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Copyright Clearance for the Digital Library: A Practical Guide to Gaining Electronic Permissions for Journal Articles

Copyright Clearance for the Digital Library: A Practical Guide to Gaining Electronic Permissions... Elizabeth Cadd Serials - Vol.20, no.2, March 1997 Cupyrighf clearance for tk digital library COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE FOR THE DIGITAL LIBRARY: A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO GAINING ELECTRONIC PERMISSIONS FOR JOURNAL ARTICLES Elizabeth Gadd Proakies a practiual guide to Increasingly libraries are wishing to harness new technologies to gaining copyright clearance for create solutions to their information provision problems. making electronic copies of Electronic document delivery, electronic journal services, journal articles based a electronic ondemand publishing, electronic archives and experience gained on the eLib electronic reserves are just a few of the new solutions being project, Project ACORN. explored. The biggest problems fad by most new electronic Includes tips on identibng and services, however, are not the technological difficulties, but the contacting copyright owners, social, cultural, legal and economic ones: such as electronic elements to include in letters of copyright. aprmch, chase tactics, and Project ACORN is an electronic reserve project funded by JISC dealing with rejisls and charges. under the Electronic Libraries (eLib) programme. It is exploring the mechanisms for establishing an electronic 'short loan' collection of high-demand journal articles - from the obtaining of reading lists from academics right through to the delivery and monitoring of the electronic service. It is a partnership between Loughborough University, Swets & Zeitlinger - who are exploring the role for an intermediary for copyright clearance and digitisation, and Leicester University Library - where the project will be assessing the transferability of the ACORN model. As suggested above, one of the biggest hurdles has not been technological, but the gaining of electronic copyright clearance to make digital copies of articles for the collection. Where technologies have advanced, attitudes and legislation have not. However, to date we have managed to make electronic copyright agreements with 51 publishers both in the UK and abroad for the digitisation of 158 journal articles from 1955-1997. This article intends to share some practical approaches to gaining copyright clearance for digital copies from the lessons we have learned on Project ACORN. Legal position on electronic copying Elizabeth Gadd is Projd Liaison OfficeT, Project ACORN. There is no provision for electronic copying under the Copyright Pilkington Library, Design and Patents Act of 1988 (CDPA88). Although fairdealing Loughborough Unimsity, and library provisions allow limited single photocopies of material Loughborough, Leicestershire, LEll3TU to be made, technically electronic copying and viewing necessitates [email protected] at least two copies to be made: one copy in electronic storage and Elizabeth Gadd Copyright clcamndc for the digital library Saiale - Vol.10, no.1, March 1997 another temporary copy on the screen. As there unearth information in one minute that a are currently no licenses available to make wrongly addressed letter will only reveal in electronic copies, it is necessary to approach three months. copyright owners directly for permission. A There are a number of difficulties one might major hurdle in gaining these permissions is the encounter while attempting to identify lack of knowledge about electronic copies. copyright owners. For example: many authors Whereas most academics, librarians and assigned the copyright in their artides to journal publishers know the benefits and limitations of publishers before the advent of electronic paper photocopy collections, many are not so copying, it is understandable therefore that clear as to what can and cannot be done with an some publishers are not confident about their electronic copy. Copyright owners have right to license digital copies. Frequently one is expressed much fear about the security of their requested to gain secondary - or primary - documents once they have been digitised: will permission from the authors or learned societies they be reproduced in unlimited quantities and that they represent. Again, some publishers spread around the world at the touch of a may be able to license the textual content of button? Will the eledronic text be altered by their articles but not the graphs, tables, users reading it over a network? Will copies of diagrams, photographs or other images, all of articles be found freely available on the Internet which may have separate copyright owners. without the appropriate author, journal and Seeking copyright ownership information can publisher source attached to them? These are be a laborious process, and it is certainly highly all legitimate fears which need to be anticipated recommended that detailed information is by those seeking permission to create digital stored in some form of database to save future copies. A firm grasp of, and respect for, the duplication of effort. Project ACORN has concept of intellectual property will developed an electronic copyright management significantly help the librarian in the search for database called CLEAR (Copyright Licensed electronic copyright permission. to Readings) based on Electronic Access Microsoft's Access. In this we store all the tutor Identifying the copyright owner and module information, the bibliographic details, progress and payment information, and In most cases the copyright owner is the usage data. publisher, but it cannot always be assumed that this is so. The publisher, however, should know Contacting the copyright owner who the rights owner is, so it makes sense to approach them first. Journal publishers can be The experience of Project ACORN has taught us identified in a number of ways: using the that any letter to copyright owners requesting journals themselves, through a search on the permission to make electronic copies needs to Internet, or through a variety of directories (for include certain elements if it is to succeed in example Ulrichs international periodicals direct0 y1 explaining the service and winning co- or Whitakefs Publishers in the Unitad Kingdom operation. and their addresses2). The value of correct Organisational details information is paramount. Publishing is a very dynamic industry and changes are constantly It may be stating the obvious, but it is essential being made to journal titles, journal ownership, to state who you are and the type of and staff within the publishing houses. There is organisation you represent. Publishers also no standard member of staff who deals (particularly learned societies) may be in a with electronic copyright permissions: it may be better position to accommodate the request if the Journals Manager, the Rights & Permissions the copying is for educational purposes for Department, the Electronic Publishing Director, example. State who the service is aimed at in the Editor, or a number of others. It is wise, terms of size and category (e.g. 100 therefore, to ensure that the correct person is undergraduate students, a whole organization approached. A quick telephone call may etc.) and what the purpose of the service is. Serials - Vol.10, no.1, March 1997 Elizabeth Gadd Copyright clemance for the digital library Security details can provide an electronic copy at the outset to save expensive digitisation costs. If not, an off- This may be the most well-scrutinised element print of the article would be very useful as clean of the letter. Describe how the documents are to copies for scanning can be difficult to obtain. In be stored, in what format, and where. Outline our experience, where articles are being scanned the security measures you intend to implement, because they are in high demand, the originals leaving leeway for negotiation with the have often been vandalised, tom, or simply copyright owner. State who will have access to worn out with use. Scanning such copies is the documents. Finally outline the period you almost impossible. wish to make them available for and what will In terms of contracts, it appears that few happen to the documents when the expiry date publishers have their own contracts for has passed. As digital copies can be very electronic copying rights at the time of writing, expensive to create, it is advisable to implement but more are beginning to introduce them. an 'escrow' arrangement. An agreement is said Project ACORN is working with a Heads of to be escrow where it is suspended until a Agreement approach as it was felt that it would future date, or until conditions are met by which be difficult to specify fine contractual details it becomes active. In terms of digital copies, this when dealing with a very new form of service. means that the articles can remain on the server Heads of Agreement are also being promoted once the expiry date has passed, but all external by ECUP (the European Copyright Users access to them is denied until a further Platform) as they allow for differences between agreement has been reached with the publisher. national copyright legislations. For copyright This saves having to destroy and re-create owners, Heads of Agreement have the benefit of digital copies at the end of each expiry period. allowing room for negotiation while electronic publishing is still a relatively unknown Benefits to the copyright owner quantity. Some example agreements can be Explain the potential benefits of the service to found on the ECUP web page$. For a better the copyright owner. These include the understanding of some of the legal terms and possibilities of a new market, information on the clauses that may be found in electronic licensing usage of their journal articles, and any other agreements, take a look at LIBLICENSE, "a information on the management of electronic World Wide Web resource intended to provide documents you may wish to offer. It is also information and assistance for academic and important to explain the effect of the service on research libraries as they read and negotiate the market for the original. Project ACORN, for licenses with information providers for example, emphasised that the service was electronic information content"'. unlikely to dfect publishers income from Chase tactics current serials subscriptions which are, in universities, primarily for research purposes, For many valid reasons, publishers can be slow not undergraduate readings. In a digital era to respond to electronic permission requests. where there are so many unknowns, copyright Many have yet to make their electronic copying owners have a lot to gain by participating with policy decisions, and some are so inundated new services where document security is good with requests that replying to them is a time- and usage information is provided. consuming process. Some form of 'chase' routine is therefore going to be necessary. The Actions required of the publisher keys to chasing are tenacity and regularity. We Make it clear to the publisher what your time would advise waiting for three weeks to give scales are and the speed of response you need the copyright owner time to respond to the from them. Outline the actions you require of initial request and then to chase every two them very clearly - i.e. to sign a contract, and weeks after that if no response has been return it by what date, where, and to whom. It received. Telephone chases seem to be the most is certainly worth asking the publisher if they successful. These will also reveal quickly where Copyyight clearance for the digital library Elizabeth Gadd Snials - Vol.10, no.1, Mmch 1997 a letter has been wrongly addressed. If that in the 'real world' copyright owners are difficulties are experienced catching someone at requesting payment for the creation of their desk, try making a telephone appointment networked electronic copies of their journal with them - and keep it! Email chases can be as articles. The fees can take the form of license or successful as telephone, but they lack the royalty, and may vary (in our experience) immediacy of a telephone call. Publisher Web between $1 per article printed from the database sites often provide current email information, or to $25 per page digitised. Obviously, if a comments boxes by which an appropriate email copyright owner is asking for what you address may be applied for. Emails can be sent consider to be a reasonable charge, there is no once a week rigidly until a response is received. need to query it. However, if you are faced with It is wise to keep a batch of the original request what you consider to be an unreasonable letters to hand as our experience has been that demand, there are a number of options open to copyright owners frequently ask for the original you. Firstly, you can get back to them and ask letter to be re-sent. them to reconsider, reiterating the type of usage to which you are putting the article, the number Dealing with refusals of users who will have access to, or are likely to access it, the time period it will be available for, When faced with a refusal do not give up hope. and the effectiveness of your security Refusals are often due to a misunderstanding of arrangements. Secondly, you might be able to the nature of the request. Alternatively, negotiate if the author of the article is a member copyright owners may have made 'no electro- of your organisation. Thirdly, it is worth copying' an interim policy until they've enquiring whether a member of your considered the all the issues and made an organisation is on the editorial board of the alternative decision. In either case it is always journal - they may be able to affect policy worth following it up. decisions on permissions pricing. Finally, you If the refusal comes by telephone, ask if there could write to the Newsletter on serials pricing is anyone available with whom you could issues7 which offers a forum for the discussion discuss the service further. If not, or the refusal and promotion of fair pricing for serials. comes by post, get an appropriate board member's contact name (from the Directoy of Conclusion Directors50r lnternational Litera y Market Plact+ for example), and send them a letter. The letter Gaining copyright clearance in the digital era is should cover all the initial request information. difficult, but it is slowly improving as Assure them that you don't want them to miss publishers see the new market emerging. One out on the benefits of participation, and ask of the unique features of the ACORN project is whether they would reconsider. If they cannot the involvement of Swets and Zietlinger in alter their decision, consider it a refusal. exploring whether there is a role for an agent as However, do not write them off as non-co- an electronic permissions and digitisation operative; the next time you write, the policy intermediary. Our experiences are certainly may have changed. Even if it has not, continued pointing towards the need for the former. We applications from a potential marketplace may have found the relationships Swets already has encourage a new, more positive electro-copying with publishers to be invaluable in attaining the policy. permissions success we so far have. It is hoped that the market can make way for such a new Payment service, generating a win-win situation for both copyright owners and libraries - and most Project ACORN has been very successful in importantly, for the end users. asking copyright owners to make no permission Project ACORN have documented their charge for the purposes and duration of the electronic copyright permissions procedures. project. Our 'payment' is in the form of These can be found on the Project ACORN Web management and usage information on the pages at http://acorn.lboro.ac.uk/ electronic service. However, there is no doubt Serials - Vol.20, no.1, March 1997 Elizabeth Gadd Copyright cleurance for the digital library References www.library.yale.edu/ -Llicense/ index.shtml), 20 February, 1997. Ulrich's international periodicals directory. NJ : Bowker, 1997. 5. Directory of Diredofs. East Grinstead : Thomas Skinner, 1996. Publishers in the United Kingdom and their addresses. London : Whitaker, 1994. 6. International literary marketplace. New York ; London : R.R.Bowker, 1994. Heads of Agr~ement for site-licenses for the use of electronic publications. (URL: http:/ / 7. Newsletter on serials pricing issues. To www.kaapeli.fi/-eblida/ecup/heads/ subscribe send message to: [email protected]. unilib.htm), 2 February, 1997. Liblicense; licensing digital information : a resource for librarians. (URL: http:/ / http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community Unpaywall

Copyright Clearance for the Digital Library: A Practical Guide to Gaining Electronic Permissions for Journal Articles

Gadd, Elizabeth
Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community – Mar 1, 1997
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0953-0460
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10.1629/1027
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Abstract

Elizabeth Cadd Serials - Vol.20, no.2, March 1997 Cupyrighf clearance for tk digital library COPYRIGHT CLEARANCE FOR THE DIGITAL LIBRARY: A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO GAINING ELECTRONIC PERMISSIONS FOR JOURNAL ARTICLES Elizabeth Gadd Proakies a practiual guide to Increasingly libraries are wishing to harness new technologies to gaining copyright clearance for create solutions to their information provision problems. making electronic copies of Electronic document delivery, electronic journal services, journal articles based a electronic ondemand publishing, electronic archives and experience gained on the eLib electronic reserves are just a few of the new solutions being project, Project ACORN. explored. The biggest problems fad by most new electronic Includes tips on identibng and services, however, are not the technological difficulties, but the contacting copyright owners, social, cultural, legal and economic ones: such as electronic elements to include in letters of copyright. aprmch, chase tactics, and Project ACORN is an electronic reserve project funded by JISC dealing with rejisls and charges. under the Electronic Libraries (eLib) programme. It is exploring the mechanisms for establishing an electronic 'short loan' collection of high-demand journal articles - from the obtaining of reading lists from academics right through to the delivery and monitoring of the electronic service. It is a partnership between Loughborough University, Swets & Zeitlinger - who are exploring the role for an intermediary for copyright clearance and digitisation, and Leicester University Library - where the project will be assessing the transferability of the ACORN model. As suggested above, one of the biggest hurdles has not been technological, but the gaining of electronic copyright clearance to make digital copies of articles for the collection. Where technologies have advanced, attitudes and legislation have not. However, to date we have managed to make electronic copyright agreements with 51 publishers both in the UK and abroad for the digitisation of 158 journal articles from 1955-1997. This article intends to share some practical approaches to gaining copyright clearance for digital copies from the lessons we have learned on Project ACORN. Legal position on electronic copying Elizabeth Gadd is Projd Liaison OfficeT, Project ACORN. There is no provision for electronic copying under the Copyright Pilkington Library, Design and Patents Act of 1988 (CDPA88). Although fairdealing Loughborough Unimsity, and library provisions allow limited single photocopies of material Loughborough, Leicestershire, LEll3TU to be made, technically electronic copying and viewing necessitates [email protected] at least two copies to be made: one copy in electronic storage and Elizabeth Gadd Copyright clcamndc for the digital library Saiale - Vol.10, no.1, March 1997 another temporary copy on the screen. As there unearth information in one minute that a are currently no licenses available to make wrongly addressed letter will only reveal in electronic copies, it is necessary to approach three months. copyright owners directly for permission. A There are a number of difficulties one might major hurdle in gaining these permissions is the encounter while attempting to identify lack of knowledge about electronic copies. copyright owners. For example: many authors Whereas most academics, librarians and assigned the copyright in their artides to journal publishers know the benefits and limitations of publishers before the advent of electronic paper photocopy collections, many are not so copying, it is understandable therefore that clear as to what can and cannot be done with an some publishers are not confident about their electronic copy. Copyright owners have right to license digital copies. Frequently one is expressed much fear about the security of their requested to gain secondary - or primary - documents once they have been digitised: will permission from the authors or learned societies they be reproduced in unlimited quantities and that they represent. Again, some publishers spread around the world at the touch of a may be able to license the textual content of button? Will the eledronic text be altered by their articles but not the graphs, tables, users reading it over a network? Will copies of diagrams, photographs or other images, all of articles be found freely available on the Internet which may have separate copyright owners. without the appropriate author, journal and Seeking copyright ownership information can publisher source attached to them? These are be a laborious process, and it is certainly highly all legitimate fears which need to be anticipated recommended that detailed information is by those seeking permission to create digital stored in some form of database to save future copies. A firm grasp of, and respect for, the duplication of effort. Project ACORN has concept of intellectual property will developed an electronic copyright management significantly help the librarian in the search for database called CLEAR (Copyright Licensed electronic copyright permission. to Readings) based on Electronic Access Microsoft's Access. In this we store all the tutor Identifying the copyright owner and module information, the bibliographic details, progress and payment information, and In most cases the copyright owner is the usage data. publisher, but it cannot always be assumed that this is so. The publisher, however, should know Contacting the copyright owner who the rights owner is, so it makes sense to approach them first. Journal publishers can be The experience of Project ACORN has taught us identified in a number of ways: using the that any letter to copyright owners requesting journals themselves, through a search on the permission to make electronic copies needs to Internet, or through a variety of directories (for include certain elements if it is to succeed in example Ulrichs international periodicals direct0 y1 explaining the service and winning co- or Whitakefs Publishers in the Unitad Kingdom operation. and their addresses2). The value of correct Organisational details information is paramount. Publishing is a very dynamic industry and changes are constantly It may be stating the obvious, but it is essential being made to journal titles, journal ownership, to state who you are and the type of and staff within the publishing houses. There is organisation you represent. Publishers also no standard member of staff who deals (particularly learned societies) may be in a with electronic copyright permissions: it may be better position to accommodate the request if the Journals Manager, the Rights & Permissions the copying is for educational purposes for Department, the Electronic Publishing Director, example. State who the service is aimed at in the Editor, or a number of others. It is wise, terms of size and category (e.g. 100 therefore, to ensure that the correct person is undergraduate students, a whole organization approached. A quick telephone call may etc.) and what the purpose of the service is. Serials - Vol.10, no.1, March 1997 Elizabeth Gadd Copyright clemance for the digital library Security details can provide an electronic copy at the outset to save expensive digitisation costs. If not, an off- This may be the most well-scrutinised element print of the article would be very useful as clean of the letter. Describe how the documents are to copies for scanning can be difficult to obtain. In be stored, in what format, and where. Outline our experience, where articles are being scanned the security measures you intend to implement, because they are in high demand, the originals leaving leeway for negotiation with the have often been vandalised, tom, or simply copyright owner. State who will have access to worn out with use. Scanning such copies is the documents. Finally outline the period you almost impossible. wish to make them available for and what will In terms of contracts, it appears that few happen to the documents when the expiry date publishers have their own contracts for has passed. As digital copies can be very electronic copying rights at the time of writing, expensive to create, it is advisable to implement but more are beginning to introduce them. an 'escrow' arrangement. An agreement is said Project ACORN is working with a Heads of to be escrow where it is suspended until a Agreement approach as it was felt that it would future date, or until conditions are met by which be difficult to specify fine contractual details it becomes active. In terms of digital copies, this when dealing with a very new form of service. means that the articles can remain on the server Heads of Agreement are also being promoted once the expiry date has passed, but all external by ECUP (the European Copyright Users access to them is denied until a further Platform) as they allow for differences between agreement has been reached with the publisher. national copyright legislations. For copyright This saves having to destroy and re-create owners, Heads of Agreement have the benefit of digital copies at the end of each expiry period. allowing room for negotiation while electronic publishing is still a relatively unknown Benefits to the copyright owner quantity. Some example agreements can be Explain the potential benefits of the service to found on the ECUP web page$. For a better the copyright owner. These include the understanding of some of the legal terms and possibilities of a new market, information on the clauses that may be found in electronic licensing usage of their journal articles, and any other agreements, take a look at LIBLICENSE, "a information on the management of electronic World Wide Web resource intended to provide documents you may wish to offer. It is also information and assistance for academic and important to explain the effect of the service on research libraries as they read and negotiate the market for the original. Project ACORN, for licenses with information providers for example, emphasised that the service was electronic information content"'. unlikely to dfect publishers income from Chase tactics current serials subscriptions which are, in universities, primarily for research purposes, For many valid reasons, publishers can be slow not undergraduate readings. In a digital era to respond to electronic permission requests. where there are so many unknowns, copyright Many have yet to make their electronic copying owners have a lot to gain by participating with policy decisions, and some are so inundated new services where document security is good with requests that replying to them is a time- and usage information is provided. consuming process. Some form of 'chase' routine is therefore going to be necessary. The Actions required of the publisher keys to chasing are tenacity and regularity. We Make it clear to the publisher what your time would advise waiting for three weeks to give scales are and the speed of response you need the copyright owner time to respond to the from them. Outline the actions you require of initial request and then to chase every two them very clearly - i.e. to sign a contract, and weeks after that if no response has been return it by what date, where, and to whom. It received. Telephone chases seem to be the most is certainly worth asking the publisher if they successful. These will also reveal quickly where Copyyight clearance for the digital library Elizabeth Gadd Snials - Vol.10, no.1, Mmch 1997 a letter has been wrongly addressed. If that in the 'real world' copyright owners are difficulties are experienced catching someone at requesting payment for the creation of their desk, try making a telephone appointment networked electronic copies of their journal with them - and keep it! Email chases can be as articles. The fees can take the form of license or successful as telephone, but they lack the royalty, and may vary (in our experience) immediacy of a telephone call. Publisher Web between $1 per article printed from the database sites often provide current email information, or to $25 per page digitised. Obviously, if a comments boxes by which an appropriate email copyright owner is asking for what you address may be applied for. Emails can be sent consider to be a reasonable charge, there is no once a week rigidly until a response is received. need to query it. However, if you are faced with It is wise to keep a batch of the original request what you consider to be an unreasonable letters to hand as our experience has been that demand, there are a number of options open to copyright owners frequently ask for the original you. Firstly, you can get back to them and ask letter to be re-sent. them to reconsider, reiterating the type of usage to which you are putting the article, the number Dealing with refusals of users who will have access to, or are likely to access it, the time period it will be available for, When faced with a refusal do not give up hope. and the effectiveness of your security Refusals are often due to a misunderstanding of arrangements. Secondly, you might be able to the nature of the request. Alternatively, negotiate if the author of the article is a member copyright owners may have made 'no electro- of your organisation. Thirdly, it is worth copying' an interim policy until they've enquiring whether a member of your considered the all the issues and made an organisation is on the editorial board of the alternative decision. In either case it is always journal - they may be able to affect policy worth following it up. decisions on permissions pricing. Finally, you If the refusal comes by telephone, ask if there could write to the Newsletter on serials pricing is anyone available with whom you could issues7 which offers a forum for the discussion discuss the service further. If not, or the refusal and promotion of fair pricing for serials. comes by post, get an appropriate board member's contact name (from the Directoy of Conclusion Directors50r lnternational Litera y Market Plact+ for example), and send them a letter. The letter Gaining copyright clearance in the digital era is should cover all the initial request information. difficult, but it is slowly improving as Assure them that you don't want them to miss publishers see the new market emerging. One out on the benefits of participation, and ask of the unique features of the ACORN project is whether they would reconsider. If they cannot the involvement of Swets and Zietlinger in alter their decision, consider it a refusal. exploring whether there is a role for an agent as However, do not write them off as non-co- an electronic permissions and digitisation operative; the next time you write, the policy intermediary. Our experiences are certainly may have changed. Even if it has not, continued pointing towards the need for the former. We applications from a potential marketplace may have found the relationships Swets already has encourage a new, more positive electro-copying with publishers to be invaluable in attaining the policy. permissions success we so far have. It is hoped that the market can make way for such a new Payment service, generating a win-win situation for both copyright owners and libraries - and most Project ACORN has been very successful in importantly, for the end users. asking copyright owners to make no permission Project ACORN have documented their charge for the purposes and duration of the electronic copyright permissions procedures. project. Our 'payment' is in the form of These can be found on the Project ACORN Web management and usage information on the pages at http://acorn.lboro.ac.uk/ electronic service. However, there is no doubt Serials - Vol.20, no.1, March 1997 Elizabeth Gadd Copyright cleurance for the digital library References www.library.yale.edu/ -Llicense/ index.shtml), 20 February, 1997. Ulrich's international periodicals directory. NJ : Bowker, 1997. 5. Directory of Diredofs. East Grinstead : Thomas Skinner, 1996. Publishers in the United Kingdom and their addresses. London : Whitaker, 1994. 6. International literary marketplace. New York ; London : R.R.Bowker, 1994. Heads of Agr~ement for site-licenses for the use of electronic publications. (URL: http:/ / 7. Newsletter on serials pricing issues. To www.kaapeli.fi/-eblida/ecup/heads/ subscribe send message to: [email protected]. unilib.htm), 2 February, 1997. Liblicense; licensing digital information : a resource for librarians. (URL: http:/ /

Journal

Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community – Unpaywall

Published: Mar 1, 1997

There are no references for this article.