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In this article I argue that the Hawaiian conceptual, cultural, and physical space called po'ina nalu (surf zone) was a borderland (or boarder-land) where colonial hegemony was less effectual and Hawaiian resistance continuous. Through the history of Hawaiian surfing clubs, specifically the Hui Nalu and the WaikÄ«kÄ« beachboys, Hawaiian male surfers both subverted colonial discoursesâdiscourses that represented most Hawaiian men as passive, unmanly, and nearly invisibleâand confronted political haole (white) elites who overthrew Hawai'i's Native government in the late 1800s. My ultimate conclusion is that the ocean surf was a place where Hawaiian men negotiated masculine identities and successfully resisted colonialism.
The Contemporary Pacific – University of Hawai'I Press
Published: Feb 11, 2008
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