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The Center Problem for the Lotka Reactions with Generalized Mass-Action Kinetics

The Center Problem for the Lotka Reactions with Generalized Mass-Action Kinetics Qual. Theory Dyn. Syst. (2018) 17:403–410 Qualitative Theory https://doi.org/10.1007/s12346-017-0243-2 of Dynamical Systems The Center Problem for the Lotka Reactions with Generalized Mass-Action Kinetics 1,2 1 Balázs Boros · Josef Hofbauer · 1,2 3 Stefan Müller · Georg Regensburger Received: 8 February 2017 / Accepted: 5 June 2017 / Published online: 13 June 2017 © The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Chemical reaction networks with generalized mass-action kinetics lead to power-law dynamical systems. As a simple example, we consider the Lotka reactions and the resulting planar ODE. We characterize the parameters (positive coefficients and real exponents) for which the unique positive equilibrium is a center. Keywords Chemical reaction network · Power-law kinetics · Center-focus problem · Focal value · First integral · Reversible system Mathematics Subject Classification 34C25 · 34C07 · 92E20 1 Introduction Lotka [7] considered a series of three chemical reactions, transforming a substrate into a product via two intermediates, X and Y. If the reactions producing X and Y, B Stefan Müller st.mueller@univie.ac.at Balázs Boros balazs.boros@univie.ac.at Josef Hofbauer josef.hofbauer@univie.ac.at Georg Regensburger georg.regensburger@jku.at Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, 1090 Vienna, Austria Radon Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria 404 B. Boros et al. respectively, are assumed to be autocatalytic, then the resulting ODE is the classical Lotka–Volterra predator-prey system [8,9]. Farkas and Noszticzius [4] and Dancsó et al. [2] considered generalized Lotka– Volterra schemes, arising from the Lotka reactions with power-law kinetics. They studied the ODE p ˆ p q x˙ = k x − k x y , 1 2 p q q ˆ y ˙ = k x y − k y (1) 3 4 with positive coefficients k , k , k , k > 0 and real exponents p, q, p ˆ, q ˆ ≥ 1. (The 1 2 3 4 special case p = q =ˆ p =ˆ q = 1 is the classical Lotka–Volterra system.) Dancsó et al. [2] provided a local stability and bifurcation analysis. In particular, by finding first integrals, they determined four cases where the ODE admits a center. In this work, we allow arbitrary real exponents p, q, p ˆ, q ˆ ∈ R in the ODE (1) and study the dynamics on the positive quadrant. In addition to the four known cases, we identify two new cases of centers, by showing that they correspond to reversible systems. Moreover, we prove that centers are characterized by these six cases. In a complementary work [1], we provide a global stability analysis for the Lotka reactions with generalized mass-action kinetics. The paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2, we elaborate on the chemical moti- vation of the ODE under study, and in Sect. 3, we present our main result. 2 The Lotka Reactions with Generalized Mass-Action Kinetics As in the original work by Lotka [7], we start by considering a series of net reactions, S → X, X → Y, and Y → P, which transform a substrate into a product. We are interested in the dynamics of X and Y only, in particular, we assume that the substrate is present in constant amount and that the product does not affect the dynamics. As a consequence, we omit substrate and product from consideration and arrive at the simplified reactions 0 → X, X → Y, Y → 0. To obtain a classical Lotka–Volterra system as in [8,9], one assumes the first and the second reaction to be autocatalytic, in particular, one defines the kinetics of the reactions as v = k [X], v = k [X][Y], and v = k [Y] with 0→X 0→X X→Y X→Y Y→0 Y→0 rate constants k , k , k > 0 and concentrations [X], [Y]≥ 0. In this work, 0→X X→Y Y→0 we consider the Lotka reactions with arbitrary power-law kinetics. In terms of chemical reaction network theory, we assume generalized mass-action kinetics [10,11], that is, α β α β α β 1 1 2 2 3 3 v = k [X] [Y] ,v = k [X] [Y] ,v = k [X] [Y] , 0→X 0→X X→Y X→Y Y→0 Y→0 with arbitrary real exponents α ,β ,α ,β ,α ,β ∈ R. The resulting ODE for the 1 1 2 2 3 3 concentrations x =[X] and y =[Y] amounts to The Center Problem for the Lotka Reactions with... 405 α β α β 1 1 2 2 x˙ = k x y − k x y , 1 2 α β α β 2 2 3 3 y ˙ = k x y − k x y , (2) 3 4 where k = k , k = k = k , and k = k . Since we allow real exponents, 1 2 3 4 0→X X→Y Y→0 we consider the dynamics on the positive quadrant. In fact, we study an ODE which is orbitally equivalent to (2) on the positive quadrant and has two exponents less, a b 1 1 x˙ = k x y − k , 1 2 a b 3 3 y ˙ = k − k x y , (3) 3 4 where a = α − α , b = β − β , a = α − α , b = β − β . Further, we assume 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 ∗ ∗ that the ODE admits a positive equilibrium (x , y ) and use the equilibrium to scale the ODE (3). We introduce K = > 0 and obtain k y a b 1 1 x˙ = x y − 1, a b 3 3 y ˙ = K 1 − x y . (4) Clearly, the ODE (4) admits the equilibrium (1, 1) which is not necessarily unique, and the Jacobian matrix at (1, 1) is given by a b 1 1 J = . (5) −Ka −Kb 3 3 Dancsó et al. [2] studied the ODE (4) in the orbitally equivalent form p ˆ p q x˙ = x − x y , p q q ˆ y ˙ = C x y − y , (6) where p ˆ = a − a , q ˆ = b − b , p =−a , q =−b , and C = K . They stated 1 3 3 1 3 1 four cases where the equilibrium (1, 1) is a center and provided first integrals. In this work, we identify two new cases and show that they correspond to reversible systems. Moreover, we prove that every center belongs to one of the six cases. 3 Main Result An equilibrium is a center if all nearby orbits are closed. Theorem 1 The following statements are equivalent. 1. The equilibrium (1, 1) of the ODE (4) with K > 0 is a center. 2. The eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix at (1, 1) are purely imaginary, that is, tr J = 0 and det J > 0, and the first two focal values vanish. 3. The parameter values a , b , a , b ∈ R, and K > 0 belong to one of the six cases 1 1 3 3 in Table 1. 406 B. Boros et al. Table 1 Special cases of the ODE (4) with K > 0 having a center Case Parameters ODE (i) a = b = 0 K > 0 a b > 0 x˙ = y − 1 1 3 3 1 y ˙ = K (1 − x ) a a b −1 1 3 x˙ = x y − 1 (ii) a = a + 1 K = > 0 a + b < 1 1 3 1 3 a −1 b 1 3 b = b + 1 y ˙ = (1 − x y ) 3 1 a b 1 1 a =−1 (iii) K = a > 0 a + b < 0 x˙ = x y − 1 3 1 1 1 b = 1 3 y ˙ = a (1 − ) x˙ = − 1 (iv) a = 1 K = > 0 a + b < 0 1 3 3 1 a b 3 3 b =−1 y ˙ = (1 − x y ) a b 1 1 a = b x˙ = x y − 1 (r1) K = 1 |a | < |b | 1 3 1 1 b a 1 1 a = b 3 1 y ˙ = 1 − x y Kb b 3 1 (r2) a = Kb K = > 0 |b | < |b | x˙ = x y − 1 1 3 3 1 b −b −1 3 1 Kb b 1 3 a = Kb y ˙ = K (1 − x y ) 3 1 The first four cases were already stated in Dancsó et al [2], where first integrals have been given. The last two cases correspond to reversible systems Proof 1 ⇒ 2: If J has a zero eigenvalue, that is, det J = 0, then (1, 1) lies on a curve of equilibria and cannot be a center. Hence, the eigenvalues of J are purely imaginary, and all focal values vanish. 2 ⇒ 3: For the computation of the first two focal values, L and L , and the case 1 2 distinction implied by tr J = 0, det J > 0, and L = L = 0, see Sect. 3.1. 1 2 3 ⇒ 1: For the cases (i)–(iv) in Table 1, first integrals have been given by Dancsó et al. [2]. In fact, they determined all the cases for which a first integral can be A B found by using an integrating factor of the form x y . See Table 2 and [2, p. 122, Table I]. Case (i) includes the classical Lotka–Volterra systems; the corresponding first integral is of the type of separated variables and was already stated in Farkas and Noszticzius [4]. In case (iv), there is a typo in [2]; the correct formula is C = . q ˆ −1 The remaining cases, (r1) and (r2), are reversible systems. See Sect. 3.2. 3.1 Case Distinction Using tr J = 0, that is, a = Kb by Eq. (5), we compute det J and the first two 1 3 focal values, L and L . We find 1 2 det J = K (a b − b K ) 3 1 and note that det J > 0 implies a , b = 0. Further, using the Maple program in [6], 3 1 we find π Kb [b (1 + a − a K − b K ) − a (1 − b )K ] 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 L = √ . det Jb 1 The Center Problem for the Lotka Reactions with... 407 Table 2 Special cases of the ODE (4) with K > 0 having a center and the corresponding first integrals and integrating factors (i.f.) Case ODE First integral V (x , y) i.f. h(x , y) b 1 a +1 1 1 b +1 1 3 1 (i) (x − x ) + (y − y ) 1 x˙ = y − 1 a +1 K b +1 3 1 y ˙ = K (1 − x ) a b a b −1 1 3 1 3 (ii) a x + b y − x y 1 x˙ = x y − 1 1 3 a a −1 b 1 3 y ˙ = (1 − x y ) 1 −a +1 1 b +1 −a −a a b 1 1 1 1 (iii) 1 1 − x − y + x yx x˙ = x y − 1 a −1 b +1 y ˙ = a (1 − ) x 1 a +1 −b +1 −b −b 3 3 3 3 (iv) x˙ = − 1 − x − y + xy y y a +1 b −1 3 3 a b 3 3 y ˙ = (1 − x y ) 1 1 −(b +1) −(b +1) −(b +2) b +2 b 1 1 1 (r1)∩(r2) 1 1 ( + ) (1 + (xy) )(x + y) x˙ = x y − 1 x y b b +2 1 1 y ˙ = 1 − x y α α x x If α is zero in (in a first integral), replace by ln x α α Expressions for L (in case L = 0) will be given below. 2 1 We show that all parameters a , b , a , b ∈ R and K > 0 in the ODE (4)for 1 1 3 3 which tr J = L = L = 0 1 2 and det J > 0 belong to one of the six cases in Table 1. To begin with, L = 0 implies either (a) b = 0, a (1−b )K 3 3 (b) b = , where D = 1 + a − a K − b K and D = 0, or 1 3 3 3 (c) D = 0 and b = 1. In this case, (1 + a )(1 − K ) = 0 and either 3 3 (c1) b = 1, a =−1or 3 3 (c2) b = 1, K = 1. In case (a), where b = 0 (and hence a = 0), we find det J = Ka b . Hence, the 3 1 3 1 situation is covered by case (i) in Table 1. In case (b), where D = 0, we find b = 1 (otherwise b = 0) and, using the Maple 3 1 program in [6], π (a + b ) b (1 + a − b K )(1 − b K )(1 − K )(1 + a + K − b K ) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 L = √ . det JD(1 − b ) Now, L = 0 implies that at least one of six factors is zero. The first subcase a +b = 0 2 3 3 implies D = 1 − b and hence b = a K and det J = 0. As shown above, the 3 1 3 subcase b = 0 is covered by case (i) in Table 1. The subcase 1 + a − b K = 0 3 3 3 408 B. Boros et al. implies D =−a K and hence b = b − 1. That is, a = a + 1, b = b + 1, 3 1 3 1 3 3 1 and hence det J = K (1 − a − b ) which corresponds to case (ii). The subcase 1 3 b K = 1 (and hence a = 1) implies D = a (1 − K ) and hence b =−1. Now, 3 1 3 1 det J =−K (a + b ), and the situation is covered by case (iv). The subcase K = 1 3 3 2 2 (and hence a = b ) implies D = 1 − b and hence b = a . Now, det J = b − a , 1 3 3 1 3 1 1 and the situation is covered by case (r1). Finally, the subcase 1 + a + K − b K = 0 3 3 a (1−b ) a 3 3 3 implies D =−(1 + a )K and hence b = = . That is, a = Kb , 3 1 1 3 −(1+a ) K 1 2 2 2 a = Kb and hence K = , det J = K (b − b ) which corresponds to 3 1 1 3 b −b −1 3 1 case (r2). In case (c1), where b = 1 and a =−1 (and hence a = K ), we find det J = 3 3 1 −K (a + b ). Hence, the situation is covered by case (iii) in Table 1. In case (c2), 1 1 where b = 1 and K = 1, we find π a (1 + a )(1 + b )(a − b ) 3 3 1 3 1 L = √ . (7) det Jb Now, L = 0 implies that at least one of four factors is zero. The first subcase a = 0 2 3 implies det J < 0. As shown above, the subcase a =−1 is covered by case (iii). Finally, the subcase b =−1 is covered by case (iv), and the subcase a = b is 1 3 1 covered by case (r1). 3.2 Reversible Systems 2 2 2 2 Let R : R → R be a reflection along a line. A vector field F : R → R (and the resulting dynamical system) is called reversible w.r.t. R if F ◦ R =−R ◦ F. It is easy to see that, for any function f : R → R, the system x˙ = f (x , y) y ˙ =− f (y, x ) (8) is reversible w.r.t. the reflection R : (x , y) → (y, x ). The following is a well-known fact, see e.g. [12, 4.6571] or, more generally, [3, Theorem 8.1]. An equilibrium of a reversible system which has purely imaginary eigenvalues and lies on the symmetry line of R is a center. Now we are in a position to deal with the last two cases in Table 1. Case (r1): a b 1 1 x˙ = x y − 1, b a 1 1 y ˙ = 1 − x y . This vector field is of the form (8), and hence it is reversible. The Center Problem for the Lotka Reactions with... 409 Case (r2): Kb b 3 1 x˙ = x y − 1, Kb b 1 3 y ˙ = K (1 − x y ), K −1 where K = . We apply the coordinate transformation u = x ,v = y and b −b −1 3 1 obtain 1s K −1 Kb b 1− b −b 3 1 3 1 u ˙ = Kx (x y − 1) = Ku (u v − 1), −2 Kb b 2 b −b 1 3 1 3 v ˙ =−Ky (1 − x y ) =−K v (1 − u v ). −1 b Finally, we multiply the vector field with the positive function K v and obtain 1 1 1− +b 1− b 3 1 K K u ˙ = u − u v , 2+b b 2+b −b 1 1 1 3 v ˙ =−v + u v . Since 1− = 2 +b −b , this vector field is of the form (8), and hence it is reversible. 1 3 Since (r1) and (r2) lead to centers, analytic first integrals must exist. However, it seems difficult to find them. So far we succeeded only in the intersection of (r1) and (r2), that is, the case where a = b = b + 2, a = b , K = 1, and b < −1(aone 1 3 1 3 1 1 parameter family). See Table 2. 3.3 Limit Cycles Dancsó et al. [2] and Boros et al. [1] identified ODEs (1) and (2) that admit one limit cycle (via a super- or sub-critical Hopf bifurcation). As a simple consequence of our characterization of the center variety, we can construct ODEs (4) with two limit cycles via a degenerate Hopf or Bautin bifurcation, see [5, Sect. 8.3]. We pick a system with tr J = L = 0 and L = 0, in particular, we consider case (c2) of our case distinction: 1 2 we take b = a = 1, K = 1 and hence tr J = L = 0 and choose b and a such that 3 1 1 1 3 L < 0 with L given by Eq. (7); for example, b =−2, a =−3or b = 2, a = 1. 2 2 1 3 1 3 If we now slightly perturb K (keeping a = K ) such that L > 0 (and tr J = 0), the 1 1 resulting system has a stable limit cycle. Finally, if we slightly change a such that tr J < 0, we create a small unstable limit cycle via a subcritical Hopf bifurcation. It remains open, if the ODE (4) admits more than two limit cycles. For a computa- tional algebra approach to this question, see [13]. Supplementary Material We provide a Maple worksheet containing (i) the program from [6] for the computation of the first two focal values and (ii) the case distinction described in Sect. 3.1. Further we provide a CDF file (created with Mathematica) containing 3-dimensional visualizations of the center variety. (Thereby, we start from the 5 parameters a , b , a , b , and K,use tr J = 0, that is, a = Kb , and fix K.As 1 1 3 3 1 3 a result, we obtain plots in the 3 parameters a , b , and a .) The material is available 1 1 3 at http://gregensburger.com/softw/center/. 410 B. Boros et al. Acknowledgements Open access funding provided by Austrian Science Fund (FWF). BB and SM were supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Project P28406. GR was supported by the FWF, Project P27229. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Interna- tional License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. References 1. Boros, B., Hofbauer, J., Müller, S.: On global stability of the Lotka reactions with generalized mass- action kinetics. Acta Appl. Math. (2017). doi:10.1007/s10440-017-0102-9 2. Dancsó, A., Farkas, H., Farkas, M., Szabó, G.: Investigations into a class of generalized two- dimensional Lotka–Volterra schemes. Acta Appl. Math. 23(2), 103–127 (1991) 3. Devaney, R.L.: Reversible diffeomorphisms and flows. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 218, 89–113 (1976) 4. Farkas, H., Noszticzius, Z.: Generalized Lotka–Volterra schemes and the construction of two- dimensional explodator cores and their Liapunov functions via “critical” Hopf bifurcations. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. II 81(10), 1487–1505 (1985) 5. Kuznetsov, Y.A.: Elements of applied bifurcation theory, volume 112 of Applied Mathematical Sci- ences. 3rd edn. Springer, New York (2004) 6. Kuznetsova, O.A.: An example of symbolic computation of Lyapunov quantities in Maple. In: Pro- ceedings of the 5th WSEAS Congress on Applied Computing Conference, and Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Biologically Inspired Computation, BICA’12, pp. 195–198, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA, 2012. World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society (WSEAS) (2012) 7. Lotka, A.J.: Contribution to the theory of periodic reactions. J. Phys. Chem. 14(3), 271–274 (1910) 8. Lotka, A.J.: Analytical note on certain rhythmic relations in organic systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 6(7), 410–415 (1920) 9. Lotka, A.J.: Undamped oscillations derived from the law of mass action. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 42, 1595–1599 (1920) 10. Müller, S., Regensburger, G.: Generalized mass action systems: complex balancing equilibria and sign vectors of the stoichiometric and kinetic-order subspaces. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 72, 1926–1947 (2012) 11. Müller, S., Regensburger, G.: Generalized mass-action systems and positive solutions of polynomial equations with real and symbolic exponents. In: Gerdt, V.P., Koepf, W., Mayr, E.W., Vorozhtsov, E.H. (eds.) Computer Algebra in Scientific Computing. Proceedings of the 16th International Work- shop (CASC 2014), volume 8660 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 302–323. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg (2014) 12. Nemytskii, V.V., Stepanov, V.V.: Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations. Princeton University Press, Princeton (1960) 13. Romanovski, V.G., Shafer, D.S.: The Center and Cyclicity Problems: A Computational Algebra Approach. 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The Center Problem for the Lotka Reactions with Generalized Mass-Action Kinetics

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Abstract

Qual. Theory Dyn. Syst. (2018) 17:403–410 Qualitative Theory https://doi.org/10.1007/s12346-017-0243-2 of Dynamical Systems The Center Problem for the Lotka Reactions with Generalized Mass-Action Kinetics 1,2 1 Balázs Boros · Josef Hofbauer · 1,2 3 Stefan Müller · Georg Regensburger Received: 8 February 2017 / Accepted: 5 June 2017 / Published online: 13 June 2017 © The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Chemical reaction networks with generalized mass-action kinetics lead to power-law dynamical systems. As a simple example, we consider the Lotka reactions and the resulting planar ODE. We characterize the parameters (positive coefficients and real exponents) for which the unique positive equilibrium is a center. Keywords Chemical reaction network · Power-law kinetics · Center-focus problem · Focal value · First integral · Reversible system Mathematics Subject Classification 34C25 · 34C07 · 92E20 1 Introduction Lotka [7] considered a series of three chemical reactions, transforming a substrate into a product via two intermediates, X and Y. If the reactions producing X and Y, B Stefan Müller st.mueller@univie.ac.at Balázs Boros balazs.boros@univie.ac.at Josef Hofbauer josef.hofbauer@univie.ac.at Georg Regensburger georg.regensburger@jku.at Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, 1090 Vienna, Austria Radon Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria 404 B. Boros et al. respectively, are assumed to be autocatalytic, then the resulting ODE is the classical Lotka–Volterra predator-prey system [8,9]. Farkas and Noszticzius [4] and Dancsó et al. [2] considered generalized Lotka– Volterra schemes, arising from the Lotka reactions with power-law kinetics. They studied the ODE p ˆ p q x˙ = k x − k x y , 1 2 p q q ˆ y ˙ = k x y − k y (1) 3 4 with positive coefficients k , k , k , k > 0 and real exponents p, q, p ˆ, q ˆ ≥ 1. (The 1 2 3 4 special case p = q =ˆ p =ˆ q = 1 is the classical Lotka–Volterra system.) Dancsó et al. [2] provided a local stability and bifurcation analysis. In particular, by finding first integrals, they determined four cases where the ODE admits a center. In this work, we allow arbitrary real exponents p, q, p ˆ, q ˆ ∈ R in the ODE (1) and study the dynamics on the positive quadrant. In addition to the four known cases, we identify two new cases of centers, by showing that they correspond to reversible systems. Moreover, we prove that centers are characterized by these six cases. In a complementary work [1], we provide a global stability analysis for the Lotka reactions with generalized mass-action kinetics. The paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2, we elaborate on the chemical moti- vation of the ODE under study, and in Sect. 3, we present our main result. 2 The Lotka Reactions with Generalized Mass-Action Kinetics As in the original work by Lotka [7], we start by considering a series of net reactions, S → X, X → Y, and Y → P, which transform a substrate into a product. We are interested in the dynamics of X and Y only, in particular, we assume that the substrate is present in constant amount and that the product does not affect the dynamics. As a consequence, we omit substrate and product from consideration and arrive at the simplified reactions 0 → X, X → Y, Y → 0. To obtain a classical Lotka–Volterra system as in [8,9], one assumes the first and the second reaction to be autocatalytic, in particular, one defines the kinetics of the reactions as v = k [X], v = k [X][Y], and v = k [Y] with 0→X 0→X X→Y X→Y Y→0 Y→0 rate constants k , k , k > 0 and concentrations [X], [Y]≥ 0. In this work, 0→X X→Y Y→0 we consider the Lotka reactions with arbitrary power-law kinetics. In terms of chemical reaction network theory, we assume generalized mass-action kinetics [10,11], that is, α β α β α β 1 1 2 2 3 3 v = k [X] [Y] ,v = k [X] [Y] ,v = k [X] [Y] , 0→X 0→X X→Y X→Y Y→0 Y→0 with arbitrary real exponents α ,β ,α ,β ,α ,β ∈ R. The resulting ODE for the 1 1 2 2 3 3 concentrations x =[X] and y =[Y] amounts to The Center Problem for the Lotka Reactions with... 405 α β α β 1 1 2 2 x˙ = k x y − k x y , 1 2 α β α β 2 2 3 3 y ˙ = k x y − k x y , (2) 3 4 where k = k , k = k = k , and k = k . Since we allow real exponents, 1 2 3 4 0→X X→Y Y→0 we consider the dynamics on the positive quadrant. In fact, we study an ODE which is orbitally equivalent to (2) on the positive quadrant and has two exponents less, a b 1 1 x˙ = k x y − k , 1 2 a b 3 3 y ˙ = k − k x y , (3) 3 4 where a = α − α , b = β − β , a = α − α , b = β − β . Further, we assume 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 ∗ ∗ that the ODE admits a positive equilibrium (x , y ) and use the equilibrium to scale the ODE (3). We introduce K = > 0 and obtain k y a b 1 1 x˙ = x y − 1, a b 3 3 y ˙ = K 1 − x y . (4) Clearly, the ODE (4) admits the equilibrium (1, 1) which is not necessarily unique, and the Jacobian matrix at (1, 1) is given by a b 1 1 J = . (5) −Ka −Kb 3 3 Dancsó et al. [2] studied the ODE (4) in the orbitally equivalent form p ˆ p q x˙ = x − x y , p q q ˆ y ˙ = C x y − y , (6) where p ˆ = a − a , q ˆ = b − b , p =−a , q =−b , and C = K . They stated 1 3 3 1 3 1 four cases where the equilibrium (1, 1) is a center and provided first integrals. In this work, we identify two new cases and show that they correspond to reversible systems. Moreover, we prove that every center belongs to one of the six cases. 3 Main Result An equilibrium is a center if all nearby orbits are closed. Theorem 1 The following statements are equivalent. 1. The equilibrium (1, 1) of the ODE (4) with K > 0 is a center. 2. The eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix at (1, 1) are purely imaginary, that is, tr J = 0 and det J > 0, and the first two focal values vanish. 3. The parameter values a , b , a , b ∈ R, and K > 0 belong to one of the six cases 1 1 3 3 in Table 1. 406 B. Boros et al. Table 1 Special cases of the ODE (4) with K > 0 having a center Case Parameters ODE (i) a = b = 0 K > 0 a b > 0 x˙ = y − 1 1 3 3 1 y ˙ = K (1 − x ) a a b −1 1 3 x˙ = x y − 1 (ii) a = a + 1 K = > 0 a + b < 1 1 3 1 3 a −1 b 1 3 b = b + 1 y ˙ = (1 − x y ) 3 1 a b 1 1 a =−1 (iii) K = a > 0 a + b < 0 x˙ = x y − 1 3 1 1 1 b = 1 3 y ˙ = a (1 − ) x˙ = − 1 (iv) a = 1 K = > 0 a + b < 0 1 3 3 1 a b 3 3 b =−1 y ˙ = (1 − x y ) a b 1 1 a = b x˙ = x y − 1 (r1) K = 1 |a | < |b | 1 3 1 1 b a 1 1 a = b 3 1 y ˙ = 1 − x y Kb b 3 1 (r2) a = Kb K = > 0 |b | < |b | x˙ = x y − 1 1 3 3 1 b −b −1 3 1 Kb b 1 3 a = Kb y ˙ = K (1 − x y ) 3 1 The first four cases were already stated in Dancsó et al [2], where first integrals have been given. The last two cases correspond to reversible systems Proof 1 ⇒ 2: If J has a zero eigenvalue, that is, det J = 0, then (1, 1) lies on a curve of equilibria and cannot be a center. Hence, the eigenvalues of J are purely imaginary, and all focal values vanish. 2 ⇒ 3: For the computation of the first two focal values, L and L , and the case 1 2 distinction implied by tr J = 0, det J > 0, and L = L = 0, see Sect. 3.1. 1 2 3 ⇒ 1: For the cases (i)–(iv) in Table 1, first integrals have been given by Dancsó et al. [2]. In fact, they determined all the cases for which a first integral can be A B found by using an integrating factor of the form x y . See Table 2 and [2, p. 122, Table I]. Case (i) includes the classical Lotka–Volterra systems; the corresponding first integral is of the type of separated variables and was already stated in Farkas and Noszticzius [4]. In case (iv), there is a typo in [2]; the correct formula is C = . q ˆ −1 The remaining cases, (r1) and (r2), are reversible systems. See Sect. 3.2. 3.1 Case Distinction Using tr J = 0, that is, a = Kb by Eq. (5), we compute det J and the first two 1 3 focal values, L and L . We find 1 2 det J = K (a b − b K ) 3 1 and note that det J > 0 implies a , b = 0. Further, using the Maple program in [6], 3 1 we find π Kb [b (1 + a − a K − b K ) − a (1 − b )K ] 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 L = √ . det Jb 1 The Center Problem for the Lotka Reactions with... 407 Table 2 Special cases of the ODE (4) with K > 0 having a center and the corresponding first integrals and integrating factors (i.f.) Case ODE First integral V (x , y) i.f. h(x , y) b 1 a +1 1 1 b +1 1 3 1 (i) (x − x ) + (y − y ) 1 x˙ = y − 1 a +1 K b +1 3 1 y ˙ = K (1 − x ) a b a b −1 1 3 1 3 (ii) a x + b y − x y 1 x˙ = x y − 1 1 3 a a −1 b 1 3 y ˙ = (1 − x y ) 1 −a +1 1 b +1 −a −a a b 1 1 1 1 (iii) 1 1 − x − y + x yx x˙ = x y − 1 a −1 b +1 y ˙ = a (1 − ) x 1 a +1 −b +1 −b −b 3 3 3 3 (iv) x˙ = − 1 − x − y + xy y y a +1 b −1 3 3 a b 3 3 y ˙ = (1 − x y ) 1 1 −(b +1) −(b +1) −(b +2) b +2 b 1 1 1 (r1)∩(r2) 1 1 ( + ) (1 + (xy) )(x + y) x˙ = x y − 1 x y b b +2 1 1 y ˙ = 1 − x y α α x x If α is zero in (in a first integral), replace by ln x α α Expressions for L (in case L = 0) will be given below. 2 1 We show that all parameters a , b , a , b ∈ R and K > 0 in the ODE (4)for 1 1 3 3 which tr J = L = L = 0 1 2 and det J > 0 belong to one of the six cases in Table 1. To begin with, L = 0 implies either (a) b = 0, a (1−b )K 3 3 (b) b = , where D = 1 + a − a K − b K and D = 0, or 1 3 3 3 (c) D = 0 and b = 1. In this case, (1 + a )(1 − K ) = 0 and either 3 3 (c1) b = 1, a =−1or 3 3 (c2) b = 1, K = 1. In case (a), where b = 0 (and hence a = 0), we find det J = Ka b . Hence, the 3 1 3 1 situation is covered by case (i) in Table 1. In case (b), where D = 0, we find b = 1 (otherwise b = 0) and, using the Maple 3 1 program in [6], π (a + b ) b (1 + a − b K )(1 − b K )(1 − K )(1 + a + K − b K ) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 L = √ . det JD(1 − b ) Now, L = 0 implies that at least one of six factors is zero. The first subcase a +b = 0 2 3 3 implies D = 1 − b and hence b = a K and det J = 0. As shown above, the 3 1 3 subcase b = 0 is covered by case (i) in Table 1. The subcase 1 + a − b K = 0 3 3 3 408 B. Boros et al. implies D =−a K and hence b = b − 1. That is, a = a + 1, b = b + 1, 3 1 3 1 3 3 1 and hence det J = K (1 − a − b ) which corresponds to case (ii). The subcase 1 3 b K = 1 (and hence a = 1) implies D = a (1 − K ) and hence b =−1. Now, 3 1 3 1 det J =−K (a + b ), and the situation is covered by case (iv). The subcase K = 1 3 3 2 2 (and hence a = b ) implies D = 1 − b and hence b = a . Now, det J = b − a , 1 3 3 1 3 1 1 and the situation is covered by case (r1). Finally, the subcase 1 + a + K − b K = 0 3 3 a (1−b ) a 3 3 3 implies D =−(1 + a )K and hence b = = . That is, a = Kb , 3 1 1 3 −(1+a ) K 1 2 2 2 a = Kb and hence K = , det J = K (b − b ) which corresponds to 3 1 1 3 b −b −1 3 1 case (r2). In case (c1), where b = 1 and a =−1 (and hence a = K ), we find det J = 3 3 1 −K (a + b ). Hence, the situation is covered by case (iii) in Table 1. In case (c2), 1 1 where b = 1 and K = 1, we find π a (1 + a )(1 + b )(a − b ) 3 3 1 3 1 L = √ . (7) det Jb Now, L = 0 implies that at least one of four factors is zero. The first subcase a = 0 2 3 implies det J < 0. As shown above, the subcase a =−1 is covered by case (iii). Finally, the subcase b =−1 is covered by case (iv), and the subcase a = b is 1 3 1 covered by case (r1). 3.2 Reversible Systems 2 2 2 2 Let R : R → R be a reflection along a line. A vector field F : R → R (and the resulting dynamical system) is called reversible w.r.t. R if F ◦ R =−R ◦ F. It is easy to see that, for any function f : R → R, the system x˙ = f (x , y) y ˙ =− f (y, x ) (8) is reversible w.r.t. the reflection R : (x , y) → (y, x ). The following is a well-known fact, see e.g. [12, 4.6571] or, more generally, [3, Theorem 8.1]. An equilibrium of a reversible system which has purely imaginary eigenvalues and lies on the symmetry line of R is a center. Now we are in a position to deal with the last two cases in Table 1. Case (r1): a b 1 1 x˙ = x y − 1, b a 1 1 y ˙ = 1 − x y . This vector field is of the form (8), and hence it is reversible. The Center Problem for the Lotka Reactions with... 409 Case (r2): Kb b 3 1 x˙ = x y − 1, Kb b 1 3 y ˙ = K (1 − x y ), K −1 where K = . We apply the coordinate transformation u = x ,v = y and b −b −1 3 1 obtain 1s K −1 Kb b 1− b −b 3 1 3 1 u ˙ = Kx (x y − 1) = Ku (u v − 1), −2 Kb b 2 b −b 1 3 1 3 v ˙ =−Ky (1 − x y ) =−K v (1 − u v ). −1 b Finally, we multiply the vector field with the positive function K v and obtain 1 1 1− +b 1− b 3 1 K K u ˙ = u − u v , 2+b b 2+b −b 1 1 1 3 v ˙ =−v + u v . Since 1− = 2 +b −b , this vector field is of the form (8), and hence it is reversible. 1 3 Since (r1) and (r2) lead to centers, analytic first integrals must exist. However, it seems difficult to find them. So far we succeeded only in the intersection of (r1) and (r2), that is, the case where a = b = b + 2, a = b , K = 1, and b < −1(aone 1 3 1 3 1 1 parameter family). See Table 2. 3.3 Limit Cycles Dancsó et al. [2] and Boros et al. [1] identified ODEs (1) and (2) that admit one limit cycle (via a super- or sub-critical Hopf bifurcation). As a simple consequence of our characterization of the center variety, we can construct ODEs (4) with two limit cycles via a degenerate Hopf or Bautin bifurcation, see [5, Sect. 8.3]. We pick a system with tr J = L = 0 and L = 0, in particular, we consider case (c2) of our case distinction: 1 2 we take b = a = 1, K = 1 and hence tr J = L = 0 and choose b and a such that 3 1 1 1 3 L < 0 with L given by Eq. (7); for example, b =−2, a =−3or b = 2, a = 1. 2 2 1 3 1 3 If we now slightly perturb K (keeping a = K ) such that L > 0 (and tr J = 0), the 1 1 resulting system has a stable limit cycle. Finally, if we slightly change a such that tr J < 0, we create a small unstable limit cycle via a subcritical Hopf bifurcation. It remains open, if the ODE (4) admits more than two limit cycles. For a computa- tional algebra approach to this question, see [13]. Supplementary Material We provide a Maple worksheet containing (i) the program from [6] for the computation of the first two focal values and (ii) the case distinction described in Sect. 3.1. Further we provide a CDF file (created with Mathematica) containing 3-dimensional visualizations of the center variety. (Thereby, we start from the 5 parameters a , b , a , b , and K,use tr J = 0, that is, a = Kb , and fix K.As 1 1 3 3 1 3 a result, we obtain plots in the 3 parameters a , b , and a .) The material is available 1 1 3 at http://gregensburger.com/softw/center/. 410 B. Boros et al. Acknowledgements Open access funding provided by Austrian Science Fund (FWF). BB and SM were supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Project P28406. GR was supported by the FWF, Project P27229. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Interna- tional License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. References 1. Boros, B., Hofbauer, J., Müller, S.: On global stability of the Lotka reactions with generalized mass- action kinetics. Acta Appl. Math. (2017). doi:10.1007/s10440-017-0102-9 2. Dancsó, A., Farkas, H., Farkas, M., Szabó, G.: Investigations into a class of generalized two- dimensional Lotka–Volterra schemes. Acta Appl. Math. 23(2), 103–127 (1991) 3. Devaney, R.L.: Reversible diffeomorphisms and flows. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 218, 89–113 (1976) 4. Farkas, H., Noszticzius, Z.: Generalized Lotka–Volterra schemes and the construction of two- dimensional explodator cores and their Liapunov functions via “critical” Hopf bifurcations. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. II 81(10), 1487–1505 (1985) 5. Kuznetsov, Y.A.: Elements of applied bifurcation theory, volume 112 of Applied Mathematical Sci- ences. 3rd edn. Springer, New York (2004) 6. Kuznetsova, O.A.: An example of symbolic computation of Lyapunov quantities in Maple. In: Pro- ceedings of the 5th WSEAS Congress on Applied Computing Conference, and Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Biologically Inspired Computation, BICA’12, pp. 195–198, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA, 2012. World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society (WSEAS) (2012) 7. Lotka, A.J.: Contribution to the theory of periodic reactions. J. Phys. Chem. 14(3), 271–274 (1910) 8. Lotka, A.J.: Analytical note on certain rhythmic relations in organic systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 6(7), 410–415 (1920) 9. Lotka, A.J.: Undamped oscillations derived from the law of mass action. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 42, 1595–1599 (1920) 10. Müller, S., Regensburger, G.: Generalized mass action systems: complex balancing equilibria and sign vectors of the stoichiometric and kinetic-order subspaces. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 72, 1926–1947 (2012) 11. Müller, S., Regensburger, G.: Generalized mass-action systems and positive solutions of polynomial equations with real and symbolic exponents. In: Gerdt, V.P., Koepf, W., Mayr, E.W., Vorozhtsov, E.H. (eds.) Computer Algebra in Scientific Computing. Proceedings of the 16th International Work- shop (CASC 2014), volume 8660 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 302–323. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg (2014) 12. Nemytskii, V.V., Stepanov, V.V.: Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations. Princeton University Press, Princeton (1960) 13. Romanovski, V.G., Shafer, D.S.: The Center and Cyclicity Problems: A Computational Algebra Approach. Birkhäuser Boston Inc, Boston (2009)

Journal

Qualitative Theory of Dynamical Systems – Springer Journals

Published: Jun 13, 2017

References

  • Investigations into a class of generalized two-dimensional Lotka–Volterra schemes
    Dancsó, A; Farkas, H; Farkas, M; Szabó, G
  • Reversible diffeomorphisms and flows
    Devaney, RL
  • Generalized Lotka–Volterra schemes and the construction of two-dimensional explodator cores and their Liapunov functions via “critical” Hopf bifurcations
    Farkas, H; Noszticzius, Z
  • Contribution to the theory of periodic reactions
    Lotka, AJ
  • Analytical note on certain rhythmic relations in organic systems
    Lotka, AJ
  • Undamped oscillations derived from the law of mass action
    Lotka, AJ
  • Generalized mass action systems: complex balancing equilibria and sign vectors of the stoichiometric and kinetic-order subspaces
    Müller, S; Regensburger, G
  • Qualitative Theory of Differential Equations
    Nemytskii, VV; Stepanov, VV
  • The Center and Cyclicity Problems: A Computational Algebra Approach
    Romanovski, VG; Shafer, DS