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Red Lights: The Lives of Sex Workers in Postsocialist China (review)

Red Lights: The Lives of Sex Workers in Postsocialist China (review) 182 ChinaReviewInternational:Vol.17,No.1,2010 tizedpower.Ratherthancentralstateedicts,citizenswhoownpropertynowhave tocontendwithpropertydevelopersinchargeofadministeringresidentialcommunities.Theimplicationsgobeyondcreatinghousingcommunityactiviststo fightagainstdevelopers.Zhangshowshowtheemergenceofpropertymarkets-- andanurbancultureobsessedwiththehousingmarket--createsanewemphasis onindividualsembodiedintheexpression"relyonone'sself "(kao ziji),whereinit istheindividual'schargetoadvancehisorherinterests,tomakemoney,tochoose wheretolive,todecidewhentochangejobs,and,aboveall,topracticeself-control ratherthanlooktothestate.Moreover,Zhangconvincinglyargues,theproper managementoftheseindividualresponsibilitiesisemblematicofanewmiddleclassstatusandtherighttooccupysuchasocialposition.Forinstance,whereas therewaslittleincentivetomaintain,lessimprove,danweihousingstock,nowitis theindividual'sresponsibilitytofinishthelaststagesofahouseorapartment, decorate,andconfirmone'smiddle-classtastesandstatus. Arichrangeofsourcesensuresthoroughcoverage.Zhangconductedfifteen monthsoffieldworkspreadoversevenyears,drawingonpersonalcontactsfroma lifetimespentgrowingupinKunmingandfromyearlyreturnvisits.Asaresult, readersgetafullpictureofthoseinvolvedwithhousing,including,ofcourse,the migrantlabormusclebehindtheconstructionwork,themenwhooftenendure conditionssimilartothoseoftheirfemalecounterpartsworkinginfactories:low wages,unsafeworkingconditions,longhours,fewbenefits,lackofjobsecurity, andanotoriouslydifficulttimegettingpaidontime(orpaidatall).Theinclusion ofherownpersonalexperiencesmakesthebookevenmorereadable.Giventhe implicationsofthecontemporarytopicsshecovers,particularlythereturnof inflationandconcernsaboutthelimitsonthesizeoftheChinesemiddleclass, this bookwillundoubtedlybecomeareferenceformanyfurtherstudies. KarlGerth Karl Gerth is a fellow and tutor at Merton College, Oxford University. TiantianZheng.Red Lights: The Lives of Sex Workers in Postsocialist China. Minneapolis:UniversityofMinnesotaPress,2009.304pp.$27.95,isbn © 2011 by University of Hawai`i Press 978-0-8166-5902-9. TiantianZhengadoptstheneutralterm"sexworker"insteadofusingthe derogatoryword"prostitute"todiscusstheacademicissueofgender,sex,andthe Reviews 183 Chinesesocialsystemfromananthropologicalperspective.WhiletheChinese governmentviewsprostitutesascriminalsandrefusestousetheterm"sexworker," ZhengregardsChinesesexworkersasordinarypeople.Theyarenotsodifferent fromotherChinesewomen"whowrestlewithpatriarchyonadailybasis,although theirfightismuchmorefierceandviolentduetotheextrememasculine environmentinwhichtheywork"(p.246).Herperspectivedifferswiththeofficial Chinesegenderideology. ZhengidentifiesChinatodayasapostsocialisteraandputsthestoryofthe livesofsexworkerswithinthiscontext.Thepostsocialistcountriesaremainly thosecountriesthathaveevolvedfromaplannedeconomytoacapitalist-based economyandfromasocialistpoliticalsystemtoademocraticsystem.These includeEastEuropeancountriesaftertheformerSovietUnioncollapsedinthe 1990s.ChinahasbeenexperiencingaprofoundtransformationfromtheMaoera tothepost-Maoera,butitisdebatablewhetherornotCommunistChinahas alreadysteppedintoapostsocialistera.Regardless,Zhengcourageouslyexplores therelationshipbetweensexworkersandthepost-Maoerabypresentingthe differencesbetweenthelivesofsexworkersinsocialistChinaandinpostsocialist China. Zheng's"researchfocusesontheculturalpoliticsofgender,sex,class, migration,andpowerduringthepolitical,socialandculturaltransformationin postsocialistChina."1Red Lightscombinestheseresearchtopicsintoonebasedon hertwoyearsofethnographicfieldworkinChina.Duringherfieldwork,Zheng livedwithagroupofhostessesandwas"intenselyinvolvedineveryaspectoftheir lives"(p.30).Sheeven"spentseveralmonthstravelingwithhostessestotheir homesinthecountryside"(p.150)tofamiliarizeherselfwiththeirlifestyles.Using herownbackgroundandpersonalexperienceasawomaninChinaandthe UnitedStates,Zhengprovidesafascinatingstoryofthelivesofkaraokehostesses. Shetellsabouthowsexworkersfeelabouttheirjobs,howtheysurviveingeneral inthepost-Maoeraandspecificallyintheirdangerouswork.Thestoryisnot limitedtosexworkersandtheirclients.Thisbookisagoodattemptatexploring theperplexingsocialphenomenonofsexworkers,gangsters,smallbusiness owners,andpoliticsinChinatoday. Present-dayChinaremainsaCommunistregime.Communistorthodoxyis completelyincompatiblewithprostitution.DuringtheMaoera,nightclubsand barsweretreatedasemblemsofbourgeoislifestyle(p.3).Commercialsexwas strictlyforbidden,andpeople'ssexualdesiresweresuppressed.Assoonasthe CommunistPartyofChina(CPC)cametopowerin1949,thenewgovernment crackeddownonbrothels.In1958,theChinesegovernmentannouncedthat prostitutionhadbeeneradicated.In1964,thegovernmentdeclaredthatvenereal diseasesnolongerexistedinChina.Chinaisoneofveryfewcountriesinthe world"thathascomeclosetoatrulyprohibitionistprogramme."2 184 ChinaReviewInternational:Vol.17,No.1,2010 Red LightsissetinDalian,alargenortheasternChineseseaportcitysituated atthesoutherntipofLiaoningPeninsulawithoversixmillionpeople.Herethe authorwasbornandeducatedbeforemovingtotheUnitedStatestostudy.Dalian becamethekeyadministrativecenterinsouthernManchuriaaftertheRussoJapaneseWarin1904(p.35)andwasadevelopedareaandJapanesemilitarybase duringtheJapanseoccupationofthe1930sand1940s.TheSovietUniontookover Dalianin1945andreturnedittoChinain1954.TheeconomyofDalianwas sluggishintheMaoregime(p.48).TwoyearsafterMaodiedin1976,Chinabegan tolaunchareformmovementinthesouthernpartofChina.Inthepost-Maoera, themostdevelopedareaswereShanghai,Jiangsu,andGuangdong.Accordingly, theYangtzeDeltaandPearlDeltaareashavegreatlyattracteddomestic immigrants--migrantworkers.ThetotalincomeofmigrantworkersinthePearl DeltaandYangtzeDeltaareasmakeup,respectively,about32percentand30 percentofthetotalincomeofmigrantworkersinthenation.Sincethereform movement,hundredsofthousandsofChinesepeoplehavebeenmovingfrom ruralareastocities,frompoorareastodevelopedareas,fromthewesttotheeast coast,fromthenortherntothesouthernpartofChina,especiallytoShenzhen, Dongguan,Wenzhou,Guangzhou,Shanghai,Suzhou,Wuxi,Shenzhen,and Ningbo. Asananthropologist,Zhenggatheredempiricaldataforherbookthroughher participation,observation,interviews,andquestionnairesatkaraokebarsin Dalian.AlthoughDaliandoesnotdrawasmanyassexworkersasDongguanand otherlargecitiesinChina,Dalianhasitsdistinctivecolonialhistoryandits "unusualsystemofprostitutionthatincludedthesystemofcomfortwomenduring theJapaneseoccupationaswellasdiverseethnicitiessinceprostitutescamefrom Manchuria,Korea,andJapan"(pp.2­3).Asearlyas1905,Japanbuiltthefirst brothelinDalian.Inthepost-Maoera,Dalianhasbecomeaninternationalcity andhasattractedmigrantsexworkers,foreigninvestors,andsextourists.Thus, Dalianhastomanageacomplexsystemofprostitutionandcopewithdiverse ethnicities(p.51).Apparently,Dalianisanideallocationfortheauthortoconduct researchthat"describeshowthepostcoloniallegacyoftheJapaneseoccupationis beingplayedout"(p.2)throughacomparativestudyofsexworkersindifferent historicalperiods,specificallytheJapaneseoccupation,theMaoera,andthe post-Maoera.Moreover,DalianenablesZhengtoaddresssomesomekeyresearch questions,suchas"WastherecompetitionbetweenDalianmenandJapanese men?"and"WhywouldChinesebusinessmendefinetheirmasculinityagainst Japanesemodels?"(p.35). Red Lightsfocusesonkaraokebarhostesses,so-calledsexworkers.InChina arevarioustypesofsexworkers:waitressesinpublicbaths,stylistsinbarbershops, andhostessesinkaraokebars.AccordingtoZheng,sexserviceinpost-MaoChina beganinkaraokebars.HostessesarethemostpopularformofChineseprostitute, so-calledsanpei xiaojiebecausetheseyoungwomenaccompanymeninthree Reviews 185 ways:drinking,dancing,andsinging.Theyalsoprovidesexualservicesupon request.Therearethreetypesofhostesses:"thedocilevirgin,therapacious prostitute,andCinderella"(p.214).However,karaokebarshavechangedtheir tacticssince2004.Hostessesarecompletelynakedwhensinginganddancingwith clients.Thenakedhostessesdance,sing,andtouchclients'genitalstoseetheir reactions(p.214).Zhengpredictsthat"thisseemstoofferahintaboutthefuture trendsinthekaraokebarindustry"(p.244). ThekaraokebarwasintroducedtoChinafromJapanaftertheChinesereform movementbegan.Inthepost-Maoera,Chinesemenhaveattemptedtorecover theirlostmasculinityandsexualidentity.Thekaraokebarsperfectlymeetthe needsofChinesemen.Meanwhile,themarketeconomymakesitpossiblefor hostessestohavethesolerighttoclaimtheirabsoluteownershipoftheirown bodiesandmarketthemfortheirownusebypricingtheirdifferentbodypartsand demandingcompensationfromclientsaccordingtothepartsthataretouched (p. 12).Thehostesses'sexualservicesprovidemoreopportunitiesnotonlyfor businessmenbutalsoforgovernmentofficialsandevencommoncitizensto conductavarietyofbusinessesbyofferingsexualbribery.Inthebeginningofthe reformmovement,businessmenusedtogettheirbusinessdoneatbanquettables; afterthekaraokebarsemergedinChina,manyChinesebusinessmenmovedtheir businessactivitiesfromthebanquettablestothekaraokebars.Gradually,the consumptionofwomenhasbecomepartofthebusinessprocess.Asaresult,in orderforthebusinesselitetotransformtheireconomicpositionintopolitical power,theyhavetocultivatesolidaritywithofficialsthroughpersonalnetworks, includingvisitsmadetohostessesinkaraokebars(p.9).Zhengobservesthat"in Daliantoday,itisdifficultandunusualtofindentrepreneursandofficialswhoare buildingbusinessnetworksandnegotiatingcontractswithoutengagingin entertainmentofferedinkaraokebars"(p.53). Gradually,sexualbriberyhasextendedtoalmosteverysphereofsociety, includinggovernmentalaffairs,financialservices,education,entertainment, sports,andmedicalservices.Sexualattractivenesshascometobeavehiclefor sellinggoods,gettingpromotions,receivingvarioushonors,andexchangefor personalinterests.Sexualstrategiesalsoinfluencecollegestudents.Manyjobs now requirefemaleapplicantstomeetacertainstandardofsexualattractiveness. Inotherwords,beautyhasbecomeajobrequirementforwomen.Accordingto Zheng,"alargenumberoffemalecollegegraduatesattachedtheirhalf-naked, colorfulportraitstotheirresumesandemphasizedthattheycouldsinganddance, andthattheywerebeautiful,decorous,gentle,andgoodatsocializingand drinkingalcohol.Somesuggestedthatsexualintercoursewasajobrequirement forwomeninoccupationsotherthansexworkandclaimedthatfemaleemployees weretoldtheywouldlosetheirjobsiftheyrefusedtosleepwithcustomers"(p. 22). http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png China Review International University of Hawai'I Press

Red Lights: The Lives of Sex Workers in Postsocialist China (review)

Zhou, Jinghao
China Review International , Volume 17 (1) – Mar 1, 2010
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Abstract

182 ChinaReviewInternational:Vol.17,No.1,2010 tizedpower.Ratherthancentralstateedicts,citizenswhoownpropertynowhave tocontendwithpropertydevelopersinchargeofadministeringresidentialcommunities.Theimplicationsgobeyondcreatinghousingcommunityactiviststo fightagainstdevelopers.Zhangshowshowtheemergenceofpropertymarkets-- andanurbancultureobsessedwiththehousingmarket--createsanewemphasis onindividualsembodiedintheexpression"relyonone'sself "(kao ziji),whereinit istheindividual'schargetoadvancehisorherinterests,tomakemoney,tochoose wheretolive,todecidewhentochangejobs,and,aboveall,topracticeself-control ratherthanlooktothestate.Moreover,Zhangconvincinglyargues,theproper managementoftheseindividualresponsibilitiesisemblematicofanewmiddleclassstatusandtherighttooccupysuchasocialposition.Forinstance,whereas therewaslittleincentivetomaintain,lessimprove,danweihousingstock,nowitis theindividual'sresponsibilitytofinishthelaststagesofahouseorapartment, decorate,andconfirmone'smiddle-classtastesandstatus. Arichrangeofsourcesensuresthoroughcoverage.Zhangconductedfifteen monthsoffieldworkspreadoversevenyears,drawingonpersonalcontactsfroma lifetimespentgrowingupinKunmingandfromyearlyreturnvisits.Asaresult, readersgetafullpictureofthoseinvolvedwithhousing,including,ofcourse,the migrantlabormusclebehindtheconstructionwork,themenwhooftenendure conditionssimilartothoseoftheirfemalecounterpartsworkinginfactories:low wages,unsafeworkingconditions,longhours,fewbenefits,lackofjobsecurity, andanotoriouslydifficulttimegettingpaidontime(orpaidatall).Theinclusion ofherownpersonalexperiencesmakesthebookevenmorereadable.Giventhe implicationsofthecontemporarytopicsshecovers,particularlythereturnof inflationandconcernsaboutthelimitsonthesizeoftheChinesemiddleclass, this bookwillundoubtedlybecomeareferenceformanyfurtherstudies. KarlGerth Karl Gerth is a fellow and tutor at Merton College, Oxford University. TiantianZheng.Red Lights: The Lives of Sex Workers in Postsocialist China. Minneapolis:UniversityofMinnesotaPress,2009.304pp.$27.95,isbn © 2011 by University of Hawai`i Press 978-0-8166-5902-9. TiantianZhengadoptstheneutralterm"sexworker"insteadofusingthe derogatoryword"prostitute"todiscusstheacademicissueofgender,sex,andthe Reviews 183 Chinesesocialsystemfromananthropologicalperspective.WhiletheChinese governmentviewsprostitutesascriminalsandrefusestousetheterm"sexworker," ZhengregardsChinesesexworkersasordinarypeople.Theyarenotsodifferent fromotherChinesewomen"whowrestlewithpatriarchyonadailybasis,although theirfightismuchmorefierceandviolentduetotheextrememasculine environmentinwhichtheywork"(p.246).Herperspectivedifferswiththeofficial Chinesegenderideology. ZhengidentifiesChinatodayasapostsocialisteraandputsthestoryofthe livesofsexworkerswithinthiscontext.Thepostsocialistcountriesaremainly thosecountriesthathaveevolvedfromaplannedeconomytoacapitalist-based economyandfromasocialistpoliticalsystemtoademocraticsystem.These includeEastEuropeancountriesaftertheformerSovietUnioncollapsedinthe 1990s.ChinahasbeenexperiencingaprofoundtransformationfromtheMaoera tothepost-Maoera,butitisdebatablewhetherornotCommunistChinahas alreadysteppedintoapostsocialistera.Regardless,Zhengcourageouslyexplores therelationshipbetweensexworkersandthepost-Maoerabypresentingthe differencesbetweenthelivesofsexworkersinsocialistChinaandinpostsocialist China. Zheng's"researchfocusesontheculturalpoliticsofgender,sex,class, migration,andpowerduringthepolitical,socialandculturaltransformationin postsocialistChina."1Red Lightscombinestheseresearchtopicsintoonebasedon hertwoyearsofethnographicfieldworkinChina.Duringherfieldwork,Zheng livedwithagroupofhostessesandwas"intenselyinvolvedineveryaspectoftheir lives"(p.30).Sheeven"spentseveralmonthstravelingwithhostessestotheir homesinthecountryside"(p.150)tofamiliarizeherselfwiththeirlifestyles.Using herownbackgroundandpersonalexperienceasawomaninChinaandthe UnitedStates,Zhengprovidesafascinatingstoryofthelivesofkaraokehostesses. Shetellsabouthowsexworkersfeelabouttheirjobs,howtheysurviveingeneral inthepost-Maoeraandspecificallyintheirdangerouswork.Thestoryisnot limitedtosexworkersandtheirclients.Thisbookisagoodattemptatexploring theperplexingsocialphenomenonofsexworkers,gangsters,smallbusiness owners,andpoliticsinChinatoday. Present-dayChinaremainsaCommunistregime.Communistorthodoxyis completelyincompatiblewithprostitution.DuringtheMaoera,nightclubsand barsweretreatedasemblemsofbourgeoislifestyle(p.3).Commercialsexwas strictlyforbidden,andpeople'ssexualdesiresweresuppressed.Assoonasthe CommunistPartyofChina(CPC)cametopowerin1949,thenewgovernment crackeddownonbrothels.In1958,theChinesegovernmentannouncedthat prostitutionhadbeeneradicated.In1964,thegovernmentdeclaredthatvenereal diseasesnolongerexistedinChina.Chinaisoneofveryfewcountriesinthe world"thathascomeclosetoatrulyprohibitionistprogramme."2 184 ChinaReviewInternational:Vol.17,No.1,2010 Red LightsissetinDalian,alargenortheasternChineseseaportcitysituated atthesoutherntipofLiaoningPeninsulawithoversixmillionpeople.Herethe authorwasbornandeducatedbeforemovingtotheUnitedStatestostudy.Dalian becamethekeyadministrativecenterinsouthernManchuriaaftertheRussoJapaneseWarin1904(p.35)andwasadevelopedareaandJapanesemilitarybase duringtheJapanseoccupationofthe1930sand1940s.TheSovietUniontookover Dalianin1945andreturnedittoChinain1954.TheeconomyofDalianwas sluggishintheMaoregime(p.48).TwoyearsafterMaodiedin1976,Chinabegan tolaunchareformmovementinthesouthernpartofChina.Inthepost-Maoera, themostdevelopedareaswereShanghai,Jiangsu,andGuangdong.Accordingly, theYangtzeDeltaandPearlDeltaareashavegreatlyattracteddomestic immigrants--migrantworkers.ThetotalincomeofmigrantworkersinthePearl DeltaandYangtzeDeltaareasmakeup,respectively,about32percentand30 percentofthetotalincomeofmigrantworkersinthenation.Sincethereform movement,hundredsofthousandsofChinesepeoplehavebeenmovingfrom ruralareastocities,frompoorareastodevelopedareas,fromthewesttotheeast coast,fromthenortherntothesouthernpartofChina,especiallytoShenzhen, Dongguan,Wenzhou,Guangzhou,Shanghai,Suzhou,Wuxi,Shenzhen,and Ningbo. Asananthropologist,Zhenggatheredempiricaldataforherbookthroughher participation,observation,interviews,andquestionnairesatkaraokebarsin Dalian.AlthoughDaliandoesnotdrawasmanyassexworkersasDongguanand otherlargecitiesinChina,Dalianhasitsdistinctivecolonialhistoryandits "unusualsystemofprostitutionthatincludedthesystemofcomfortwomenduring theJapaneseoccupationaswellasdiverseethnicitiessinceprostitutescamefrom Manchuria,Korea,andJapan"(pp.2­3).Asearlyas1905,Japanbuiltthefirst brothelinDalian.Inthepost-Maoera,Dalianhasbecomeaninternationalcity andhasattractedmigrantsexworkers,foreigninvestors,andsextourists.Thus, Dalianhastomanageacomplexsystemofprostitutionandcopewithdiverse ethnicities(p.51).Apparently,Dalianisanideallocationfortheauthortoconduct researchthat"describeshowthepostcoloniallegacyoftheJapaneseoccupationis beingplayedout"(p.2)throughacomparativestudyofsexworkersindifferent historicalperiods,specificallytheJapaneseoccupation,theMaoera,andthe post-Maoera.Moreover,DalianenablesZhengtoaddresssomesomekeyresearch questions,suchas"WastherecompetitionbetweenDalianmenandJapanese men?"and"WhywouldChinesebusinessmendefinetheirmasculinityagainst Japanesemodels?"(p.35). Red Lightsfocusesonkaraokebarhostesses,so-calledsexworkers.InChina arevarioustypesofsexworkers:waitressesinpublicbaths,stylistsinbarbershops, andhostessesinkaraokebars.AccordingtoZheng,sexserviceinpost-MaoChina beganinkaraokebars.HostessesarethemostpopularformofChineseprostitute, so-calledsanpei xiaojiebecausetheseyoungwomenaccompanymeninthree Reviews 185 ways:drinking,dancing,andsinging.Theyalsoprovidesexualservicesupon request.Therearethreetypesofhostesses:"thedocilevirgin,therapacious prostitute,andCinderella"(p.214).However,karaokebarshavechangedtheir tacticssince2004.Hostessesarecompletelynakedwhensinginganddancingwith clients.Thenakedhostessesdance,sing,andtouchclients'genitalstoseetheir reactions(p.214).Zhengpredictsthat"thisseemstoofferahintaboutthefuture trendsinthekaraokebarindustry"(p.244). ThekaraokebarwasintroducedtoChinafromJapanaftertheChinesereform movementbegan.Inthepost-Maoera,Chinesemenhaveattemptedtorecover theirlostmasculinityandsexualidentity.Thekaraokebarsperfectlymeetthe needsofChinesemen.Meanwhile,themarketeconomymakesitpossiblefor hostessestohavethesolerighttoclaimtheirabsoluteownershipoftheirown bodiesandmarketthemfortheirownusebypricingtheirdifferentbodypartsand demandingcompensationfromclientsaccordingtothepartsthataretouched (p. 12).Thehostesses'sexualservicesprovidemoreopportunitiesnotonlyfor businessmenbutalsoforgovernmentofficialsandevencommoncitizensto conductavarietyofbusinessesbyofferingsexualbribery.Inthebeginningofthe reformmovement,businessmenusedtogettheirbusinessdoneatbanquettables; afterthekaraokebarsemergedinChina,manyChinesebusinessmenmovedtheir businessactivitiesfromthebanquettablestothekaraokebars.Gradually,the consumptionofwomenhasbecomepartofthebusinessprocess.Asaresult,in orderforthebusinesselitetotransformtheireconomicpositionintopolitical power,theyhavetocultivatesolidaritywithofficialsthroughpersonalnetworks, includingvisitsmadetohostessesinkaraokebars(p.9).Zhengobservesthat"in Daliantoday,itisdifficultandunusualtofindentrepreneursandofficialswhoare buildingbusinessnetworksandnegotiatingcontractswithoutengagingin entertainmentofferedinkaraokebars"(p.53). Gradually,sexualbriberyhasextendedtoalmosteverysphereofsociety, includinggovernmentalaffairs,financialservices,education,entertainment, sports,andmedicalservices.Sexualattractivenesshascometobeavehiclefor sellinggoods,gettingpromotions,receivingvarioushonors,andexchangefor personalinterests.Sexualstrategiesalsoinfluencecollegestudents.Manyjobs now requirefemaleapplicantstomeetacertainstandardofsexualattractiveness. Inotherwords,beautyhasbecomeajobrequirementforwomen.Accordingto Zheng,"alargenumberoffemalecollegegraduatesattachedtheirhalf-naked, colorfulportraitstotheirresumesandemphasizedthattheycouldsinganddance, andthattheywerebeautiful,decorous,gentle,andgoodatsocializingand drinkingalcohol.Somesuggestedthatsexualintercoursewasajobrequirement forwomeninoccupationsotherthansexworkandclaimedthatfemaleemployees weretoldtheywouldlosetheirjobsiftheyrefusedtosleepwithcustomers"(p. 22).

Journal

China Review International – University of Hawai'I Press

Published: Mar 1, 2010

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