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Die Otitis media (OM) gehört zu den häufigsten Krankheiten im Kindesalter und ist für mehr Arztbesuche, chirurgische Eingriffe und Medikamentenverordnungen verantwortlich als jede andere Infektionskrankheit. Neuesten Forschungsergebnissen zufolge nimmt das angeborene Immunsystem bei der Bekämpfung der Mittelohrentzündung eine entscheidende Rolle ein. Die Mukosa des Mittelohrs identifiziert das eindringende Pathogen, indem sie „pathogenassoziierte molekulare Muster“ (PAMP) über Rezeptoren wie die Toll-like-Rezeptoren (TLR) erkennt. Diese generieren umgehend eine antimikrobielle Immunantwort sowie die Freisetzung von Zytokinen und führen somit zu einer Entzündungsreaktion, wie sie bei der akuten und chronischen OM zu beobachten ist. Durch Interaktion zwischen den verschiedenen TLR kann der Heilungsprozess im Mittelohr sowohl verstärkt als auch gehemmt werden. Um eine Überreaktion auf der einen Seite und eine mangelnde Immunantwort auf der anderen Seite zu verhindern, muss das Signalnetzwerk der Toll-like-Rezeptoren über positive und negative Feedbackschleifen kontrolliert und vernetzt sein. Nur dann kann eine angemessene Immunantwort auf die Infektion im Mittelohr garantiert werden. In der vorliegenden Literaturübersicht liegt das Augenmerk auf der Rolle des angeborenen Immunsystems und der TLR sowie deren Bedeutung bei der Entwicklung von neuen Impfstrategien bzw. Immuntherapien.
HNO – Springer Journals
Published: Mar 27, 2018
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