Mandal and Monoranjan Chowdhury waste in this region. In this region a large amount of tea region tea industries might have an existing knowledge waste is deposited in tea factories and tea growers will be gap about the alternative uses of tea waste and awareness benefited financially by selling it. program or suitable training would supplement the issues in near future. 3.4 Rules and Regulation for Sale of Tea Waste 4. Conclusion Tea Board of India (TBI) has mentioned some rules and Tea waste is an important byproduct of different tea regulations regarding the tea waste disposal. According factories of this region. The huge amount of such by- to Tea Board of India, no person shall dispose of any tea product should be utilized in various ways by arranging waste except in the following manner, namely: fruitful management program by factory owners. Tea • By selling to any person holding a license. Board of India also instructs the tea growers and factory • By exporting through proper channel. owners to manage those byproducts and also trained the people towards alternative utilization of such good 3.5 Suggested Protocol for Managing Tea amount of tea waste for production of caein ff e for Waste pharmaceutical companies and aer ft caein ff e extraction To prevent damage, losses or contravention of legislation as feed for domestic animals. it is very essential to manage waste properly. A suitable protocol of waste management is: • er Th e should be proper identification, nature and 5. Acknowledgement quantity of tea waste for further steps. Authors are thankful to all dignitaries of tea factories, tea • e p Th roducer must not allow any person/company garden workers of Tea Estate of Terai & Duars for allowing to dispose tea waste without having a proper waste and assisting our survey works in various locations. management license. e Th first author is also grateful to UGC (RGNF) for its • e p Th roducer must provide an authenticated detailed financial assistance to complete the said work. document explaining about the tea waste before the transfer of the same. • er Th e should be no excuse of exemption on behalf of 6. References the producers in tea waste management. • er Th e should be scientific and eco-friendly guidelines 1. Anonymous. Tea Board of India, Kolkata; 2011. 2. Anonymous. Tea Board of India, Kolkata; 2013. on disposal of tea waste. 3. Mugambi MJ. A study of waste approaches in Tea process- • Government and local bodies need to be more pro- ing factories: Case study of small holder tea factories in active in the management of tea waste. Kenya, Digital Repository, University of Nairobi; 2006. • Environmentalists, researchers as well as the common 4. Anonymous. Tea Board of India, Kolkata; 2006. people need to be much aware of the hazards of tea 5. Anonymous. Tea Board of India, Kolkata; 2009. waste. 6. Tea Waste (Control) order, Tea Board of India, Kolkata; 7. Konwar BK. Potentiality and viability of agro-industrial Tea waste can be used as many useful ways. Tea by-products in N.E. Region. Paper presented at Annual industries produce 2-4% of tea waste of their total Workshop, Sponsored by National Institute of Rural Devel- production. So, huge quantity of tea wastes is produced opment, Guwahati; 1988. p. 1–9. in that area by the industries. But in Siliguri, West Bengal 8. Chutia S, Saikia A, Konwar, BK, Baruah KK. Water treated factory tea waste and pig production. Proceedings of the only one company is actually situated for buying those National Symposium on feeding systems for maximising tea wastes. In our initial survey, it was observed that livestock production, HAU, Hissar 49; 1983. p. 1–9. most of the tea waste remains useless. If the industries 9. Konwar BK, Das PC. Tea waste – a new livestock and poul- are pressurized to emphasize on proper management try feed, Technical bulletin No. 2, AICRP on Agro- indus- and alternative uses of tea waste it will be economically trial Byproducts (ICAR); 1990. p. 1–9. 10. Gao X, Zhang B, Shao Z, Yang Y, Yue P. Separation of caf- beneficial for industries as well as common people. In this Vol 9 (42) | November 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology Tea Waste Management: A Case Study from West Bengal, India feine and tea poly-phenols from instant (soluble) tea waste 16. Amarasinghe BMWPKR, Williams A. Tea waste as a low liquor by macro-porous resins. Advance Journal of Food cost adsorbent for the removal of Cu and Pb from waste- Science and Technology. 2014; 6(6):768–73. water. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2007; 132:299–309. 11. Someswararao CH, Srivastav PP. A novel technology for 17. Alasalvar C, Pelvan E, Ozdemir KS, Kocadağlı T, Mogol production of instant tea powder from the existing black BA, Paslı AA, Ozcan N, Ozçelik B, Gökmen V. Compo- tea manufacturing process. Innovative Food Science and sitional, nutritional, and functional characteristics of in- Emerging Technology. 2012; 16:143–7. stant teas produced from low- and high-quality black teas. 12. Sarker MSK, Yim KJ, Ko SY, Uuganbayar D, Kim GM, Bae Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2013 Aug 7; IH, Oh JI, Yee ST, Yang CJ. Green tea level growth perfor- 61(31):7529–36. mance and meat quality in fishing pigs. Pakistan Journal of 18. Moeini SS, Dadashian F, Vahabzadeh F. Recycling of calot- Nutrition. 2010; 9(1):10–14. ropisgigan tea waste fiber by enzymatic hydrolysis to pro- 13. Ko SY, Yang CJ. Effect of green tea probiotics on the growth duce bioethanol. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. performance, meat quality and immune response in finish- 2016 Mar; 9(9):1–6. ing pigs. The Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science. 19. Gurumoorthy C, Kusakabe O. Experimental methodology 2008 Sep; 21(9):1339–47. to assess migration of iodide ion through bentonite-sand 14. Uuganbayar D, Shin IS, Yang CJ. Comparative performance backfill in a near surface disposal facility. Indian Journal of of hens fed diets containing Korean, Japanese and Chinese Science and Technology. 2012 Jan; 5(1):1834–9 green tea. The Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science. 20. Virdi MS. Manufacture of n-triacontanol: A plant growth 2006; 19(8):1190–6. regulator, micro enterprises in agriculture. Daya Publishing 15. Zeeb DJ, Nelson BC, Albert K, Dalluge JJ. Separation House, Delhi; 2014. p. 3–4. and identification of twelve catechins in tea using liquid 21. Rao JM, Natarajan CP, Seshadri R. A study on the occur- chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ioniza- rence of N-triacontanol, a plant growth regulator, in tea. tion-mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry. 2000 Sep; Journal of Science Food and Agriculture. 2006; 39(2):95–9. 72(20):5020–6. Vol 9 (42) | November 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Indian Journal of Science and Technology Unpaywall

Tea Waste Management: A Case Study from West Bengal, India

Chowdhury, Anurag; Sarkar, Satyajit; Chowdhury, Akash; Bardhan, Soumik; Mandal, Palash; Chowdhury, Monoranjan
Indian Journal of Science and Technology – Nov 14, 2016
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0974-5645
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10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i42/89790
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Abstract

Objectives: The purpose of the present study is to focus on the types of wastages that generated as a byproduct from tea processing industries. Quality and quantities of tea waste and their proper management or waste disposal method were determined in Terai and Duars region of West Bengal. There are very few companies or societies who buy a very little amount of tea waste that does not have any significant impact on the tea waste management as a whole. Lastly, there is a lack of comprehensive and uniform guidelines towards tea waste management in this area. Methods: Random cluster sampling technique in selecting 20 study sites, out of the 30 tea factories that are spread in four major tea producing districts namely foothills of Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar and a part of Cooch Behar were performed. Primary and secondary data are documented during data collection, using questionnaires, interviews, observation and necessary photographs were taken. Findings: Authors have attempted to bring out this work to develop some management strategy of tea waste. Our survey report indicated that effective management strategies would improvise socio-economic status of tea garden workers as well as owners by utilizing this waste in poultry and fish feed, garden manure and caffeine extraction. Applications/Improvement: Fibers from tea waste can now be converted into different industrially implemented products like low cost absorbent during removal of pollutants from waste water. New technologies are emerged through which factory tea waste might be utilized for the preparation of n-triacontanol, which is commercially valuable bio-nutrient and has important growth promoting activities of leaf primordia. Keywords: Disposal Method and Management, Tea Plantation, Tea Waste, West Bengal mainly appointed as tea leaf puckers. Tea is the major 1. Introduction prime crop leading to the economy of North Bengal. As a result, most of the other crop fields of North Bengal are Terai & Duars are located in the foothills of the Himalaya being replaced gradually by the tea gardens as it yields and rich in large and small sized tea gardens in both higher prot. Th fi e cultivation of tea for its commercial banks of river Tista. Tea plantation is one of the noblest purpose is gaining popularity among the farmers in a professions in this area due to the favourable climatic faster manner. Very recently a large number of tea growers conditions. The people of rural ethnic groups of this in the Terai and Duars regions of West Bengal have been region are very much dependent on tea gardens for their crumpled by a drastic drop of the prices of green tea leaves economy. Tribal women are the major workers who are * Author for correspondence Tea Waste Management: A Case Study from West Bengal, India coming down to Rs. 6 – 7/kg as compared with a normal wastes are produced as a byproduct in the tea industry. 1,2 market average value of Rs. 15 – 16/kg . A little amount of tea waste is purchased by one or two Most of the tea factories do not obey the rules of Tea companies for the extraction of caein ff e. The rest of the Board of India regarding the disposal of tea waste. Every byproducts are deposited in one corner of tea factory tea factory produces a large amount of tea waste, but tea (Figure 1) or in the tea garden areas. Decaein ff ated tea waste buyer is lesser in number in this region. This waste wastes are discarded, but this byproduct can be used as may be the alternative income source for the tea growers poultry and pig feed. Tea byproduct has a little effect on as well as the owners of tea factories. the environment. The two types of tea wastes are: e wa Th stes derived from tea factories are called tea waste. This waste includes discarded tea leaves, buds and • Factory Tea Waste (FTW) tender stems of tea plants. If the tea waste is not disposed During the tea processing in the factory the fiber portion properly, it can pollute the environment like soil, water of leaves is removed and discarded as Tea Waste which and air . also contains some tea leaves and dust. FTW contains er Th e shall be a minimum volume of tea waste tannic acid that is one of the limiting factors for utilization 4,5 and made tea at the ratio of 2:100 kilograms . Before of tea by-product in Poultry and Pigs feed . exporting, selling or holding stock of tea waste, it shall be denatured by the admixture of urea not less than five • Decaeff inated Tea Waste (DCTW) percent, cow dung, slack lime or such other denaturants Decaein ff ated Tea Waste (DCTW) is the waste available as may be specified by the Tea Board of India . Mainly the in the Caein ff e factories aer t ft he extraction of caein ff e by-product of tea industry is treated as waste, sometimes it from Factory Tea Waste. e Th interesting feature of this is used in caein ff e industries for the extraction of caein ff e . industrial waste is that it contains little quantity of tannic In some part of the Assam, tea wastes are sometimes acid (0.4–1.0% on a DM basis) . If the DCTW is washed used as poultry and piggery feed . In the present study, with boiled water, then it becomes good feed for Poultry, the various ways for utilization of tea wastes, alternative Pig and Fishes. earning source through selling tea waste and their appropriate management were discussed. 3.1 Eeff cts of Tea Waste Factory tea wastes have a little bit pollution effect on the 2. Methodology environment. Caein ff e of tea waste is responsible for the acidity of soil and ultimately it effects on the quality of tea. This work is a preliminary work that is generally based on the extensive survey in various garden and tea 3.2 Method of Tea Waste Disposal factories in the study area. The study applied a random ‘Disposal of waste’ means ‘to get rid of waste’. The disposal cluster sampling technique in selecting 20 study sites, of waste should be done in a scientific way. There are out of the 30 tea factories that are spread in four major different methods of tea waste disposal. Some of the tea producing districts namely foothills of Darjeeling, important modes of tea waste disposal: Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar and a part of Cooch Behar. Both • By selling primary and secondary data are documented during data • By exporting collection, using questionnaires, interviews, observation • By using the feed for poultry and necessary photographs were taken. Some modern • By using the feed for fish technique has been discussed to analyze or separate the • By separating the bioactive chemical components chemical components of tea waste. • By utilizing it in the manufacture of caein ff e or instant Tea making 3. Observation and Discussion • By using for Bio-nutrient and Bio-fertilizer • By burning e p Th resent study confirms that mainly two types of tea Vol 9 (42) | November 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology Anurag Chowdhury, Satyajit Sarkar, Akash Chowdhury, Soumik Bardhan, Palash Mandal and Monoranjan Chowdhury Figure 1. Deposition of tea waster in different places of tea factories: (A) Inside factory shade (B) waste warehouse (C) processing centre. Assam is one of the states of India where a large number of 3.2.1 By Selling caein ff e industry is present and they are always searching We can dispose the factory tea waste by selling to the for factory tea waste. caein ff e industry. In Siliguri, one industry is present who buys the factory tea waste for extraction of caein ff e and 3.2.3 Instant Tea Processing they supply it to the pharmaceutical industry. Tea wastes are used for production of instant tea. Caein ff e is separated from tea waste before instant tea 3.2.2 By Exporting manufacture . In the process of production of instant tea By exporting one can dispose the factory tea waste in from tea waste, excess tannin is also reduced . other places where available caein ff e industry is present. Vol 9 (42) | November 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology Tea Waste Management: A Case Study from West Bengal, India waste can be performed at University of North Bengal, 3.2.4 By using Feed for Poultry and Pig Darjeeling and Tea Research Centre of Tea Board, New One can use the factory tea waste aer t ft he separation Jalpaiguri of this region. Re-processing of tea fiber waste of caein ff e. Decaein ff ated tea waste has the immense for the production of valuable biological products might potentiality for the preparation of poultry and pigs’ feed. be another option of its utilization, because tea fiber waste Factory Tea Waste showing the highest level of tannic contains several polyphenols and cellulosic materials as acid beyond 5% has a deleterious effect on the growth and analyzed previously . Recycling of plant fibers obtained performances of broiler chicken . Tannic acids possibly from Calotropisgigantea through enzymatic hydrolysis of act as anti-nutritive factors in broiler chicken, so the cellulose for bioethanol production has been reported very existence of tannic acid in tea waste might perturb the recently . Also, there are appropriate scientific methods growth of those animals . This kind of food also increased for evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of the immune response in finishing pigs and increased the wood fibers as already implied on Quercus, Fagus, Alnus egg laying capacity in hens . and Fraxinus hardwood plants . For improvement of tea fibers isolated from waste, those attributes might 3.2.5 By using the Feed for Fish be standardized with functional group modification of Locally, one can use the decaein ff ated tea waste as a fish biopolymer components. feed with the mixture of mustard cake and water, as revealed from our survey report. DCTW contains eight 3.2.7 By Utilizing It in the Manufacture of Caei ff ne times lesser tannic acid content than FTW, so DCTW or Instant Tea Making can be effectively used as sfi h feed for growth and Aer ft the chemical separation, caein ff e is extracted from development. the factory tea waste and utilized in the pharmaceutical laboratory. 3.2.6 By Separating the Bioactive Chemical Components 3.2.8 By using for Bio-nutrient and Bio-fertilizer Considering the large scale availability of tea waste in this Most of tea factories of this area utilized their tea waste region, both FTW and DCTW can be used as a source of in the plantation area. Due to caein ff e, tea waste increases feed for livestock and poultry aer ft separating the toxic the acidity of soil. But if we mixed the factory tea waste chemical components up to tolerance level. For example, with 5% urea and cow dung for at least 45 days and kept in 5% level of tannic acid or phosphorus present in the tea soil, then it will be converted into a good bio-nutrient and waste showed stress tolerance if used as livestock feed. bio-fertilizer. Tea waste also contains significant amounts Fluoride and pesticide residues can also be found in tea of n-triacontanol . The compound n-triacontanol has waste. Identification of toxic and bioactive chemicals tea plant growth promoting properties and might also from the waste can be made by using UV-Vis, Fluroscence regulate different other physiological properties like the Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy formation of leaf primordial and development of primary (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Atomic leaves . Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) and Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (LC/ 15 3.2.9 By Burning APCI-MS) . The subsequent separation of chemicals from the waste can be made by means of Low Pressure Liquid In some cases, the factory tea waste can be disposed by Column Chromatography (LPLC), Gas Chromatography burning. (GC) and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Further, Tea waste can be used as a low cost 3.3 Rate of Tea Waste adsorbent for the removal of Cu and Pb from wastewater . er Th e is no fixed rate determined by Tea Board of India Activated tea waste can also be used as a potential low- for the sale of tea waste. Generally, rupees 25/- to 30/- cost adsorbent for the removal of ρ-nitrophenol from prot m fi argin could be achieved by selling one kg of tea wastewater. e c Th hemical analysis and separation of tea Vol 9 (42) | November 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology Anurag Chowdhury, Satyajit Sarkar, Akash Chowdhury, Soumik Bardhan, Palash Mandal and Monoranjan Chowdhury waste in this region. In this region a large amount of tea region tea industries might have an existing knowledge waste is deposited in tea factories and tea growers will be gap about the alternative uses of tea waste and awareness benefited financially by selling it. program or suitable training would supplement the issues in near future. 3.4 Rules and Regulation for Sale of Tea Waste 4. Conclusion Tea Board of India (TBI) has mentioned some rules and Tea waste is an important byproduct of different tea regulations regarding the tea waste disposal. According factories of this region. The huge amount of such by- to Tea Board of India, no person shall dispose of any tea product should be utilized in various ways by arranging waste except in the following manner, namely: fruitful management program by factory owners. Tea • By selling to any person holding a license. Board of India also instructs the tea growers and factory • By exporting through proper channel. owners to manage those byproducts and also trained the people towards alternative utilization of such good 3.5 Suggested Protocol for Managing Tea amount of tea waste for production of caein ff e for Waste pharmaceutical companies and aer ft caein ff e extraction To prevent damage, losses or contravention of legislation as feed for domestic animals. it is very essential to manage waste properly. A suitable protocol of waste management is: • er Th e should be proper identification, nature and 5. Acknowledgement quantity of tea waste for further steps. Authors are thankful to all dignitaries of tea factories, tea • e p Th roducer must not allow any person/company garden workers of Tea Estate of Terai & Duars for allowing to dispose tea waste without having a proper waste and assisting our survey works in various locations. management license. e Th first author is also grateful to UGC (RGNF) for its • e p Th roducer must provide an authenticated detailed financial assistance to complete the said work. document explaining about the tea waste before the transfer of the same. • er Th e should be no excuse of exemption on behalf of 6. References the producers in tea waste management. • er Th e should be scientific and eco-friendly guidelines 1. Anonymous. Tea Board of India, Kolkata; 2011. 2. Anonymous. Tea Board of India, Kolkata; 2013. on disposal of tea waste. 3. Mugambi MJ. 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