Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
B. Cao (2018)
Fuzzy Information and Engineering and Decision
(1997)
Fuzzy portfolio selection and its applications to decision making, 13
Campbell Harvey, J. Liechty, Merrill Liechty, Peter Mueller (2004)
Portfolio selection with higher momentsQuantitative Finance, 10
Ozan Kocadağlı, Rıdvan Keskin (2015)
A novel portfolio selection model based on fuzzy goal programming with different importance and prioritiesExpert Syst. Appl., 42
Xiaoxia Huang (2008)
Mean-Entropy Models for Fuzzy Portfolio SelectionIEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 16
Wei Yue, Yuping Wang (2017)
A new fuzzy multi-objective higher order moment portfolio selection model for diversified portfoliosPhysica A-statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 465
M. Mehlawat, Arun Kumar, S. Yadav, Wei Chen (2018)
Data envelopment analysis based fuzzy multi-objective portfolio selection model involving higher momentsInf. Sci., 460-461
Z. Mashayekhi, Hashem Omrani (2016)
An integrated multi-objective Markowitz-DEA cross-efficiency model with fuzzy returns for portfolio selection problemAppl. Soft Comput., 38
D. Maringer, P. Parpas (2009)
Global optimization of higher order moments in portfolio selectionJournal of Global Optimization, 43
(2020)
A newmethod for solving interval neutrosophic linear programming problems
Xiaoxiang Guo, Yutong Sun, Jingli Ren (2020)
Low dimensional mid-term chaotic time series prediction by delay parameterized methodInf. Sci., 516
Seyedsoroosh Azizi, A. Neisy (2017)
Mathematic Modelling and Optimization of Bank Asset and Liability by Using Fractional Goal Programing ApproachInternational Journal of Modeling and Optimization, 7
Seyedsoroosh Azizi, A. Neisy (2016)
A New Approach in Geometric Brownian Motion Model
Umberto Cherubini (2015)
RiskMetrics Technical Document
Gevorg Hunanyan (2019)
Portfolio SelectionFinanzwirtschaft, Banken und Bankmanagement I Finance, Banks and Bank Management
Samia Benbernou, S. Gala, M. Ragusa (2014)
On the regularity criteria for the 3D magnetohydrodynamic equations via two components in terms of BMO spaceMathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences, 37
Mehmet Aksarayli, O. Pala (2018)
A polynomial goal programming model for portfolio optimization based on entropy and higher momentsExpert Syst. Appl., 94
J. Pezier, A. White (2006)
The Relative Merits of Investable Hedge Fund Indices and of Funds of Hedge Funds in Optimal Passive Portfolios
B. Aracioglu, Fatma Demircan, H. Uçak (2011)
Mean–Variance–Skewness–Kurtosis Approach to Portfolio Optimization: An Application in İstanbul Stock ExchangeEge Academic Review, 11
Chen Chen, Yu-sha Zhou (2018)
Robust multiobjective portfolio with higher momentsExpert Syst. Appl., 100
S. Gala, M. Ragusa (2016)
Logarithmically improved regularity criterion for the Boussinesq equations in Besov spaces with negative indicesApplicable Analysis, 95
Zhifeng Zhu, Ze Chen, Gaojian Lin, Yuanhang Ge, Yingfeng Tu, Hui Chen, Sunjie Ye, Xiaoming Yang (2020)
Applications as for
Jing-Rung Yu, Wen-Yi Lee, W. Chiou (2014)
Diversified portfolios with different entropy measuresAppl. Math. Comput., 241
Rongxi Zhou, Ru Cai, Guanqun Tong (2013)
Applications of Entropy in Finance: A ReviewEntropy, 15
Bo Wang, Shuming Wang, J. Watada (2011)
Fuzzy-Portfolio-Selection Models With Value-at-RiskIEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 19
Xiang Li, Z. Qin, S. Kar (2010)
Mean-variance-skewness model for portfolio selection with fuzzy returnsEur. J. Oper. Res., 202
Shuming Wang, J. Watada, W. Pedrycz (2009)
Value-at-Risk-Based Two-Stage Fuzzy Facility Location ProblemsIEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 5
Xiaoxia Huang (1967)
Portfolio AnalysisJournal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 2
Qifa Xu, Yingying Zhou, C. Jiang, Keming Yu, X. Niu (2016)
A large CVaR-based portfolio selection model with weight constraintsEconomic Modelling, 59
Anil Bera, S. Park (2008)
Optimal Portfolio Diversification Using the Maximum Entropy PrincipleEconometric Reviews, 27
Jin Peng (2011)
Credibilistic value and average value at risk in fuzzy risk analysisFuzzy Information and Engineering, 3
(2010)
What is portfolio analysis
A. Nafei, W. Yuan, H. Nasseri (2019)
Group Multi-Attribute Decision Making Based on Interval Neutrosophic SetsStudies in Informatics and Control
Pankaj Gupta, Garima Mittal, M. Mehlawat (2013)
Expected value multiobjective portfolio rebalancing model with fuzzy parametersInsurance Mathematics & Economics, 52
Fred Viole, David Nawrocki (2016)
Predicting Risk/Return Performance Using Upper Partial Moment/Lower Partial Moment MetricsJournal of Mathematical Finance, 06
L. Davis (1990)
Handbook Of Genetic Algorithms
Nathan Lassance, F. Vrins (2017)
Minimum Rényi entropy portfoliosAnnals of Operations Research, 299
Xiaoxia Huang (2008)
Mean-semivariance models for fuzzy portfolio selectionJournal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 217
C. Adcock (2014)
Mean-variance-skewness efficient surfaces, Stein's lemma and the multivariate extended skew-Student distributionEur. J. Oper. Res., 234
L. Fono, J. Kamdem, C. Tassak (2012)
Moments and semi-moments for fuzzy portfolio selectionInsurance Mathematics & Economics, 51
Wei Chen (2009)
Weighted portfolio selection models based on possibility theoryFuzzy Information and Engineering, 1
A. Nafei, Seyedsoroosh Azizi, Rajab Ghasempour (2016)
An Approach in Solving Data Envelopment Analysis with Stochastic Data
FUZZY INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING 2020, VOL. 12, NO. 1, 123–138 https://doi.org/10.1080/16168658.2020.1811481 Comparing Entropies in Portfolio Diversification with Fuzzy Value at Risk and Higher-Order Moment a b a Mahdi Pourrafiee , AmirHossein Nafei , Shokoufe Banihashemi and a,c S. Pourmohammad Azizi Department of Mathematics, School of Mathematical Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Mathematics and Information Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; Henan Academy of Big Data, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Received 9 February 2020 Credibility fuzzy value at risk in portfolio models is a reasonable solu- Revised 24 June 2020 tion when investors may face ambiguity, lack of historical data, and Accepted 13 July 2020 when avoiding normally or symmetrically distributed assumptions is needed. Credibility fuzzy membership function because having a KEYWORDS self-duality axiom is analogous to measurable function on a probabil- value at risk; space ity space for the random variable. The primary aim of this paper is to multi-objective portfolio solve the portfolio problem by using the third and fourth credibility models; credibility fuzzy membership function; moments in multi-objective higher-order moment portfolio models higher-order moments; with different entropies. Firstly, Minkowski, Shannon, Yager, Renyi, entropy; genetic algorithm and Gini-Simpson entropies are presented as new objective func- tions to solve corner solutions of conventional fuzzy multi-objective weighted credibility higher-order moment portfolio selection mod- els. Secondly, because of the non-linearity nature of multi-objective models, a genetic algorithm is used to solve the models. Finally, pro- posed models are tested – using the data of Tehran Stock Exchange – and then evaluated – applying adjusted Sharpe Ratio as a portfolio performance technique. 1. Introduction The Markowitz mean-variance [1] model as a modern portfolio has been widely received attention from researchers in academia and applied by investors in the real world. How- ever, the assumption that is financial asset returns follow normal distribution has been violated by real data and experience [2,3]; therefore, for the purpose of relaxation to the normality assumption, the investors should consider higher-order moments in their invest- ment [4]. Some researchers have made efforts to shed some light into portfolio problems in a three-moment or four-moment framework. For instance, Araciolu et al. [5] and Harvey et al. [6] indicated that involving skewness in the optimization process as an object can help investors to get better returns. Aksarayli and Pala in [7] and Yue and Wang in [8] maintained that returns distributions have fatter tails compared to normal distributions. One step fur- ther, Adcock [9] argued that a higher probability of very high and very low returns is more CONTACT AmirHossein Nafei Amir.nafei@e.gzhu.edu.cn © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of the Fuzzy Information and Engineering Branch of the Operations Research Society of China & Operations Research Society of Guangdong Province. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 124 M. POURRAFIEE ET AL. likely to have occurred in the case of having kurtosis in a portfolio model compared to nor- mal distribution. However, these higher-order moments are problematic as they make port- folio models less diverse, resulting in an unexpected gain for investors [10–13]. To tackle this issue, the entropy function has been examined by some researchers [14,15]. In their study, M. Aksarayl, O. Pala [7] compare Gini- Simpson with Shannon entropies in a multi- objective higher-order model. Their findings show that the former entropy outperforms the later in terms of the average return. W. Yue, Y. Wang [8] illustrated that the mean-variance- skewness-kurtosis- Minkowski entropy (MVSK-ME) model can provide investors with more diversity so lotions compared to the mean-variance-skewness-kurtosis-Shannon entropy (MVSK-SE) and mean-variance-skewness-kurtosis-Yager entropy (MVSK-YE) models. Uncertainty is another significant factor when investors face a lack of historical data [16]. For example, Li et al. [17] proposed a genetic algorithm to solve the possibilistic fuzzy portfolio, selection model. Chen [18] proposed a weighted lower and upper possibilistic means and variances based on trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. Linear programming was the method used to solve this model. Kocadagli et al. [19] used numerical examples in order to show the effectiveness of the fuzzy goal programming portfolio selection model. To solve the fuzzy mean-variance portfolio model, Mashayekhi et al. [20] proposed the Non- dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). Despite the wide acceptance of possi- ble measures, it has some limitations. The most severe shortcoming of possibility measure is the absence of self-dual axiom [21]. Some researchers [18,22,23] proposed a credibility measure that is self-dual and thus overcomes the limitations inherent in the possibility measure. For constructing a reasonable portfolio selection model, it is highly recommended that appropriate risk measures should be considered together with higher-order moments, lower diversity of the portfolio, and uncertainty. One of the serious limitations of the anal- yses relied on variance as a risk measure is related to the complexity of calculating the variance-covariance matrix for all assets [24]. Value-at-risk is proposed as a new risk mea- sure to overcome this limitation. According to JP Morgan (1996), value at risk (VaR) is’ a measure of the maximum potential change in the value of a portfolio of financial instru- ments with a given probability over a pre-set horizon’ [25]. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision urged commercial banks to take VaR into consideration when making decisions about allocating resources to market risk exposure. Amongst various risk measurement techniques, mean-variance, mean semivariance, and mean entropy has been fairly well- studied. To just mention a few, Watada [26] proposed Markowitzs mean-variance for the fuzzy set theory. Huang [27] define the semivariance for the fuzzy variable and proposed two fuzzy mean-semi variance portfolio models. Moreover, he [28] used entropy as a risk and proposed mean-entropy fuzzy portfolio selection; considering the fact that: The smaller the entropy, the portfolio will be better. These two models in [27]and [28] are solved by the genetic algorithm. Because the conventional stochastic VaR theory is not useful in order to compute VaR in fuzzy space, there is a few research involved VaR as a risk measure. On the other hand, fuzzy credibility appears to be new to the literature and has been surpris- ingly understudied. Wang et al. [29] are pioneered because of a new definition of credibility fuzzy VaR. It can be perceived that comparing different entropies simultaneously under the cred- ibilistic fuzzy portfolio model has been neglected. This paper deliberately developed five credibilistic multi-objective higher-order moment models each based on different FUZZY INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING 125 entropies. This has been done to examine which one would better diversify the portfo- lio. A further contribution of this study is to present credibilistic VaR instead of variance in order to estimate portfolio risk. In this research, in order to create diversity, we compared and examined five different types of entropy measures: Shannon,Yager, Minkowski, Renyi, and Gini-Simpson entropies. Portfolio optimization can be defined as a non-linear, multi- functional approach to the issue of the optimization comprised of conflicting objectives. A further contribution is to adapt five entropies to a higher moment portfolio framework and obtain five credibilistic multi-objective, mean-VaR- skewness-kurtosis entropy, (MVaRSKEN) models in order to maximize expected return, skewness and entropy and minimize VaR and kurtosis. A combination of simple additive weighting (SAW) method, with equal weight, and genetic algorithm are used to solve the models. SAW method is a value function that is established based on a simple addition of scores that represent the goal achievement under each criterion, multiplied by the particular weights; it has the ability to compensate among criteria. It is also intuitive to decision-makers. Finally, in order to test model perfor- mances of portfolios, we used adjusted Sharpe Ratio (ASR) criteria. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we review some preliminary knowledge on the fuzzy variable, credibility measure, different entropies, and genetic algorithm as a solving method of the model. In Section 3, we describe the model of fuzzy credibilistic mean, fuzzy credibilistic value at risk, fuzzy credibilistic skewness, fuzzy credibilistic kurtosis with different entropies and method of solving portfolio selection model. In Section 4, a more precise description of the problem-solving method is presented, the proposed model is tested by Tehran Exchange data and used ASR as performance technique to evaluate the performance of the portfolio model and finally, we will present the results and provide future research proposals. 2. Preliminaries In this section, some useful definitions and concepts will be introduced. Definition 1: If be a non-empty set and P() is a power set, i.e. the largest algebra over . Each element in P() is called an event. The set function Cr is the credibility measure if [23]: (Axiom 1) (Normality) Cr() = 1. (Axiom 2) (Monotonicity) A ⊂ B → Cr(A) ⊂ Cr(B). (Axiom 3) (Self-duality) Cr(A) + Cr(A ) = 1 for any event A. (Axiom 4) (Maximality) sup Cr{A } < 0.5 → Cr{∪ A }= sup Cr{A } for any events {A } with i i i i i i i sup Cr{A } < 0.5. The value of Cr{A} indicates the level that the event A will occur [23]. i i Definition 2: If be a non-empty set, P() is a power set of and Cr a credibility measure then the triplet (, P(), Cr) is called credibility space. Definition 3: A fuzzy variable is defined as a function from credibility space (, P(), Cr) to the set of a real number. 126 M. POURRAFIEE ET AL. Definition 4: Let ξ be a fuzzy variable defined on the credibility space (, P(), Cr). Then the membership function is derived from the credibility measure by [30,31] μ(t) = (2Cr{ξ = t}) ∧ 1,t ∈R.(1) Definition 5: The fuzzy variables ξ , ξ , ... , ξ are independent if and only if for any sets 1 2 n B , B , ... , B of ,wehave: 1 2 n Cr {ξ ∈ B } = max Cr{ξ ∈ B } .1 ≤ i ≤ n.(2) i i i i i=1 n n c c Cr {ξ ∈ B } = 1 − Cr {ξ ∈ B } = 1 − min Cr{ξ ∈ B } i i i i i i i=1 i=1 = max Cr{ξ ∈ B } ,1 ≤ i ≤ n.(3) i i Definition 6: A fuzzy variable ξ = (a, b, c, d) be a trapezoidal fuzzy number with a ≤ b ≤ c ≤ d if it has the following membership function: 0, r < a, ⎪ r − a , a ≤ r < b, 2(b − a) Cr({ξ ≤ r}) = ,(4) , b ≤ r < c r − d ⎪ 1 − , c ≤ r < d, 2(c − d) 1, d ≤ r. ⎪ 1, r < a, ⎪ r − a 1 − , a ≤ r < b, 2(b − a) Cr({ξ ≥ r}) = , b ≤ r < c,(5) r − d ⎪ , c ≤ r < d, 2(c − d) 0, d ≤ r. Definition 7: For a trapezoidal fuzzy variable ξ = (a, b, c, d) such that a = b, c d, supp(ξ ) = [a, d] its support, cor(ξ ) = [b, c] its core, l the length of supp(ξ ) and l the s c length of cor(ξ ).Weset:[30,32] l (ξ ) = d − a, l (ξ ) = c − b, β = d − b,and α = b − a.(6) s c 2.1. Credibility Moments of Portfolio Let (ξ = (a , b , c , d )) be a family of n independent trapezoidal fuzzy variables k k k k k k=1,2,...,n and x = (x , x , ... , x ) a family of n positive reals. The portfolio return ξ(x) = ξ 1 2 n k=1 n n n n n defined by ξ(x) = x ξ = ( x a , x b , x c , x d ) is a fuzzy k k k k k k k k k k k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1 variable and its expectation is [30]: (a + b + c + d )x k k k k k k=1 e(x) = E[ξ(x)] = .(7) 4 FUZZY INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING 127 Definition 8: Thevarianceof ξ is [30,33]: n n x (l (ξ ) + l (ξ )) x (α − β ) k s k c k k k k k=1 k=1 V(ξ ) =− n n 192 x x α β k l k l k=1 l=1 n n x (l (ξ ) + l (ξ )) x (α − β ) k s k c k k k k k=1 k=1 n n 32 x x α β k l k l k=1 l=1 n n 3 | x (α −β )| x l (ξ ) k k k k s k k=1 k=1 x (2l (ξ ) − (α + β )) 4 2 k k k k k=1 × + 4 3 x (α + β +|α − β |) k k k k k k=1 n n 3 x (α −β ) x l (ξ ) | | c k k k k k k=1 k=1 4 2 3 x (α + β −|α − β |) k k k k k k=1 n n 3 n n 3 | x (α −β )| x l (ξ ) | x (α −β )| x l (ξ ) k k k k c k k k k k c k k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1 − + − 4 2 4 2 .(8) 6 x (α + β +|α − β |) k k k k k k=1 In the following subsection, we will introduce the credibility of higher order moments. 2.1.1. Higher-order Moments of Fuzzy Variables Definition 9: The skewness of ξ is [30]: n 4 n 4 x (b −e ) x (a −e ) k k k k k k k=1 k=1 4 4 Skew[ξ] = 8 x (b − a ) k k k k=1 n 4 n 4 x (c −e ) x (d −e ) k k k k k k k=1 k=1 4 4 .(9) 8 x (c − d ) k k k k=1 Definition 10: The kurtosis of ξ is [30]: n n x (l (ξ ) + l (ξ )) x (α − β ) s c k k k k k k k=1 k=1 Kur[ξ] =− n n 5120 x x α β k l k l k=1 l=1 n n x (l (ξ ) + l (ξ )) x (α − β ) k s k c k k k k k=1 k=1 n n 2048 x x α β k l k l k=1 l=1 n n 5 x (α −β ) x l (ξ ) | | s k k k k k k=1 k=1 4 2 × x (2l (ξ ) − (α + β )) + k s k k k 5 x (α + β +|α − β |) k k k k k k=1 k=1 n n 5 | x (α −β )| x l (ξ ) k k k k c k k=1 k=1 4 2 5 x (α + β −|α − β |) k k k k k k=1 n n n n 5 5 | x (α −β )| x l (ξ ) | x (α −β )| x l (ξ ) k k k k c k k k k k c k k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1 − + − 4 2 4 2 . (10) 10 x (α + β +|α − β |) k k k k k k=1 128 M. POURRAFIEE ET AL. In the section, we will introduce weighted credibility Value-at-Risk for the fuzzy variable. 2.2. Value-at-risk of Fuzzy Variables Let ξ , ξ , ... , ξ be identically distributed independent random variables with a stochas- 1 2 n tic process that representing the financial return [1], is σ -algebra that represented t−1 all information is available at the time t − 1and F(ξ ) denote the cumulative distribution function represented as follow: F(ξ ) = Pr(ξ < ξ | ), ξ = μ + ε , ε = z σ , (11) t−1 t t t t t 2 2 z ≈ iid(0, 1), σ = E(z | ), V(z) = Pr(z < z| ). t t−1 t t−1 t t z has a conditional distribution function V(z). The VaR with a given probability denoted by is defined as the quantile of the probability financial return distribution. Definition 1. The value of VaR indicates the largest loss with the 1 − β confidence 1−β level and S is the largest loss that one investor can accept. L is the loss function: L = −(x ξ + x ξ + ... + x ξ ) can be described as [34]: 1 1 2 2 n n VaR = sup{λ|Cr(L ≥ λ) ≥ γ ≥ β}≤ S. (12) 1−β n n n If the portfolio returns ξ = ξ defined by ξ(x) = x ξ = ( k k k k=1 k=1 k=1 n n n x a , x b , x c , x d ) and fuzzy variable ξ = (a, b, c, d) be a trapezoidal k k k k k k k k k=1 k=1 k=1 fuzzy number with a ≤ b ≤ c ≤ d the VaR function of L =−(x ξ + x ξ + ... + x ξ ) can 1 1 2 2 n n be described as: [a (2β − 1) − 2βb ]x,0 <β ≤ 0.5, i i i i=1 VaR = (13) 1−β ⎪ [(2β − 2)c − (2β − 1)d ]x , 0.5 <β ≤ 1. i i i i=1 In order to decentralized investment, we use entropies, in the following section, we will introduce the entropies that are used in research. 2.3. Entropies Entropy is useful to model a least biased distribution from the partial information repre- sented by certain restriction. 2.3.1. Shannon Entropy Entropy was first proposed for a random variable by Shannon in the form of logarithm in 1948, it was first use in communication problem then use in finance to diversification the portfolio. The following is Shannon entropy [8,35]: SE =− x ln x , (14) i i i=1 FUZZY INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING 129 x is the weight of risk asset i, i ∈{1, ... , n}, n is the number of an investment asset. When x = SE has a maximum and minimum value when x = 1 for one i and x = 0 for rest. i i i 2.3.2. Renyi Entropy In (1961) Renyi proposed a generalization of Shannon entropy with the help of a param- + d eter α ∈ R . α is the order of entropy of probability density f (x) on a variable x ∈ R where normalization to unity as given by ∫ f (x)dx = 1. The idea was to consider a more general(non-linear) averaging of lnf . Starting from axioms associated with randomness measures. The following is Renyi entropy [36]: α−1 α ln E[f (X)] ln (f (x)) dx H = = , (15) 1 − α 1 − α 2.3.3. Yager Entropy Yager entropy aims to minimize the distance between the weight of investment assets x and 1/n in terms of portfolio selection. The following is the definition of Yager entropy [8]: n−1 YE =− x − . (16) i=1 The maximum value of Yager entropy occurs when x = 1/n. Where z is a constant and z ≥ 1while z = 1 Yager entropy can be transferred into linear type. The following is Yager entropy as z = 1: n−1 YE =− x − . (17) i=1 x is the proportion of total investment devoted to risk asset i, i ∈{1, ... , n − 1}, n is the number of investment asset 2.3.4. Minkowski Entropy Minkowski entropy is based on Minkowski metric which is calculated the sum of Minkowski distance between the weight of investment which is a definition as follow [8]: ⎛ ⎞ n−1 ⎝ ⎠ Pn(x) =− |x − x | . (18) ⎝ i i−1 i=1 x is the proportion of total investment devoted to risk assets i, i ∈{1, ... , n − 1}. When z = 1 it transferred to linear Minkowski entropy which is a definition as follow [8]: n−1 ME(x) =− |x − x | . (19) i i−1 i=1 130 M. POURRAFIEE ET AL. 2.3.5. Gini-Simpson Entropies The following is Simi-Simpson entropy [7]: G − S Entropy = 1 − x . (20) i=1 x is the weight of risk asset i, i ∈{1, ... , n − 1},n is the number of an investment asset. 2.4. Genetic Algorithm Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are founded by Holland [37] and used to solve optimization prob- lems based on biological organisms. GAs use a direct analogy of natural behavior. In nature, individuals in a population compete with each other and those individuals which are most successful in surviving and attracting mates will have relatively larger numbers of offspring. Poorly performing individuals will produce few of even no offspring at all. The combination of good characteristics from different an- castors can sometimes produce super fit offspring, whose fitness is greater than that of either parent. In this way, species evolve to become better and better suited to their environment. The genetic algorithm begins with an initial population that is usually generated randomly and members are evaluated based on the objective function and the initial population. After that, it’s time to do the crossover and mutation, in crossover process two chromosomes selected from the initial population and create a new generation. In a mutation, a chromosome is randomly selected and used to cre- ate a new generation. This method continues to reach the number of steps the researcher intends to accomplish. In this paper, the solution of proposed portfolio selection problems (MOPs) can be formulated as following [8]: Max Z = w f (x , x , ... , x ), i = 1, 2, ... , k, 0 i i 1 2 n i=1 (21) s.tg (x , x , ... , x ) ≤ b , j = 1, 2, ... , m , j 1 2 n j h (x , x , ... , x ) ≤ c , j = 1, 2, ... , m. j 1 2 n j is the weight of the object in the model, in this paper we consider the equal weight for all objects. 3. Proposed Models In this section, we present the portfolio model based on the information obtained from the stock exchange, we have five models containing five objectives, including the fuzzy mean, fuzzy value at risk, fuzzy skewness and fuzzy kurtosis are similar among models and used one entropy in each model. In order to set up a model tackling all the above-mentioned issues, we maximize return, skewness, and entropies while minimizing VaR and kurtosis, simultaneously. Let us consider a multi-objective fuzzy portfolio selection problem with n risk asset. The return rates of the risk asset are denoted as trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. For the notation convenience, we introduce the following notations. x : is the weight of risk asset i, i ∈{1, ... , n − 1}, n is the number of investment asset, i FUZZY INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING 131 r : Fuzzy rate of return on the risk asset i, i ∈{1, ... , n − 1}. Entropies are the only difference among the model therefore we describe one model and in other models, we change the entropy which uses in the model. 3.1. Fuzzy Mean- VaR-skewness- Kurtosis- Entropy Mode1(M-VaR-S-K-SE): The fuzzy multi-objective mean, Value-at-Risk, skewness, kurtosis, and entropy portfolio selection model is as follows: ⎪ ˜ max f (x) = M r x , 1 f i i i=1 min f (x) = VaR r˜ x , ⎪ 2 f i i i=1 max f (x) = Skew r˜ x , (22) 3 f i i ⎪ i=1 ⎪ n ⎪ min f (x) = Kur r˜ x , 4 f i i ⎪ i=1 ⎪ n x = 1, x ≥ 0, i = 1, 2, ... , n. i i i=1 When we added the entropies for diversification in model 20 as the fifth objective the model change Mode1, the entropies are the only difference among the models, therefore we describe one model and for other models, we change the entropies. Mode1(M-VaR-S-K-SE): The fuzzy multi-objective mean, Value-at-Risk, skewness, kurtosis, and Shannon entropy portfolio selection model are as follows: (x) = M ξ x , max f ⎪ 1 f i i i=1 ⎪ ˜ min f (x) = VaR ξ x , 2 f i i ⎪ i=1 ⎪ n ⎪ max f (x) = Skew ξ x , 3 f i i i=1 (23) min f (x) = Kur ξ x , ⎪ 4 f i i i=1 max f (x) =− x ln x , ⎪ 5 i i i=1 ⎪ x = 1, x ≥ 0, i = 1, 2, ... , n. i i i=1 In order to solve the model (21), we use a multi-objective optimization problem (MOPs). 132 M. POURRAFIEE ET AL. 3.1.1. Mops In this paper, the solution of proposed portfolio selection problems (MOPs) can be formu- lated as following [19]: max Z = w f (x , x , ... , x ), i = 1, 2, ... , k, 0 i i 1 2 n i=1 (24) s.tg (x , x , ... , x ) ≤ b , j = 1, 2, ... , m, j 1 2 n j h (x , x , ... , x ) = 0, j = 1, 2, ... , m. j 1 2 n w is the weight of the object in the model, in this paper we consider the equal weight for all objects. To solve five MOPs models, we use the SAW method with equal weight, the weight of objective depends on investor preference. The basic concept of the SAW method is to find a weighted sum of performance rating on each alternative. In each model, we consider first, third, and fifth objectives with positive marks and second and fourth objectives with a negative mark. 4. Numerical examples and analysis In this section, we demonstrate the idea of our model and the algorithm to solve the models taken from daily historical data of Tehran Stock Exchange Market. 4.1. Data Processing In this section, we intended to solve the models with a numerical example of Tehran Exchange. Initially, we choose12 companies close price data from the beginning of the working day of 2016 to the first day of September 2017 which are included 365 working days data. These companies have chosen among the best companies in Tehran Exchange by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The exchange code of 12 assets are 2643,1924, 5718, 7865, 7440, 3903, 3851, 4990, 3736, 6688,2165and 1873 we denote this asset by num- ber 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 and12. Table 1 provides the summary statistics of fuzzy return values. For fuzzy return rates of the models, we use the sample percentiles, the core of percentiles [b, c] includes 40–60 percentiles of fuzzy return, and the left side contains 5–40 percentiles of fuzzy return and the right side includes 60–95 percentiles of fuzzy return. To solve models with different entropies, we need to know the length of support, the length of the core. Table 2 provides the l ,l , α, β of fuzzy return values. s c l ,l , α, β of fuzzy return is used in computed kurtosis of fuzzy return which l is the length s c s of support, l is the length of the core, α = b − a, β = d − b. To solve the model, we use the genetic algorithm, the general process involves a series of parent chromosomes in which the new generation is created by choosing a set of elites. Here are the exact steps we will take. (1) we have five models which are included five objectives, the first, second, third, and fourth objectives, which represent the fuzzy mean, fuzzy Value at Risk, skewness, and kurtosis. This is the same in each model, and the only difference between these five FUZZY INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING 133 Table 1. Sample statistics for the daily returns on the asset (2016–2017) from historical data. Returns 5th percentile 40th percentile 60th percentile 95th percentile Asset1 −0.00987 −0.00003152 0.000195 0.010024 Asset2 −0.00985 0 0.00009989 0.040525 Asset3 −0.04246 −0.00731 0.000471 0.048391 Asset4 −0.03795 −0.00303 0.001679 0.042836 Asset5 −0.03101 −0.00471 0 0.039383 Asset6 −0.04522 −0.00165 0.00435 0.047828 Asset7 −0.02015 −0.00286 −0.00075 0.037942 Asset8 −0.01301 −0.00166 0 0.022621 Asset9 −0.02145 −0.0013 0 0.035474 Asset10 −0.03177 −0.00372 0 0.040392 Asset11 −0.04584 −0.00409 0.006486 0.044521 Asset12 −0.0209 0 0 0.015236 Table 2. l ,l , α, β of fuzzy return asset (2016-2017) from s c historical data. Return l l αβ s c Asset1 −0.00987 −0.00003152 0.000195 0.010024 Asset2 −0.00985 0 0.00009989 0.040525 Asset3 −0.04246 −0.00731 0.000471 0.048391 Asset4 −0.03795 −0.00303 0.001679 0.042836 Asset5 −0.03101 −0.00471 0 0.039383 Asset6 −0.04522 −0.00165 0.00435 0.047828 Asset7 −0.02015 −0.00286 −0.00075 0.037942 Asset8 −0.01301 −0.00166 0 0.022621 Asset9 −0.02145 −0.0013 0 0.035474 Asset10 −0.03177 −0.00372 0 0.040392 Asset11 −0.04584 −0.00409 0.006486 0.044521 Asset12 −0.0209 0 0 0.015236 models is the fifth objective, which is the Shannon, Renyi, Yager, Minkowski’s, and Gini- Simpson entropies. (2) In order to create the initial space matrix for a genetic algorithm that solves the model, we first created a random matrix consisting of 12 columns (stocks) which equals the number of companies selected and 8192 rows (parents). The numbers of each row pro- duced by random function in MATLAB and the sum of the numbers of each row is equal to one. (3) At each stage of the process of numbers, based on the weights, the objective function is selected and half of the worst cases is eliminated. (4) In the first step mutation method for improvement of weight, the mutation rate is 0.25in each period which means that in each period we choice0.25 of the new genera- tion to mutation process use new values for crossover and mutations. In this algorithm, the Crossover probability rate is 0.75. it means that in each stage 0.75 of the best possible answers are selected. (5) In the end, the entropy is calculated for each portfolio for new weights. This process is performed 30 times until the best entropy is selected. To a better comparison, we compared entropies with each in Figure 1. 134 M. POURRAFIEE ET AL. Figure 1. Markowitz frontier 4.2. Portfolio Performance Evaluation by Using the Adjusted Sharpe Ratio Portfolio Sharpe Ratio is used as a criterion for portfolio performance evaluation, its formula is given by the following general form: E[r(x)] E[r(x)] SR = = . (25) δ(x) δ (x) Which r(x) represents portfolio return E(r(x)) represents mean portfolio return, is port- folio variance, and is the standard deviation of the portfolio return. This model is based on the theory of mean-variance and is valid if the function is normal or quadratic. This crite- rion may result in misleading results when the yield function is skewed or has kurtosis. [8] In order to overcome the problem related to the Sharpe Ratio, Pezier et al. [38] proposed an adjusted Sharpe Ratio that can measure portfolio performance in terms of mean-variance- skewness-kurtosis [38,39]. The mathematical form of the Adjusted Sharpe Ratio formula is given by the following form: ! ! " ! " " S K ASR = SR 1 + SR − SR . (26) 6 24 In which S expresses skewness and K and SR represent respectively kurtosis and Sharpe Ratio. To an easier comparison in Table 3, the amounts of the mean, maximum, and mini- mum, and standard deviation of Adjusted Sharpe Ratio criterion are given for each model. Table 3 presents the statistical result of ASR for each model, including min, max, a mean and standard deviation of the ASR. We can see that various statistical indicator of ASR of MVaRSK-GE model are larger than other. After MVaRSK-GE, MVaRSK-RE model, MVaRSK-YE model, MVaRSK-SE model MVaRSK- ME model have larger ASR respectively. FUZZY INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING 135 Table 3. Summery statistics of ASR for MVaRSK-ME, MVaRSK-SE, MVaRSK-YE, MVaRSK-RE and MVaRSK-GE model. ASR Mean Max Min SD MVaRSK-ME model 0.1375 0.1601 0.0820 0.0127 MVaRSK-SE model 0.1372 0.1837 0.0822 0.0260 MVaRSK-YE model 0.1428 0.1930 0.0851 0.0263 MVaRSK-RE model 0.1434 0.2646 0.0863 0.0363 MVaRSK-GE model 0.1718 0.2858 0.1095 0.0372 4.3. The Comparison of the Total Return among the Models Mvarsk-ME, Mvarsk-SE, Mvarsk-YE, Mvarsk-RE and Mvarsk-GE In real investment circumstances, investors pay more attention to the profitability of executing these asset strategies. Table 4 presents the statistical result of the absolute value of mean return for each model, including min, max, the mean and standard deviation of the return. We can see that various statistical indicator of the absolute value of the mean return of MVaRSK-GE model is larger than other. After MVaRSK-GE, MVaRSK-RE model, MVaRSK-YE model, MVaRSK-SE model MVaRSK-ME model have a larger absolute value of mean return respectively. 4.4. Parameter Setting The model is executed on Genuine Intel R Core(TM)i53230M and 4.00 GB RAM personal computer with MATLAB software. The parameter setting in this paper are as follows. (1) Mutation probability is 0.25 and Crossover probability is 0.75. (2) The population size N = 4096, the model is run 30 times independently for each model. The algorithm stops after 100 generations. (3) K = 2and M = 12, (N = K ). Markowitz frontier is an investment portfolio which occupies the efficient parts of the risk-return spectrum. This frontier shows minimum risk at expected level of return or maximum return at expected level of risk. The entropy is diffuse this point in all Markowitz frontier, in order to comparing the entropies, we demonstrate each entropy with one color. This point shows the balance Table 4. Summery statistics of absolute value of mean return for MVaRSK- ME, MVaRSK-SE, MVaRSK-YE, MVaRSK-RE and MVaRSK-GE model. Return Mean Max Min SD MVaRSK-ME model 0.00018823 0.00051942 0.0000034125 0.00015845 MVaRSK-SE model 0.00031684 0.00086596 0.0000034130 0.00022077 MVaRSK-YE model 0.00036916 0.0012 0.0000056795 0.00031096 MVaRSK-RE model 0.00037368 0.0013 0.000011924 0.00032490 MVaRSK-GE model 0.00045921 0.0014 0.000012563 0.00033843 136 M. POURRAFIEE ET AL. between risk and return and entropies are diffuse along the Markowitz frontier and give opportunities to investor to have better choice between risk and return. 5. Conclusion In this article, there are five multi-objective models for choosing a portfolio as described in the article. The proposed model includes five objectives including the weighted credibility mean, weighted credibility value at risk, weighted credibility skewness, and weighted credi- bility kurtosis which are the same in each case. The only difference between these five mod- els is the fifth objective, which is the Minkowski, Shannon, Yager, Renyi, and Gini-Simpson entropies. To solve this model, we used the genetic algorithm to calculate the best output. Based on the results obtained from the statistical result of ASR and an absolute value of mean return measurement Gini-Simpson entropy, Renyi entropy, Yager entropy, Shannon entropy, and Minkowski entropy have the best diversification performance respectively. For future studies, the model presented in this method can be conducted for several peri- ods, or in combination with bonds. Also, other risk measures such as Credibilistic Average Value at Risk that have coherent risk properties can be used. Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Notes on contributors Mahdi Pourrafiee received his B.S. degree in Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Mashhad (2011–2015). He obtained his M.Sc. degree in Financial Mathematics, School of Mathematical Sci- ences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, (2015–2017). AmirHossein Nafei received his B.S. degree in Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, Uni- versity of Mazandaran (2011–2015). He obtained his M.Sc. degree in Applied Mathematics, Operations Research, Department of Mathematics, Semnan University (2015–2017). Now, he is a Ph.D student in Applied Mathematics, Operations Research, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China. Shokoufe Banihashemi obtained her M.Sc. degree in Applied Mathematics from Department of Math- ematics, Azad University, Karaj Branch. Also, she received her PhD degree in Applied Mathematics, Operations Research, from Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Iran. Now she is a faculty member at faculty of Mathematics science in Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran. S. Pourmohammad Azizi is the graduated student in financial mathematics at Department of Math- ematics, Allameh Tabatabae’i university (ATU), Tehran, Iran. He received his B.Sc. in mathematic (2015). He has achieved 2nd in tournament at international conference in OR, Semnan, Iran (2014). His research interest is modelling in finance, invers problems in finance, operation research, eco- nomic and finance. Now, he is a Ph.D student in Henan Academy of Big Data, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China. ORCID AmirHossein Nafei http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1795-1123 References [1] Markowitz H. Portfolio selection. J Finance. 1952;7(1):77–91. FUZZY INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING 137 [2] Mehlawat MK, Kumar A, Yadav S, et al. Data envelopment analysis based fuzzy multi-objective portfolio selection model involving higher moments. Inf Sci (Ny). 2018;460:128–150. [3] Yu J-R, Lee W-Y, Chiou W-JP. Diversified portfolios with different entropy measures. Appl Math Comput. 2014;241:47–63. [4] Chen C, Zhou Y-s. Robust multiobjective portfolio with higher moments. Expert Syst Appl. 2018;100:165–181. [5] AracioĞ lu B, Demircan F, Soyuer H. Mean-variance–skewness–kurtosis approach to port- folio optimization: An application in Istanbul stock exchange. Ege Akademik BakıŞDergisi. 2011;11(5):9–17. [6] Harvey CR, Liechty JC, Liechty MW, et al. Portfolio selection with higher moments. Quantitative Finance. 2010;10(5):469–485. [7] Aksaraylı M, Pala O. A polynomial goal programming model for portfolio optimization based on entropy and higher moments. Expert Syst Appl. 2018;94:185–192. [8] Yue W, Wang Y. A new fuzzy multi-objective higher-order moment portfolio selection model for diversified portfolios. Physica A. 2017;465:124–140. [9] Adcock CJ. Mean-variance–skewness efficient surfaces, steins lemma, and the multivariate extended skew-student distribution. Eur J Oper Res. 2014;234(2):392–401. [10] Nafei AH, Azizi SMEP, Ghasempour RA. An approach in solving data envelopment analysis with stochastic data, in International workshop on Mathematics and Decision Science, Springer, 2016, pp. 154–162. [11] Maringer D, Parpas P. Global optimization of higher-order moments in portfolio selection. Journal of Global Optimization. 2009;43(2–3):219–230. [12] Bera AK, Park SY. Optimal portfolio diversification using the maximum entropy principle. Econom Rev. 2008;27(4–6):484–512. [13] Azizi SMEP, Neisy A. Mathematic modeling and optimization of bank asset and liability by using fractional goal programming approach. International Journal of Modeling and Optimization. 2017;7(2):85–91. [14] Zhou R, Cai R, Tong G. Applications of entropy in finance: A review. Entropy . 2013;15(11): 4909–4931. [15] Viole F, Nawrocki D. Predicting risk/return performance using upper partial moment/lower partial moment metrics. Journal of Mathematical Finance. 2016;6(5):900–920. [16] Azizi SMEPM, Neisy A. A new approach in the geometric Brownian motion model. In: B-Y Cao, edi- tor. Fuzzy information and engineering and decision. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2018. p. 336–342. [17] Li X, Qin Z, Kar S. Mean-variance-skewness model for portfolio selection with fuzzy returns. Eur J Oper Res. 2010;202(1):239–247. [18] Chen W. Weighted portfolio selection models based on possibility theory. Fuzzy Information and Engineering. 2009;1(2):115–127. doi:10.1007/s12543-009-0010-4. [19] Kocadăglı O, Keskin R. A novel portfolio selection model based on fuzzy goal programming with different importance and priorities. Expert Syst Appl. 2015;42(20):6898–6912. [20] Mashayekhi Z, Omrani H. An integrated multi-objective Markowitz–dea cross efficiency model with fuzzy returns for portfolio selection problem. Appl Soft Comput. 2016;38:1–9. [21] Gupta P, Mittal G, Mehlawat MK. Expected value multiobjective portfolio rebalancing model with fuzzy parameters. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics. 2013;52(2):190–203. [22] Peng J. Credibilistic value and average value at risk in fuzzy risk analysis. Fuzzy Information and Engineering. 2011;3(1):69–79. [23] Huang X. What is portfolio analysis. In: Portfolio analysis. Berlin: Springer; 2010.p.1–9. [24] Xu Q, Zhou Y, Jiang C, et al. A large cvarbased portfolio selection model with weight constraints. Econ Model. 2016;59:436–447. [25] Morgan J, et al. Riskmetrics technical document. [26] Watada J. Fuzzy portfolio selection and its applications to decision making. Tatra Mountains Mathematics Publication. 1997;13:219–248. [27] Huang X. Mean-entropy models for fuzzy portfolio selection. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst. 2008;16(4): 1096–1101. 138 M. POURRAFIEE ET AL. [28] Huang X. Mean-semivariance models for fuzzy portfolio selection. J Comput Appl Math. 2008;217(1):1–8. [29] Wang S, Watada J, Pedrycz W. Value-at-risk-based two-stage fuzzy facility location problems. IEEE Trans Ind Inf. 2009;5(4):465–482. [30] Kamdem JS, Deffo CT, Fono LA. Moments and semi-moments for fuzzy portfolio selection. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics. 2012;51(3):517–530. [31] Nafei A, Yuan W, Nasseri H. Group multi-attribute decision making based on interval neutro- sophic sets. Stud Inf Control. 2019;28(3):309–316. [32] Nafei A, Yuan W, Nasseri H. A new method for solving interval neutrosophic linear programming problems. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2020. doi:10.35378/gujs.689125. [33] Benbernou S, Gala S, Ragusa MA. On the regularity criteria for the 3d magnetohydrody- namic equations via two components in terms of bmo space. Math Methods Appl Sci. 2014;37(15):2320–2325. [34] Wang B, Wang S, Watada J. Fuzzy-portfolio-selection models with value-at-risk. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst. 2011;19(4):758–769. [35] Gala S, Ragusa MA. Logarithmically improved regularity criterion for the Boussinesq equations in besov spaces with negative indices. Appl Anal. 2016;95(6):1271–1279. [36] Lassance N, Vrins FD. Minimum ŕenyi entropy portfolios, Available at SSRN 2968660. [37] Davis L. Handbook of genetic algorithms. [38] Pezier J, White A. (2006). The Relative Merits of Hedge Fund Indices and of Funds of Hedge Funds in Optimal Passive Portfolios, ICMA Discussion Papers in Finance. [39] Guo X, Sun Y, Ren J. Low dimensional mid-term chaotic time series prediction by delay parame- terized method. Inf Sci (Ny). 2020;516:1–19.
Fuzzy Information and Engineering – Taylor & Francis
Published: Jan 2, 2020
Keywords: value at risk; space multi-objective portfolio models; credibility fuzzy membership function; higher-order moments; entropy; genetic algorithm
You can share this free article with as many people as you like with the url below! We hope you enjoy this feature!
Read and print from thousands of top scholarly journals.
Already have an account? Log in
Bookmark this article. You can see your Bookmarks on your DeepDyve Library.
To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you don’t already have one.
Copy and paste the desired citation format or use the link below to download a file formatted for EndNote
Access the full text.
Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days.
All DeepDyve websites use cookies to improve your online experience. They were placed on your computer when you launched this website. You can change your cookie settings through your browser.