Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations in Partially Periodic Domains

Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations in Partially Periodic Domains J. Math. Fluid Mech. 20 (2018), 289–327 2017 The Author(s). This article is an open access publication Journal of Mathematical 1422-6928/18/020289-39 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00021-017-0321-x Fluid Mechanics Jonas Sauer CommunicatedbyY.Giga Abstract. We consider an instationary generalized Stokes system with nonhomogeneous divergence data under a periodic condition in only some directions. The problem is set in the whole space, the half space or in (after an identiﬁcation of the periodic directions with a torus) bounded domains with suﬃciently regular boundary. We show unique solvability for all times in Muckenhoupt weighted Lebesgue spaces. The divergence condition is dealt with by analyzing the associated reduced Stokes system and in particular by showing maximal regularity of the partially periodic reduced Stokes operator. Mathematics Subject Classiﬁcation. 35B10, 35Q30, 76D03, 76D07. Keywords. Generalized Stokes equations, maximal regularity, spatially periodic. 1. Introduction Consider the partially periodic instationary generalized Stokes problem ∂ u − Δu + ∇p = f in (0,T ) × Ω, div u = g in (0,T ) × Ω, (1.1) u| = 0 on (0,T ) × ∂Ω, ∂Ω u| = u in Ω, t=0 0 where u :(0,T ) × Ω → R is the ﬂuid velocity and p :(0,T ) × Ω → R is the pressure. Here, T ∈ (0, ∞] n n 1 2 and Ω is a domain in G := R × T with T := R/LZ, L> 0and n := n + n ≥ 2. The topology L 1 2 and diﬀerentiable structure on G are the canonical ones inherited from R ,sothat(1.1) governs a ﬂow which is periodic of length L in the direction of the variables y := (x ,...,x ). Such partially periodic n +1 n models are relevant in mathematical ﬂuid mechanics, for example in the analysis of ﬂows in spiraling tubes or layer-like domains with periodic boundary conditions. Assumption 1.1. We want to consider problem (1.1)in • the partially periodic whole space G := {(x ,y) | x := (x ,...,x ) ∈ R ,y := (x ,...,x ) ∈ 1 n n +1 n 1 1 T }; • the partially periodic half space G := {x ∈ G | x > 0}; + 1 1,1 • bounded partially periodic C -domains, that is bounded, open and connected Ω ⊂ G, where the boundary can be described locally (after a possible rotation of the coordinate system) as the graph 1,1 of a C -function. The nonperiodic case n = 0 has been extensively investigated in the literature in a variety of domains. Bothe and Pruss ¨ [3] considered general instationary Stokes systems in bounded and exterior domains for Dirichlet, Neumann and Navier boundary conditions. Unique solvability of (1.1) in Sobolev spaces for Jonas Sauer was partly supported by DFG and JSPS via the International Research Training Group 1529. 290 J. Sauer JMFM a large class of domains including bounded and exterior domains, asymptotically ﬂat layers, inﬁnite cylinders, perturbed half spaces and aperture domains was obtained by Abels [2], where also variable viscosity and mixed boundary conditions are admitted. The main idea of Abels [2] is to use maximal L regularity of some associated Stokes operator. We want to follow this train of thought and establish a theory which enables us to show a corresponding regularity result for the partially periodic reduced Stokes operator, i.e, for all n ∈{0,...,n − 1}. For n > 0, there are only very few results in the literature. In the case of a homogeneous divergence 2 p condition, i.e, g = 0, there are early results by Iooss [13]inthe L framework. In L Sobolev spaces, problem (1.1) has been treated by Denk and Nau [8, 17] in the case of a straight cylinder and by the author [20, 22, 23] in the whole space case Ω = G. In particular, Theorem 3.5 in [23] shows that the partially p q periodic Stokes operator admits maximal L regularity in L (G) for all q ∈ (1, ∞) and all ω ∈ A (G) ω,σ for n ≥ 3 with an A -consistent estimate. Here, A (G) is the class of Muckenhoupt weights ω ∈ A (R ) q q q which are periodic of length L with respect to the variables y =(x ,...,x ), cf. [22, Proposition 2]. n +1 n 1 n n Recall that a nonnegative ω ∈ L (R ) is in the Muckenhoupt class A (R ), if loc 1 1 1 1 q  q A (ω) := sup ω ω  < ∞, q 1 1 L (B) L (B) |B| −q /q n where ω := ω and the supremum runs over all balls B ⊂ R . The reason to include weighted spaces lies in an extrapolation theorem in the spirit of Garc´ ıa-Cuervo and Rubio de Francia [12], which roughly states that uniform bounds in weighted spaces immediately extend to R-bounds. More precisely, the following proposition can be found in [20, Theorem 2]. Here, we call a constant c = c(ω) that depends on Muckenhoupt weights A -consistent, if for each d> 0wehave sup{c(ω): ω is an A (G)-weight with A (ω) <d} < ∞. q q Proposition 1.2. Suppose that r, q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G) and that Ω ⊂ G is measurable. Moreover, assume that T is a family of linear operators such that for all ν ∈ A (G) there is an A -consistent constant r r c = c (ν) > 0 with r r Tf  r ≤ c f  r L (Ω) r L (Ω) ν ν r q for all f ∈ L (Ω) and all T ∈T . Then every T ∈T can be extended to L (Ω) and T is R-bounded with ν ω an A -consistent R-bound c . q q Since R-boundedness of solutions to the corresponding resolvent equations is connected to maximal L regularity via the Theorem of Weis (see Proposition 2.2 below), Proposition 1.2 suggests that key in understanding problem (1.1) is a thorough investigation in weighted spaces of the resolvent problem λu − Δu + ∇p = f in Ω, div u = g in Ω, (1.2) u =0 on ∂Ω, where λ ∈ Σ := {λ ∈ C : | arg λ| <ϑ,λ =0}, ϑ ∈ (0,π). In particular, we aim at obtaining a priori estimates which are A -consistent. The purpose of the present paper is threefold: • extend the results in [2] to the partially periodic case and to weighted spaces, • extend the results on the corresponding resolvent equations in [22] to all dimensions n ≥ 2and to domains with boundary, and • extend the results on the maximal L regularity of the partially periodic Stokes operator in [23]to non-homogeneous divergence data g and to domains with boundary. Our main results are stated in the following two theorems. Here, the space of initial values is deﬁned as 2−2/p 1,q q 2,q the real interpolation space B (Ω) := L (Ω),W (Ω) ∩ W (Ω) , which can be regarded as q,p,ω ω ω 0,ω 1−1/p,p Vol. 20 (2018) Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations 291 a partially periodic, weighted space of Besov type. The precise deﬁnition of the respective function spaces can be found in Sect. 3. Theorem 1.3. Let n ≥ 2 and let Ω be as in Assumption 1.1.Assume T ∈ (0, ∞), p, q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (G). Then there is an A -consistent constant c = c(n, p, q, ω, Ω, T) > 0 such that for all T ∈ (0, T],all q q −1,q 2−2/p p q n p 1,q p n f ∈ L (0,T ;L (Ω) ),all g ∈ L (0,T ; W (Ω)) with ∂ g ∈ L (0,T ; W (Ω)) and all u ∈ B (Ω) t 0 p,q,ω ω ω 0,ω satisfying the compatibility condition −1,q div u = g| in W (Ω), 0 t=0 0,ω p 2,q n 1,p q n p 1,q there is a unique (u, p) ∈ L (0,T ; W (Ω) ) ∩ W (0,T ;L (Ω) ) × L (0,T ; W (Ω)) solving (1.1) and ω ω ω it holds the estimate q q u, ∂ u, ∇ u, ∇p p ≤ c f, ∇g p + ∂ g −1,q + u  2 . (1.3) t L (L ) L (L ) t p  0 2− ω ω L (W ) p 0,ω p,q,ω If Ω is bounded, the assertion remains true for T = ∞. As explained above, the key ingredient in the proof of Theorem 1.3 is the following result. Theorem 1.4. Let n ≥ 2 and Ω be as in Assumption 1.1.Let q, q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G), ω ∈ A (G), i q i q i =1, 2, ϑ ∈ (0,π), λ ∈ Σ (for bounded Ω also λ =0 is permitted). −1,q q n 1,q 2,q n (i) For each f ∈ L (Ω) and g ∈ W (Ω) ∩ W (Ω) there is a unique solution (u, p) ∈ W (Ω) × ω ω 0,ω ω 1,q W (Ω) to (1.2). This solution satisﬁes q q λu, ∇ u, ∇p ≤ c f, ∇g + |λ|g −1,q , (1.4) L (Ω) L (Ω) ω ω W (Ω) 0,ω where c = c(n, q, ω, ϑ, Ω) > 0 is A -consistent. In the case of a bounded domain, the term ∇ u Lω (Ω) on the left-hand side may be replaced by u 2,q . W (Ω) −1,q −1,q q n q n 1,q 1,q 1 2 1 2 1 2 (ii) If f ∈ L (Ω) ∩L (Ω) and both g ∈ W (Ω)∩W (Ω) and g ∈ W (Ω)∩W (Ω), then the ω ω ω ω 0,ω 0,ω 1 2 1 2 1 2 2,q n 1,q 2,q n 1,q 1  1 2  2 unique solution (u, p) ∈ W (Ω) ×W (Ω) satisﬁes the regularity (u, p) ∈ W (Ω) ×W (Ω). ω ω ω ω 1 1 2 2 1,1 Remark 1.5. Note that for bounded partially periodic C -domains, a homogeneous ﬂux condition is built in into our functional analytic setting: Consider for example a periodic cylinder Ω := D × R/LZ, where n−1 1,q D ⊂ R is the unit disc. Then for the corresponding pressure p ∈ W (Ω) from Theorem 1.4 it does q n not only hold that ∇p ∈ L (Ω) , but also that p itself is periodic in the sense p| = p| . Therefore, x ↓0 x ↑L ω n n the pressure drop within one periodic cell is zero, which results in a homogeneous ﬂux condition. The paper is structured as follows: Firstly, in Sect. 2 we prove that Theorem 1.3 can be deduced from Theorem 1.4 by arguments similar to the ones in [1, 2]. The notation and basic results on weighted Lebesgue and Sobolev spaces deﬁned over domains in the group G are provided in Sect. 3. The main part of this paper are Sects. 4–6, which are devoted to establishing Theorem 1.4. In Sect. 4, the case Ω = G is treated. Sections 5 and 6 are concerned with Theorem 1.4 in the cases of the half space and bounded 1,1 periodic C -domains, respectively. It should be pointed out that the treatment of bounded domains in Sect. 6 is very diﬀerent in style compared to the Sects. 4 and 5. In fact, since bounded domains have a ﬁnite measure and are relatively compact, standard localization techniques can be applied to show the corresponding regularity estimates, which reduces a large part of the problem to the nonperiodic case. Observe that in doing so, it is also necessary to use non-periodic results, as one is rotating the coordinate system during the process of localization, which is not compatible with having distinguished directions of periodicity. Finally, in “Appendix”, we give a construction of the Helmholtz decomposition in weighted partially periodic spaces. 292 J. Sauer JMFM 2. Proof of Theorem 1.3 Let us show that Theorem 1.4 indeed implies Theorem 1.3. Therefore, consider the reduced partially periodic Stokes equations λu − Δu + ∇Pu = f in Ω, (2.1) u =0 on ∂Ω, 1,q 2,q n n 1,q where P : W (Ω) ∩ W (Ω) → W (Ω) gives the unique solution to ω 0,ω ω 1,q (∇Pu, ∇ϕ)=(Δu, ∇ϕ) − (∇div u, ∇ϕ),ϕ ∈ W (Ω) 1,q and f := f −∇p , where p ∈ W (Ω) is the unique solution to r r r 1,q (∇p , ∇ϕ)=(f, ∇ϕ)+(∇g, ∇ϕ)+ λ[g, ϕ],ϕ ∈ W (Ω). Observe that the unique solvability follows from the Helmholtz projection, more precisely from Lemma 7.1. Lemma 2.1. Let n ≥ 2 and Ω be as in Assumption 1.1.Let q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G), ϑ ∈ (0,π) and q n 2,q n λ ∈ Σ . For every f ∈ L (Ω) there is a unique solution u ∈ W (Ω) to (2.1). Moreover, there is an ϑ r ω ω A -consistent c = c(n, q, ϑ, ω, Ω) > 0 such that q q λu, ∇ u ≤ cf  . (2.2) L (Ω) r L (Ω) ω ω If Ω is a bounded domain, also λ =0 is permitted. 2,q n 1,q Proof. By Theorem 1.4, there is a solution (u, p) ∈ W (Ω) × W (Ω) to (1.2) with data (f ,g), where ω ω r −1,q 1,q g ∈ W (Ω) with λg ∈ W (Ω) is the unique solution to ω 0,ω 1,q λ(g, ϕ)+(∇g, ∇ϕ)=(f , ∇ϕ),ϕ ∈ W  (Ω), which exists due to Lemma 7.1, and where also λ = 0 is allowed in the case of a bounded domain. Then it is immediate that 1,q (∇p, ∇ϕ)=(Δu, ϕ) − (∇div u, ϕ),ϕ ∈ W (Ω) and hence p = Pu.Thus u solves (2.1)and q q q λu, ∇ u ≤ c f , ∇g + |λ|g −1,q ≤ cf  . r r L (Ω) L (Ω)  L (Ω) ω ω W (Ω) ω 0,ω red q For q ∈ (1, ∞)and ω ∈ A (G), we deﬁne the partially periodic reduced Stokes operator A on L (Ω) q,ω ω via 1,q red 2,q n n D(A ):= W (Ω) ∩ W (Ω) q,ω ω 0,ω red A u := −Δu + ∇Pu. q,ω red p We want to show that A admits maximal L regularity. Here, a generator −A of a bounded analytic q,ω p p semi-group on a Banach space X is said to admit maximal L -regularity, if for all f ∈ L (0, ∞; X)and u ∈ (X, D(A)) , the mild solution to 0 1−1/p,p u + Au = f, u(0) = u t 0 is a.e. D(A)-valued, a.e. diﬀerentiable with values in X and such that both u and Au belong to L (0, ∞; X). Recall the Theorem of Weis [25]. Proposition 2.2. Let p ∈ (1, ∞) and assume that −A is the generator of a bounded analytic semi-group in p −1 an UMD space X.Then A admits maximal L -regularity if and only if the operator family {it(it + A) : t ∈ R,t =0} is R-bounded in L(X). Vol. 20 (2018) Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations 293 Note that for q ∈ (1, ∞), all closed subspaces of L (Ω,μ) are UMD spaces [5]. Theorem 2.3. Let n ≥ 2 and Ω be as in Assumption 1.1.Let p, q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (G). The partially red p periodic reduced Stokes operator A admits maximal L regularity. In particular, for T ∈ (0, ∞), there q,ω p q is an A -consistent c = c(n, p, q, ω, Ω) > 0 such that for every T ∈ (0, T], every f ∈ L (0,T ;L (Ω)) and q r 2−2/p p red 1,p q every u ∈ B (Ω) there is a unique solution u ∈ L (0,T ; D(A )) ∩ W (0,T ;L (Ω)) to the abstract 0 p,q,ω q,ω ω Cauchy problem red ∂ u + A u = f , t r q,ω u(0) = u , and it holds the estimate q q u, ∂ u, ∇ u p ≤ c f  p + u  2 . t r 0 L (0,T ;L (Ω)) L (0,T ;L (Ω)) 2− ω ω Bp,q,ω (Ω) If Ω is bounded, also T = ∞ is permitted. red −1 Proof. Lemma 2.1 shows that the family of operators {λ(λ + A ) | λ ∈ iR,λ =0} is uniformly q,ω bounded in L(L (Ω)). Proposition 1.2 showsthatitiseven R-bounded. Thus, the Theorem of Weis applies. Note that in [23, Theorem 2.11], an A -consistent version of Weis’ Theorem has been given, red which justiﬁes the claimed A -consistency of the bound c. Since A is invertible on bounded domains q,ω by Lemma 2.1, the additional remark also follows from the Theorem of Weis. We can now give the proof of Theorem 1.3. Uniqueness of solutions to (1.1) follows directly from red Theorem 2.3, since for f =0and g =0we have A u = −Δu + ∇p. Hence, we can concentrate on q,ω the existence part. Let f , g,and u be given as in the theorem and deﬁne for almost all t ∈ (0,T)the (t)via pressure p 1,q (∇p (t), ∇ϕ)=(f (t), ∇ϕ)+(∇g(t), ∇ϕ)+[∂ g(t),ϕ],ϕ ∈ W (Ω). r t p q By the assumptions on f and g,wesee ∇p ∈ L (0,T ;L (Ω)). Then (u, p) is the desired solution to (1.1), where u is obtained by Theorem 2.3 with f := f −∇p , r r and where p := Pu + p . Indeed, it remains only to verify div u = g. 1,q By the deﬁnition of u, we have for almost all t ∈ (0,T ) and all ϕ ∈ W (Ω) −[∂ div u(t),ϕ] − (∇div u(t), ∇ϕ)=(f (t), ∇ϕ)= −[∂ g(t),ϕ] − (∇g(t), ∇ϕ). t r t −1,q p 1,q p Thus, if we deﬁne w := div u − g ∈ L (0,T ; W (Ω)), we have ∂ w ∈ L (0,T ; W (Ω)), ω 0,ω p 1,q [∂ w(t),ϕ(t)] dt +(∇w, ∇ϕ)=0,ϕ ∈ L (0,T ; W (Ω)), (2.3) 1,q and w| = 0 by the compatibility condition on u and g.Let ϕ ∈ L (0,T ; W (Ω)) be ﬁxed but t=0 0 2,q arbitrary and denote by v ∈ L (0,T ; W (Ω)) the solution obtained from Theorem 2.3 with right-hand side ∇ϕ and v = 0. Then −(∇ϕ, ∇ψ)= [∂ div v(t),ψ(t)] dt +(∇div v, ∇ψ) p 1,q for all ψ ∈ L (0,T ; W (Ω)), in particular for w ˜(t, x):= w(T − t, x). Using v(0) = w ˜(T ) = 0, we obtain with (2.3) −(∇ϕ, ∇w ˜)= [∂ div v(t), w ˜(t)] dt +(∇div v, ∇w ˜) = [∂ w ˜(t), div v(t)] dt +(∇w, ˜ ∇div v)=0. 1,q Since ϕ ∈ L (0,T ; W (Ω)) was arbitrary, we deduce ∇w ˜ = ∇w = 0 and hence w =0 by w(0) = 0. ω 294 J. Sauer JMFM 3. Preliminaries If equipped with addition as group operation and the canonical quotient topology inherited from R , n 2 G := R × T is turned into a locally compact abelian group. Thus, under the canonical identiﬁcation n n 1 2 of G with R × [0,L) the Haar measure μ on G is given up to a normalization factor by the product n n 1 2 of the Lebesgue measure on R and the Lebesgue measure on [0,L) ,thatis f dμ = f (x ,x )dx dy, f ∈ C(G) with supp f compact. L n n−1 G [0,L) R Let Ω ⊂ G be a domain, i.e., an open connected subset of G.For q ∈ [1, ∞] and a partially periodic Muckenhoupt weight ω ∈ A (G), the weighted Lebesgue space L (Ω) is the space of all q-integrable n n functions with respect to the measure ω dμ. Note here, that the classes A (R )and A (R )can be 1 ∞ deﬁned in a similar manner as for q ∈ (1, ∞), see e.g. [24] for details on Muckenhoupt weights. The dual space of L (Ω) can be identiﬁed with L (Ω) via the duality pairing (u, v):= uv dμ. ω ω Since the topology of G is inherited by R , we can talk in virtue of the canonical quotient mapping about the space of smooth functions C (G) and the Schwartz–Bruhat space S(G)[4, 19]. It is well-known n 2π n 2 ˆ 1 ˆ that the Pontryagin dual of G is G = R × Λ , where Λ := Z. The diﬀerentiable structure on G and in particular the Schwartz–Bruhat space S(G) is introduced in a similar way as for G. We refer to [15, 22] for details. We remark S(G) → L (G) →S (G), see [22, Lemma 2] (and [21, Lemma 3.6] in the case q = 1). We deﬁne weighted Sobolev spaces and homogeneous Sobolev spaces in terms of weak derivatives, that is m,q q α q W (Ω) := {u ∈ L (Ω) | (∀|α|≤ m) ∂ u ∈ L (Ω)}, ω ω ω m,q q u := ∂ u , W (Ω) L (Ω) ω ω |α|≤m and m,q 1 α q W (Ω) := {u ∈ L (Ω) | (∀|α| = m) ∂ u ∈ L (Ω) }/∼, ω loc ω u m,q := ∂ u , L (Ω) W (Ω) ω |α|=m where the equivalence relation ∼ identiﬁes two functions u and u whenever the norm of their diﬀerence 1 2 −m,q m,q −m,q m,q vanishes. Moreover, we deﬁne the dual spaces W (Ω) := [W (Ω)] and W (Ω) := [W (Ω)] , 0,ω ω 0,ω ω equipped with the corresponding dual norms. The duality pairing we denote by [u, ϕ]. 0,q q Remark 3.1. It should be noted that for all q ∈ [1, ∞]and ω ∈ A (G), W (Ω) = L (Ω), and that for ω ω m,q m,q all m ∈ N the spaces W (Ω) and W (Ω) equipped with their respective norms yield Banach spaces. ω ω ∞ m,q Moreover,Lemma3in[22] shows that C (G) is dense in W (G)aslongas q ∈ (1, ∞). Since the 0 ω approximating sequence constructed there depends neither on the exponent of integrability nor on the ∞ m,q m,q 1 2 Muckenhoupt weight, we see that C (G) is even dense in W (G) ∩ W (G)for q ∈ (1, ∞)and 0 ω ω 1 2 ω ∈ A (G), respectively. i q Muckenhoupt weights behave well under mirroring: For a generic function ϕ on G, let us deﬁne ϕ (x):= ϕ(−x ,x ,...,x ), x ∈ G. 1 2 n Lemma 3.2. Let q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (R ) and deﬁne ω(x), if x ≥ 0, ω  := ω(−x ,x ,...,x ), if x < 0. 1 2 n 1 n q ∗ Then ω  ∈ A (R ) and we have the estimate A (ω ) ≤ 2 A (ω). Moreover ω  = ω  . q q q Proof. See [10, Lemma 2.1].  Vol. 20 (2018) Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations 295 n n 1 2 By the canonical identiﬁcation of G and R × [0,L) , we can associate to any domain Ω ⊂ G a ˜ ˜ domain Ω ⊂ R . It is instructive to think of Ω as one periodic cell of the domain Ω. We call a subset Ω ⊂ G a (bounded) Lipschitz domain, if the corresponding Ω ⊂ R is a (bounded) Lipschitz domain. ˜ ˜ Moreover, we divide the boundary of Ω into the two parts Σ and ∂Ω , where Σ are the faces at the end of the cell (if there are such) and ∂Ω coincides with ∂Ω under the canonical identiﬁcation of G and n n 1 2 R × [0,L) . For bounded domains, weighted spaces can be embedded into non-weighted ones by the open-ended property of Muckenhoupt weights. Lemma 3.3. Let Ω ⊂ G be a bounded open set, q ∈ (1, ∞) and let ω ∈ A (G). Then there is 1 <r < ∞ r q such that L (Ω) → L (Ω). q 1+ε Furthermore, there exists ε > 0 such that L (Ω) → L (Ω) for all 0 ≤ ε ≤ ε . Here, 1/ε > 0 is 0 0 0 A -consistent. Moreover, for all ω ∈ A (G) with A (ω) ≤ C< ∞ and ω(Q) ≥ c> 0,where Q denotes a cube with q q q 1+ε Ω ⊂ Q, the embedding constant of the embedding L (Ω) → L (Ω) can be chosen uniformly. Proof. In view of the canonical identiﬁcation of Ω and Ω, the result follows immediately from the corre- sponding non-periodic result in [11, Lemma 2.2] on Ω. Let Ω ⊂ G be a (possibly unbounded) Lipschitz domain. We use Lemma 3.3 to introduce the function 1,q 1,q 1,q 1,q spaces W (Ω) and W (Ω) in the canonical way, namely as the subspaces of W (Ω) (resp. W (Ω)) 0,ω 0,ω ω ω −1,q of functions whose trace vanishes locally. Again, we introduce the corresponding dual spaces W (Ω) := 1,q 1,q −1,q [W (Ω)] and W (Ω) := [W (Ω)] with corresponding dual norms. 0,ω ω 0,ω 1,1 Lemma 3.4. Let Ω ⊂ G be a bounded Lipschitz domain, q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G),and let h : W (Ω) → [0, ∞] be a continuous semi-norm such that h(c)=0 implies c =0 for constant functions c. Then there is an A -consistent C(n, q, ω, Ω) > 0 such that q q u ≤ C∇u L (Ω) L (Ω) ω ω 1,q for all u ∈ W (Ω) with h(u)=0. Proof. See [11, Corollary 2.1] for the corresponding non-periodic result. Corollary 3.5. Let Ω ⊂ G be a bounded Lipschitz domain, q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (G). Then there is an 1,q q q A -consistent C(n, q, ω, Ω) > 0 such that for all v ∈ W (Ω) it holds v ≤ C∇v if ω L (Ω) L (Ω) ω ω (i) v dμ =0 or −1,q 1,q (ii) v ∈ W (Ω) ∩ W (Ω) or ω 0,ω 1,q (iii) v ∈ W (Ω). 0,ω −1,q 1,q Proof. Follows by Lemma 3.4. For part (ii) recall that if v ∈ W (Ω) ∩ W (Ω) then v dμ = 0, since 0,ω otherwise [v, 1]= v dμ = 0, but ∇1 = 0, which is a contradiction. Ω L (Ω) Lemma 3.6. Let Ω ⊂ G be a bounded Lipschitz domain, q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (G). Then there is an A - q q 1,p 2,q 2 consistent C(n, q, ω, Ω) > 0 such that for all u ∈ W (Ω) ∩ W (Ω) it holds u 2,q ≤ C∇ u . ω L (Ω) 0,ω W (Ω) ω Proof. The same assertion has been proven in [11, Corollary 2.2] in the non-periodic setting for u ∈ 2,q ˜ ˜ W (Ω) with u| =0, i.e., u vanishes on the whole of ∂Ω. Revising the proof, we see that it suﬃces ω ∂Ω that u vanishes on ∂Ω . n n Lemma 3.7. Let Ω ⊂ R be a bounded Lipschitz domain. Let q ∈ (1, ∞) and {ω } ⊂ A (R ) such that j j∈N q sup A (ω ) < ∞ and (∀m ∈ N) ω (Q)=1, q j j j∈N 1,q ˜ ˜ where Q is an open cube with Ω ⊂ Q.If {u } ⊂ W (Ω) is bounded, and we have the weak convergence j j∈N 1,s u 0 in W (Ω) for some 1 <s< ∞, then u  → 0. j j ˜ Lω (Ω) j 296 J. Sauer JMFM Proof. See [11, Theorem 2.4]. 4. The Whole Space Recall the partially periodic weighted Mikhlin theorem from [22]. n n Theorem 4.1. Suppose that M ∈ C (R \{0}) is such that the origin 0 belongs to the Lebesgue set of M, and that there is a constant c> 0 such that for all multi-indices α with |α|≤ n and all ξ ∈ R \{0} it |α| α n q holds |ξ| |D M (ξ)| <c. Then for every q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (R ), m := M | is an L (G)-multiplier q ˆ G ω with an A -consistent bound. Proof. This is the nonperiodic weighted Mikhlin theorem [14, Theorem 2], [12, Chapter IV, Theorem 3.9] combined with the transference principle in [22, Proposition 4, Remark 5]. Lemma 4.2. Let q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (G). Then there is an A -consistent constant c = c(n, q, ω) > 0 q q 2,q q such that for all u ∈ W (G) ∩ L (G) and all ε> 0 it holds ω ω q q q ∇u ≤ c u + ε∇ u . L (G) L (G) L (G) ω ω ω 2,q 2,q q In particular, W (G)= W (G) ∩ L (G). ω ω ω n n 1 2 Proof. Deﬁning M : R × R → C via iζ M (ζ):= , + ε|ζ| −1 we see that ∇u = F [M | ·F [ u − εΔu]]. Since M fulﬁlls the Mikhlin condition with a bound ˆ G G G ε 1 2 2 1 2 independent of ε (which is readily seen from |ζ|≤ + ε|ζ| and ε|ζ| ≤ + ε|ζ| ), the assertion follows ε ε from Theorem 4.1. Multipliers that are smooth only outside the origin play an important role ˆ in the ﬁeld of partial diﬀerential equations. Therefore, we state the following theorem on 0-homogeneous multipliers. n n n Theorem 4.3. Let M ∈ C (R \{0}) be homogeneous of degree 0. Then the origin 0 ∈ R is contained in the Lebesgue set of M. In particular, for q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (G) the partially periodic Riesz −1 transformations R , j ∈{1,...,n}, deﬁned via R = F m F with j j j G 0, if η =0, m : G → C,m (η):= j j η i , else, |η| extend to bounded operators on L (G) with an A -consistent bound. Proof. Due to the homogeneity of M it holds 1 1 lim M (ζ)dζ = M (ζ)dζ, r→0 |B (0)| |B (0)| r 1 B (0) B (0) r 1 which shows that 0 is in the Lebesgue set of M . For the assertion about the Riesz transformation, deﬁne M : R \{0}→ C,M (ζ):=i . j j |ζ| We note that m = M | , where for η = 0 this is to be understood in the sense that j j ˆ lim M (ζ)dζ =0= m (0). Therefore, Theorem 4.1 yields the assertion. r→0 j j |B (0)| B (0) r r Vol. 20 (2018) Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations 297 Corollary 4.4. Let n ≥ 2, q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (G). Then there is an A -consistent c = c(n, q, ω) > 0 q q 2,q such that for all u ∈ W (G) it holds q q ∇ u ≤ cΔu . (4.1) L (G) L (G) ω ω Proof. Since ∂ ∂ u = R R (Δu), the assertion follows from Theorem 4.3. i j i j Lemma 4.5. Let q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (G), respectively, where i =1, 2. i i q q q 1 2 (i) If u ∈ L (G)+L (G) is harmonic, then u =0. ω ω 1 2 1 ∞ (ii) Let u ∈ L (G) with uΔϕ dμ =0 for all ϕ ∈ C (G).Then u is harmonic. In particular, the loc 0 ∞ q q 1 2 space ΔC (G) is dense in L (G) ∩ L (G). 0 ω ω 1 2 Proof. (i) Let us ﬁrst assume q = q =: q and ω = ω =: ω. Since ω ∈ A q (G) for some ε> 0by 1 2 1 2 1+ε the open-ended property of Muckenhoupt weights, we obtain with P (x):=(L + |x |) as in the proof of Lemma 2 in [22] the estimate 1+ε P ω dμ< ∞. Next, for k ∈ N, the volume of a cuboid U with edges of length 2 in the direction of the variables kn x and length L in the direction of y, can be computed as μ(U )=2 . Also, the function P is kn bounded on U by P  ∞  2 , where  means that it can be estimated modulo a constant k L (U ) c = c(n ,L). Since u ∈ L (G) is harmonic, we obtain by the mean value formula 1 1 −kn 1+ε |u(0)|  |u| dμ  2 P  ∞ u L (U ) L (G) k ω μ(U ) −kn 1+ε 2 u . L (G) Sending k →∞ yields u(0) = 0. Similarly, we obtain u(x) = 0 for all x ∈ G.If u = u + u ∈ 1 2 q q 1 2 L (G)+L (G), then we use the same computation as above for ω ω 1 2 c c |u(0)|≤ |u | dμ + |u | dμ. 1 2 μ(U ) μ(U ) k k U U k k 1 ∞ ∞ n (ii) Let u ∈ L (G) satisfy uΔϕ dμ = 0 for all ϕ ∈ C (G). Let ψ ∈ C (B ), where B ⊂ R is a ball ρ ρ 0 0 loc G of small radius ρ  L. Then ψ can be extended to a periodic function, and hence uΔψ dx =0. Therefore, by Weyl’s Lemma, u is harmonic in B . Since the origin of the ball was arbitrary, u is harmonic everywhere. ∞ q q 1 1 2 In order to show the density of ΔC (G)inL (G) ∩ L (G), consider a function v ∈ L (G)+ 0 ω ω 1 2 ω 2 ∞ L (G) with vΔϕ dμ = 0 for all ϕ ∈ C (G). Then v is harmonic and by part (i) it follows v =0. ω G Hahn–Banach’s theorem yields the assertion. Remark 4.6. Since Weyl’s Lemma is true for arbitrary open subsets of R , a completely analogous argu- ment to the one given in the proof of Lemma 4.5(ii) shows that for any open subset Ω ⊂ G it holds that 1 ∞ u ∈ L (G) is harmonic in Ω, if uΔϕ dμ = 0 for all ϕ ∈ C (Ω). loc 0 4.1. Weak Solutions to the Laplace Equation Consider the weak Laplace operator 1,q −1,q Δ : W (G) → W (G) q,ω ω ω 1,q (Δ u)(ϕ):= −(∇u, ∇ϕ),ϕ ∈ W (G), q,ω where q ∈ (1, ∞)and ω ∈ A (G). q 298 J. Sauer JMFM Proposition 4.7. Let q, q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (G), ω ∈ A (G), respectively, where i =1, 2. i q i q 1,q −1,q (i) The operator Δ : W (G) → W (G) is an isomorphism and there is an A -consistent c = q,ω q ω ω c(n, q, ω) > 0 such that ∇u ≤ cΔ u −1,q , (4.2) q,ω L (G) Wω (G) 1,q for all u ∈ W (G). 1,q −1,q Moreover, the adjoint operator Δ : W  (G) → W  (G) coincides with Δ . q ,ω q,ω ω ω −1,q −1,q 1,q 1  2  1 (ii) If F ∈ W (G) ∩ W (G), then the weak solution of Δu = −F satisﬁes u ∈ W (G) ∩ ω ω ω 1 2 1 1,q W (G). Proof. (i) Clearly, Δ is a bounded operator. Since ΔC (G) is dense in L (G) by Lemma 4.5,we q,ω 0 ω obtain |(∂ u, Δϕ)| ∂ u =sup L (G) ∞ Δϕ =ϕ∈C (G) L (G) |[−Δ u, ∂ ϕ]| q,ω j ≤ c sup ≤ cΔ u −1,q , q,ω W (G) ∇∂ ϕ q =ϕ∈C (G) 0 L (G) for j ∈{1,...,n}, where we have used Corollary 4.4, which also gives A  (G)-consistency and hence A (G)-consistency of the constant c. This shows ∇u ≤ cΔ u . −1,q q,ω Lω (G) W (G) Therefore, Δ is injective and has closed range. By reasons of symmetry it holds Δ =Δ q,ω q ,ω q,ω and thus also the adjoint operator is injective and has closed range. Consequently, Δ is an q,ω isomorphism by the closed range theorem. (ii) Let u ∈ W (G), i =1, 2, denote the corresponding solutions of Δu = −F . Then (u − u , Δϕ)=0 i i 1 2 for all ϕ ∈ C (G), and hence u − u is harmonic by Lemma 4.5(ii). Then also the gradient 1 2 q q 1 2 ∇(u − u ) ∈ L (G)+L (G) is harmonic and thus ∇u = ∇u by Lemma 4.5(i). 1 2 1 2 ω ω 1 2 Corollary 4.8. Let q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (G), respectively, where i =1, 2. i i q ∞ 1,q 1,q 1  2 (i) C (G) is dense in W (G) ∩ W (G). 0 ω ω 1 2 ∞ 2,q 2,q 1  2 (ii) C (G) is dense in W (G) ∩ W (G). 0 ω ω 1 2 Proof. (i) Let −1,q −1,q 1,q 1,q 1 2 1 2 F = F + F ∈ W (G)+ W (G)=(W (G) ∩ W (G)) 1 2 ω ω ω ω 1 2 1 2 ∞ −1 be such that [F, ϕ] = 0 for all ϕ ∈ C (G). By Proposition 4.7 we may deﬁne u =Δ F ∈ i i 0 q,ω 1,q W (G), respectively. Lemma 4.5(ii) shows that u + u and consequently also ∇(u + u ) ∈ 1 2 1 2 q q 1,q 1,q 1 1 1 2 L (G)+ L (G) is harmonic. Thus, u + u =0 in W (G) ∩ W (G)and so F =0. An 1 2 ω ω ω ω 1 1 1 2 application of Hahn–Banach’s theorem yields the assertion. 2,q 2,q ∞ 1  2 (ii) Let u ∈ W (G)∩W (G). By Lemma 4.5(ii) there is a corresponding sequence {ϕ } ⊂ C (G) k k∈N ω ω 0 1 2 q q 1 2 such that Δϕ → Δu in L (G) ∩ L (G)as k →∞. Thus, Corollary 4.4 implies, that ϕ → u in k k ω ω 1 2 2,q W (G)as k →∞. Let us now turn to the resolvent problem of the Laplace equation. Assume λ ∈ Σ for some ϑ ∈ (0,π) and consider the operator 1,q −1,q (λ − Δ) : W (G) → W (G) q,ω ω ω 1,q [(λ − Δ) u, ϕ]:= λ(u, ϕ)+(∇u, ∇ϕ),ϕ ∈ W (G). q,ω ω Vol. 20 (2018) Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations 299 Proposition 4.9. Let q, q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G), ω ∈ A (G), i =1, 2, respectively, ϑ ∈ (0,π) and λ ∈ Σ . i q i q ϑ (i) (λ − Δ) is an isomorphism. Moreover, there is an A -consistent constant c = c(n, q, ω, ϑ) > 0 q,ω q such that q q min{|λ|, |λ|}u + min{ |λ|, 1}∇u ≤ c(λ − Δ) u −1,q . L (G) L (G) q,ω ω ω W (G) −1,q −1,q 1,q 1 2 1 (ii) If F ∈ W (G) ∩ W (G), then the weak solution of λu − Δu = F satisﬁes u ∈ W (G) ∩ ω ω ω 2 2 1 1,q W (G). 1,q −1,q −1,q (iii) Viewed as an operator from W (G) ∩ W (G) to W (G), (λ − Δ) is still an isomorphism q,ω ω ω ω and there is an A -consistent constant c = c(n, q, ω, ϑ) > 0 such that q q |λ|u −1,q + |λ|u + ∇u ≤ c(λ − Δ) u −1,q . L (G) L (G) q,ω ω ω W (G) W (G) ω ω Proof. (i) If (λ − Δ)u =0 for u ∈S (G), then an application of the Fourier transform gives u =0, which shows the injectivity of (λ − Δ) . q,ω −1,q q Concerning the surjectivity, we ﬁnd for F ∈ W (G) functions f ,f ,...,f ∈ L (G) such 0 1 n ω ω that 1,q [F, ϕ]=(f ,ϕ)+ (f ,∂ ϕ),ϕ ∈ W (G), 0 i i i=0 f  ≤ CF  −1,q , i L (G) W (G) i=0 2,q where C = C(n) > 0 is independent of ω.By[22, Theorem 1], there are u ∈ W (G) such that (λ − Δ)u = f for i ∈{0,...,n} with corresponding estimates i i q q λu , |λ|∇u , ∇ u  ≤ cf  . (4.3) i i i i L (G) L (G) ω ω Here, the constant c = c(n, q, ω, ϑ) > 0is A -consistent. We conclude that for u := u − ∂ u ∈ q 0 i i i=1 1,q W (G)itholds [F, ϕ]= λ(u, ϕ)+(∇u, ∇ϕ),ϕ ∈ C (G). 1,q By density, this extends to all ϕ ∈ W (G). Furthermore, estimates (4.3) give q q min{|λ|, |λ|}u ≤ c f  ≤ cF  −1,q , L (G) L (G) ω ω W (G) i=0 q q min{ |λ|, 1}∇u ≤ c f  ≤ cF  −1,q . L (G) L (G) ω ω W (G) i=0 −1 1,q (ii) Let u := (λ − Δ) F ∈ W (G), i =1, 2. Then the diﬀerence v := u − u ∈S (G) satisﬁes i 1 2 q ,ω ω i i i (λ − Δ)v = 0 in the sense of tempered distributions. An application of the Fourier transform shows that v = 0 and hence u = u . 1 2 (iii) The proof follows analogously as in part (i), only without f and u . Then |λ|u and 0 0 L (G) ∇u can be estimated by F  as before, while the estimate for |λ|u follows −1,q −1,q Lω (G) W (G) W (G) ω ω from λu = F − (∇u, ∇·). −1,q Let us conclude this section with a regularity result. For a functional F ∈ W (G)and j ∈{1,...,n} we deﬁne ∂ F ∈S (G)via [∂ F, ϕ]:= −[F, ∂ ϕ],ϕ ∈S(G). j j Corollary 4.10. Let j ∈{1,...,n}, q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G), ϑ ∈ (0,π) and λ ∈ Σ . Moreover assume q ϑ −1,q −1,q −1 1,q −1 1,q ˆ  ˆ F ∈ W (G) and F ∈ W (G).Then u := Δ F ∈ W (G) and u := (λ − Δ) F ∈ W (G) are ω ω q,ω ω q,ω ω well-deﬁned by Propositions 4.7 and 4.9. 300 J. Sauer JMFM −1,q 1,q −1 ˆ  ˆ (i) Assume that additionally ∂ F ∈ W (G).Then ∂ u ∈ W (G) and we have ∂ u =Δ ∂ F . j j j j ω ω q,ω Moreover, there is an A -consistent c = c(n, q, ω) > 0 such that ∇∂ u ≤ c∂ F  −1,q . j j L (G) ω W (G) −1,q 1,q (ii) Assume that additionally ∂ F ∈ W (G).Then ∂ u ∈ W (G) and we have ∂ u =(λ − j j λ j λ ω ω −1 Δ) ∂ F . Moreover, there is an A -consistent c = c(n, q, ω, ϑ) > 0 such that j q q,ω q q min{|λ|, |λ|}∂ u  + min{ |λ|, 1}∇∂ u  ≤ c∂ F  −1,q . j λ j λ j L (G) L (G) ω ω W (G) 1,q Proof. (i) Denote by v ∈ W (G) the unique solution to (v, ϕ)+(∇v, ∇ϕ)=(∂ u, ϕ) − [∂ F, ϕ],ϕ ∈ C (G), (4.4) j j −1,q which is well-deﬁned by Proposition 4.9 (with λ = 1) and due to the facts ∂ F ∈ W (G) ⊂ −1,q q −1,q W (G)and ∂ u ∈ L (G) ⊂ W (G). In particular, it holds ω ω ω ˆ ˆ (v, ϕ)+(∇v, ∇ϕ)=(∂ u, ϕ) − [∂ F, ϕ]=(∂ u, ϕ)+[F, ∂ ϕ] j j j j =(∂ u, ϕ) − (∇u, ∇∂ ϕ)=(∂ u, ϕ)+[∇∂ u, ∇ϕ], j j j j and so (1 − Δ)(v − ∂ u) = 0 as an identity in S (G). Hence, applying the Fourier transform, we see 1,q that ∂ u = v ∈ W (G), which proves the ﬁrst claim. Relation (4.4) yields (∇v, ∇ϕ)= −[∂ F, ϕ],ϕ ∈ C (G), j 0 −1 1,q and thus Proposition 4.7 shows −Δ ∂ F = v = ∂ u ∈ W (G)and j j q,ω ω q q ∇∂ u = ∇v ≤ c∂ F  −1,q , j j L (G) L (G) ω ω Wω (G) where c = c(n, q, ω) > 0is A -consistent. (ii) Analogous. −1,q Remark 4.11. Let j ∈{1,...,n}, q ∈ (1, ∞)and ω ∈ A (G). A suﬃcient condition for F ∈ W (G) −1,q q q −1,q to satisfy ∂ F ∈ W (G)is F ∈ L (G). Moreover, for all F ∈ L (G) both F ∈ W (G)and ω ω ω ω −1,q ∂ F ∈ W (G) hold. Corollary 4.12. Let q, q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (G), ω ∈ A (G), respectively, where i =1, 2. i q i q q −1,q (i) If f ∈ L (G) has compact support and f dμ =0, then it holds f ∈ W (G). q −1,q q (ii) The space L (G) ∩ W (G) is dense in L (G). q 2,q (iii) For every f ∈ L (G) there is a unique u ∈ W (G) such that −Δu = f. Moreover, there is an ω ω A -consistent c = c(n, q, ω) > 0 such that q q ∇ u ≤ cf  . L (G) L (G) ω ω q q 2,q 2,q 1 2  1  2 (iv) If f ∈ L (G) ∩ L (G), then the unique solution u ∈ W (G) to −Δu = f satisﬁes u ∈ W (G). ω ω ω ω 1 2 1 2 1,q 1 Proof. (i) Let U ⊂ G be a smooth, bounded and such that supp f ⊂ U.For v ∈ W (G) ⊂ L (G) loc set v := v dμ. By Poincar´ e’s inequality it follows |[f, v]| = fv dμ = f (v − v )dμ ≤ cf  ∇v q , U L (G) L (G) G U −1,q which shows f ∈ W (G). Vol. 20 (2018) Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations 301 q q (ii) By truncation, a function in L (G) can be approximated by functions in L (G) with compact support. Hence, let f ∈ L (G) have compact support and set (f):= f dμ.For R> 0, let 1/n Q ⊂ G be a cuboid with length R in direction of the variables x and length L in direction of the variables y and consider the characteristic function χ . If we write (f ) f := χ , R Q we observe that f dμ =(f ). Moreover, |(f )| |(f )| f  q = |χ | dμ = → 0, as R →∞. R L (G) Q 1−1/q R R q −1,q Note that for all R> 0wehave f − f ∈ L (G) ∩ W (G)bypart(i). Since f − f converges R R to f in L (G)as R →∞, the assertion is proven. 2,q (iii) Concerning uniqueness, let u ∈ W (G) be such that −Δu = 0. Then u and consequently also 2 q 2 ∇ u ∈ L (G) are harmonic. Lemma 4.5 shows ∇ u =0. For existence, we note that we may assume f ∈ C (G) by density. Moreover, by Corollary 4.10 q −1,q and Remark 4.11 the assertion is true for all f ∈ L (G) ∩ W (G). Hence, an approximation ω ω 2,q procedure using part (ii) yields a solution u ∈ W (G). Furthermore, for each j ∈{1,...,n} we −1,q −1,q 1,q have ∂ f ∈ W (G) ∩ W (G). Since ∂ u ∈ W (G) is the unique weak solution to j j (∇∂ u, ∇ϕ)=[∂ f, ϕ],ϕ ∈ C (G), j j 1,q 2,q Proposition 4.7(ii)shows ∂ u ∈ W (G), whence we obtain u ∈ W (G). ω ω (iv) This is just another application of Proposition 4.7(ii). 4.2. Analysis of the Stokes Equations Let q ∈ (1, ∞)and ω ∈ A (G) and let us introduce the Banach spaces q 1,q n q X (G):= W (G) × L (G), ω ω ω q −1,q n q Y (G):= W (G) × L (G), ω ω ω equipped with the respective product space norms. Let (f, g) ∈ Y (G). We are interested in weak solutions (u, p) ∈ X (G) to the Stokes equations ∞ n (∇u, ∇ϕ) − (p, div ϕ)= [f, ϕ],ϕ ∈ C (G) , (4.5) div u = g. Note that the unique solvability of (4.5) is equivalent to saying that the linear and bounded operator q q S : X (G) → Y (G) deﬁned via q,ω ω ω S (u, p) q,ω S (u, p):= (4.6) q,ω −div u is an isomorphism of Banach spaces, where we have written q ∞ n S (u, p):=(∇u, ∇ϕ) − (p, div ϕ), (u, p) ∈ X (G),ϕ ∈ C (G) . q,ω ω 0 Lemma 4.13. Let q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (G), i =1, 2, respectively. Assume that (u, p) ∈ X (G) i i q i ω satisﬁes S (u, p) < ∞.Then (u, p) ∈ X (G) as well. Moreover, there is an A (G)-consistent q ,ω q 2 2 Y (G) ω 2 ω 2 constant c = c(n, q ,ω ) > 0 such that 2 2 q q (u, p) 2 ≤ cS (u, p) 2 . (4.7) q ,ω X (G) 2 2 Y (G) ω ω 2 2 302 J. Sauer JMFM Proof. Choose the special test function ϕ := ∇w, w ∈ C (G) and compute with Lemma 4.5 (ii) and Corollary 4.4 |(div u − p, Δw)| q q p =sup + div u 2 2 L (G) L (G) ω ω 2 2 ∞ Δw =w∈C (G) 0 2 L (G) |(∇u, ∇ w) − (p, Δw)| q q ≤ c sup + div u ≤ cS (u, p) . 2 2 q ,ω L (G) 2 2 Y (G) 2 ω ω 2 2 ∞ ∇ w =w∈C (G) L (G) ∞ n Furthermore, choosing another special test function ϕ := ∂ w, where w ∈ C (G) and j ∈{1,...,n}, we obtain |(∂ u, Δw)| ∂ u 2 =sup L (G) n Δw =w∈C (G) 0 2 L (G) |(∇u, ∇∂ w) − (p, div ∂ w)| j j ≤ cp 2 + c sup Lω (G) n ∇ w =w∈C (G) L (G) ≤ cS (u, p) . q ,ω 2 2 Y (G) A  (G)-consistency (and hence A (G)-consistency) follows from Corollary 4.4. q q Theorem 4.14. Let q, q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G) and ω ∈ A (G), i =1, 2, respectively. i q i q q q (i) For all (f, g) ∈ Y (G) there exists a unique solution (u, p) ∈ X (G) to (4.5). ω ω Moreover, there is an A -consistent constant c = c(n, q, ω) > 0 such that q q (u, p) ≤ c(f, g) . X (G) Y (G) ω ω q q q 1 2 1 (ii) If (f, g) ∈ Y (G) ∩ Y (G), then the unique solution (u, p) ∈ X (G) to (4.5) satisﬁes also (u, p) ∈ ω ω ω 1 2 1 X (G). Proof. (i) Lemma 4.13 applied with exponents q = q = q and weights ω = ω = ω shows that S 1 2 1 2 q,ω is injective and has closed range. Observe that (X (G)) = Y (G) and that due to ω ω [(u, p),(S ) (v, q)] = [S (u, p), (v, q)] q,ω q,ω =(∇u, ∇v) − (p, div v) − (div u, q)=[(u, p),S   (v, q)], q ,ω we have (S ) = S . Since 1 <q <ω and ω ∈ A (G) were arbitrary, the closed range theorem q,ω q ,ω q yields that S is an isomorphism. q,ω (ii) By part (i), the unique solution (u, p) ∈ X (G) fulﬁlls q q S (u, p) 2 = (f, g) 2 < ∞. q ,ω 2 2 Y (G) Y (G) ω ω 2 2 Therefore, Lemma 4.13 shows that (u, p) ∈ X (G). Let us now consider strong solutions to the Stokes equations. To be more precise, we look at the problem −Δu + ∇p = f, in G, (4.8) ∇div u = ∇g, in G. Theorem 4.15. Let q, q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G) and ω ∈ A (G), i =1, 2, respectively. i q i q q n 1,q 2,q n 1,q (i) For every (f, g) ∈ L (G) × W (G) there is a unique solution (u, p) ∈ W (G) × W (G) to ω ω ω ω (4.8) satisfying q q ∇ u, ∇p ≤ cf, ∇g , L (G) L (G) ω ω where c = c(n, q, ω) > 0 is an A -consistent constant. q Vol. 20 (2018) Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations 303 q n q n 1,q 1,q 1 2  1  2 (ii) If f ∈ L (G) ∩ L (G) and g ∈ W (G) ∩ W (G), then the unique solution (u, p) ∈ ω ω ω ω 1 2 1 2 2,q n 1,q 2,q n 1,q 1  1  2  2 W (G) × W (G) fulﬁlls also the regularity (u, p) ∈ W (G) × W (G). ω ω ω ω 1 1 2 2 2,q n 1,q Proof. (i) To prove uniqueness, let (u, p) ∈ W (G) × W (G) be a solution to (4.8) with data ω ω (f, g)=(0, 0). Then ∇div u = 0, which shows that div u is constant. Therefore Δp =0, and so p and ∇p ∈ L (G) are harmonic. In view of Lemma 4.5 we receive ∇p = 0. It follows Δu =0 and Corollary 4.12 gives ∇ u =0. 1,q For existence, note that by Proposition 4.7 there is a unique pressure q ∈ W (G) satisfying Δ q = q,ω −1,q div f ∈ W (G). Moreover, there is an A -consistent constant c = c(n, q, ω) > 0 such that q q ∇q ≤ cdiv f  −1,q ≤ cf  . L (G)  L (G) ω ω Wω (G) 1,q 2,q n Deﬁne p := q + g ∈ W (G). In view of Corollary 4.12 there is u ∈ W (G) which is a solution to ω ω q n −Δu = f −∇p ∈ L (G) and satisﬁes q q q ∇ u ≤ cf −∇p ≤ cf, ∇g , L (G) L (G) L (G) ω ω ω where c = c(n, q, ω) > 0isan A -consistent. It remains to verify that ∇div u = ∇g. Since v := q n ∇div u −∇g ∈ L (G) is harmonic, this is ensured by Lemma 4.5. (ii) In the proof of part (i), the regularity of q stems from Proposition 4.7 (i). Consequently, by Propo- 1,q 1,q q n q n 1  2 1 2 sition 4.7 (ii) it follows q ∈ W (G) ∩ W (G)if f ∈ L (G) ∩ L (G) . Similarly, Corollary ω ω ω ω 1 2 1 2 2,q n 2,q n 1  2 4.12 shows u ∈ W (G) ∩ W (G) . ω ω 1 2 4.3. Proof of Theorem 1.4 in the Whole Space 1,q In view of Proposition 4.7 we may deﬁne the pressure p ∈ W (G) as the solution to the weak Laplace −1,q q n equation with right-hand side div f +(λ − Δ)g ∈ W (G). Moreover, let us deﬁne v := ∇W ∈ L (G) , ω ω −1 2,q n where W := Δ g. Note that Corollary 4.10(i) implies v ∈ W (G) . Therefore, we can apply [22, q,ω ω Theorem1]tosolve (λ − Δ)v = f − (λ − Δ)v −∇p. Note that there is an A -consistent c = c(n, q, ω, ϑ) > 0 such that q q q λv, ∇ v ≤ c f  + ∇g + |λ|g −1,q . L (G) L (G) L (G) ω ω ω W (G) 2,q n 1,q Setting u := v + v , we obtain a solution (u, p) ∈ W (G) × W (G)to(1.2) with a corresponding ω ω A -consistent a priori estimate. This proves the existence part of the theorem. 2,q n 1,q 1  1 For uniqueness and the additional regularity assertion, let (u , p ) ∈ W (G) × W (G)and 1 1 ω ω 1 1 2,q n 1,q 2  2 (u , p ) ∈ W (G) × W (G) be the two corresponding solutions. Set v := u − u and q := p − p . 2 2 1 2 1 2 ω ω 2 2 q n q n 1 2 Then q and hence also ∇q ∈ L (G) +L (G) is harmonic and by Lemma 4.5 we ﬁnd ∇q =0. ω ω 1 2 Consequently (λ − Δ)v =0 and thus u =0. 5. The Half Space 5.1. Trace Spaces n −1 2 It will be convenient to introduce the group H := R × T , such that G = R × H. We usually + + use the symbol x to refer to an element in H. Note that doing so, we have several notations for a point x ∈ G corresponding to the diﬀerent splittings n n 1 2 G = R × T = R × H, + + L 304 J. Sauer JMFM namely x =(x ,y)=(x , x). We introduce trace spaces in the weighted set-up as quotient spaces, identifying the boundary of G with H. Note that we can introduce a diﬀerentiable structure on H similar to G, and consequently the spaces C (H)and S(H) are well-deﬁned. Deﬁnition 5.1. Let q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G)and m ∈ N. Then we deﬁne the weighted trace spaces m,q m,q T (H):= W (G )/ ∼, ω ω m,q m,q T (H):= W (G )/ ∼, ω ω where the equivalence relation identiﬁes two functions whose diﬀerence has locally a vanishing trace. m,q m,q m,q The topologies of T (H)and T (H) are given by the quotient topology. In particular, T (H)and ω ω ω m,q T (H) are Banach spaces. m,q m,q Remark 5.2. For φ ∈ T (H)wecan choose u ∈ W (G ) with [u]= φ. The norm of φ is given by ω ω m,q m,q m,q φ =inf{u − v : the trace of v ∈ W (G ) vanishes locally}, T (H) W (G ) + ω ω + ω m,q and this norm is independent of the choice of the respective representative u ∈ W (G ). We will write m,q γ(u):=[u] in the following. With this notation it is obvious that the trace operator γ : W (G ) → m,q T (H) is bounded, linear and surjective. An analogous statement can be made in the case of homogeneous spaces, i.e., about the trace operator m,q m,q γ : W (G ) → T (H). ω ω Remark 5.3. There are certain cases, in which the trace spaces can be identiﬁed with fractional or- der Sobolev spaces. For example, in the nonperiodic case G = R , it is well known that weights of n α n 1,q n−1 the form ω (x):=dist(x, ∂R ) are in the class A (R )for α ∈ (−1,q − 1) and that T (R )= α q + ω 1+α 1− ,q n−1 W (R ), see [18]. Lemma 5.4. Let q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G) and m ∈ N. Then both C (H) and S(H) can be viewed as m,q m,q ∞ ∞ subspaces of T (H) and T (H). More precisely, there is a bijection Γ: C (H) → γ(C (G )) such ω ω 0 0 that the following diagram commutes (5.1) ∞ ∞ A similar statement holds true if we replace C (H) and γ(C (G )) by S(H) and γ(S(G )), respectively, + + 0 0 where S(G ):= {φ| : φ ∈S(G)}. + G ∞ ∞ Proof. Let ϕ ∈ C (R) with ϕ(0) = 1 be ﬁxed. Note that for every φ ∈ C (H) it holds Eφ ∈ 0 0 ∞   ∞ C (G ), where Eφ(x , x):= ϕ(x )φ( x). Hence γ(Eφ) ∈ γ(C (G )), and we can deﬁne the bijec- + 1 1 + 0 0 ∞ ∞ tion Γ : C (H) → γ(C (G )) by means of 0 0 −1 Γ(φ):= γ(Eφ) and Γ (γ(u)) := u(0, ·), −1 ∞ where Γ (γ(u)) is well-deﬁned since for u ,u ∈ C (G ) with γ(u )= γ(u ) it holds by deﬁnition 1 2 + 1 2 −1 −1 ∞ u (0, ·)= u (0, · ). Then Γ Γ=ΓΓ = id and hence the diagram (5.1) commutes. Since C (H)can 1 2 be identiﬁed with γ(C (G )), it follows ∞ ∞ k,q k,q C (H)= γ(C (G )) ⊂ γ(W (G )) = T (G ). 0 0 + ω + ω + The assertion about the space S(H) and about homogeneous trace spaces follows analogously. Proposition 5.5. Let k ∈ N, q, q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (G), ω ∈ A (G), respectively, where i =1, 2.The i q i q ∞ 1,q 1,q 2,q 2,q k,q k,q 1 2 1 2 1 2 space C (G ) is dense in W (G )∩W (G ), W (G )∩W (G ) and W (G )∩W (G ). + + + + + + + 0 ω ω ω ω ω ω 1 2 1 2 1 2 2,q q 2,q Moreover, W (G )=L (G ) ∩ W (G ). + + + ω ω ω Vol. 20 (2018) Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations 305 Proof. Follows from the corresponding results in G and the fact that for N ∈ N, i ∈{1,...,N }, m ∈ N , i 0 N N n m ,q m ,q i i  i i 1 ≤ q < ∞ and ω ∈ A (R ) there is an extension operator Λ : W (G ) → W (G), i i q + i i=1 ω i=1 ω i i see [6]. In fact, in [6] the assertion is proved only for n = 0, but revising the proof, it is readily seen that also the general case is admissible. ∞ 1,q 2,q Lemma 5.6. Let q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G) and k ∈ N.Then C (H) is dense in T (H), T (H) and 0 ω ω k,q T (H). ∞ ∞ Proof. By Lemma 5.4 it is justiﬁed to write γ(C (G )) = C (H). Since we know by Proposition 5.5 0 0 ∞ 1,q 2,q k,q that C (G ) is dense in W (G ), W (G )and W (G ), respectively, the assertion follows since + + + + 0 ω ω ω the trace operator γ is bounded in the respective spaces by Remark 5.2. 2,1 Lemma 5.7. Let u ∈ W (G ). Then for all j ∈{2,...,n} it holds γ(∂ u)= ∂ γ(u). + j j loc 2,1 n n Proof. Observe that u ∈ W (R ). By the proof of Lemma 3.4 in [10], we have ∂ γ (u)= γ (∂ u). j R R j loc + + + This implies immediately γ(∂ u)= ∂ γ(u). j j 2,q 2,q Lemma 5.8. Let q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G), φ ∈ T (H) and ψ ∈ T (H). Then it holds for all j ∈{2,...,n} ω ω |∂ φ| 1,q ≤|φ| 2,q , T (H) T (H) ω ω ∂ ψ 1,q ≤ψ 2,q . T (H) T (H) ω ω 2,q Proof. Let ε> 0. By Remark 5.2,wecan choose u ∈ W (G ) with γ(u)= φ and ω + ∇ u ≤ (1 + ε)|φ| 2,q . L (G ) ω + T (H) Since γ(∂ u)= ∂ γ(u)= ∂ φ by Lemma 5.7, it follows j j j q q |∂ φ| 1,q ≤∇∂ u ≤∇ u ≤ (1 + ε)|φ| 2,q , j  j L (G ) L (G ) T (H) ω + ω + T (H) ω ω 2,q whence the result follows for φ ∈ T (H). The second assertion is proven similarly. 1,q ∞ Lemma 5.9. Let q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G), u ∈ W (G ) and let v ∈ C (G ). Then it holds for all q + + ω 0 j ∈{1,...,n} u∂ v dμ = − v∂ u dμ − δ γ(u) γ(v) dμ , j j 1j H G G H + + where δ denotes the Kronecker delta. 1j Proof. By Lemma 5.6 and Proposition 5.5, we can assume u ∈ C (G ). Moreover ∂ (uv)= u∂ v + v∂ u + j j j and γ(uv)= γ(u)γ(v). Hence it remains to show that ∂ w dμ = −δ γ(w)dμ j 1j H G H for w ∈ C (G ), which is standard. 5.2. Weak Solutions to the Laplace Equation 1,q Lemma 5.10. Let q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G) and u ∈ W (G ). Then for the zero extension q + 0,ω u(x), if x ∈ G , Eu : G → C,Eu(x):= 0, else, 1,q it holds Eu ∈ W (G). 1,q 1,q Similarly, for u ∈ W (G ) it holds Eu ∈ W (G). + ω 0,ω 306 J. Sauer JMFM 1,q q q Proof. It suﬃces to show the assertion for u ∈ W (G ), since trivially Eu ∈ L (G)for u ∈ L (G ). + + ω ω 0,ω Moreover, it suﬃces to prove that ∂ Eu coincides almost everywhere on G with the zero extension E(∂ u) i i for all i ∈{1,...,n}, since then q q q ∂ Eu = E∂ u = ∂ u < ∞. i i i L (G) L (G) L (G ) ω ω ω + 1,q So let u ∈ W (G ) and let B be a ball with radius ρ  L. Furthermore, let ψ ∈ C (G) be such + ρ 0,ω 0 1,r that ψ =1 on B and supp ψ ⊂ B . Then ψu ∈ W (Q) for some r> 1, where Q := B ∩ G . ρ ρ + ρ/2 0 1,r Take a sequence {u } ⊂ C (Q) approximating ψu in the space W (Q) and compute for every m m∈N 0 0 ϕ ∈ C (B ) ρ/2 Eu ∂ ϕ dμ = u∂ ϕ dμ = lim u ∂ ϕ dμ i i m i m→∞ G Q Q = − lim ∂ u ϕ dμ = − ∂ uϕ dμ = − E(∂ u) ϕ dμ. i m i i m→∞ Q Q G Thus, ∂ Eu = E(∂ u) as an identity in S (G) and the assertion is proven. i i Lemma 5.11. Let q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (G) for i =1, 2. i i q 1,q 1,q 1  2 (i) If u ∈ W (G )+ W (G ) is harmonic on G and γ(u)=0, then u =0. ω + ω + + 1 2 1,q 1,q 1  2 (ii) If u ∈ W (G )+ W (G ) satisﬁes γ(u)=0 and (λ − Δ)u =0 in the sense of distributions for + + ω ω 1 2 some λ ∈ C \ R , then u =0. ∗ ∞ ∗ Proof. By Lemma 3.2 we can assume ω = ω for i =1, 2. Let ψ ∈ C (G) and set ϕ := (ψ − ψ )| ∈ i G 0 + C (G ). It follows γ(ϕ) = 0 and supp ϕ ⊂ Q, where Q = G ∩ U for some smooth and compact U ⊂ G. + + 1,s 1,s By Lemma 3.3, we know that there is s> 1 such that u| ∈ W (Q). Moreover, ϕ ∈ W (Q)and we 1,s thus ﬁnd a sequence {ϕ }⊂ C (Q) converging to ϕ in W (Q). Let us denote by v the odd extension 0 0 of u to the whole group. Then in the situation of part (i)itholds v Δψ dμ = v Δψ dμ + v Δψ dμ = u Δ(ψ − ψ )dμ G G G G + − + γ(u)=0 = u Δϕ dμ = − ∇u ∇ϕ dμ = − lim ∇u ∇ϕ dμ =0, k→−∞ Q Q Q since u is harmonic on G . Therefore, v Δϕ dμ = 0 for all ϕ ∈ C (G) and Lemma 4.5 (ii) shows that v is harmonic. In particular, also ∇v is harmonic and so ∇v ∈ C (G). Moreover, we have q q q q ∇v 1 2 =2∇u 1 2 < ∞, L (G)+L (G) L (G )+L (G ) ω ω ω + ω + 1 2 1 2 q q 1 2 Since v is smooth across the interface of G and G , this implies the regularity ∇v ∈ L (G)+L (G). + − ω ω 1 2 Lemma 4.5 (i) gives now ∇v = 0, whence we conclude u = 0 by the boundary condition γ(u)=0. Part (ii) follows analogously. Lemma 5.12. Let q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G), ϑ ∈ (0,π) and λ ∈ Σ with |λ| =1. q ϑ 1,q −1,q 1,q (i) To all φ ∈ T (H) and all F ∈ W (G ) there exists a unique solution u ∈ W (G ) to + + ω ω ω 1,q (∇u, ∇ϕ)=[F, ϕ],ϕ ∈ W (G ), 0,ω (5.2) γ(u)= φ, and there is an A -consistent c = c(n, q, ω) > 0 such that ∇u ≤ c |φ| 1,q + F  −1,q . (5.3) L (G ) ω + T (H) W (G ) ω ω + 1,q 1,q −1,q −1,q 1  2  1  2 If φ ∈ T (H) ∩ T (H) and F ∈ W (G ) ∩ W (G ), then the unique solution u ∈ + + ω ω ω ω 1 2 1 2 1,q 1,q 1,q 1 1 2 W (G ) to (5.2) satisﬁes the regularity u ∈ W (G ) ∩ W (G ). + + + ω1 ω1 ω2 Vol. 20 (2018) Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations 307 1,q −1,q 1,q (ii) To all φ ∈ T (H) and all F ∈ W (G ) there exists u ∈ W (G ) such that + + ω ω ω 1,q λ(u, ϕ)+(∇u, ∇ϕ)=[F, ϕ],ϕ ∈ W (G ), 0,ω (5.4) γ(u)= φ, and there is an A -consistent c = c(n, q, ω, ϑ) > 0 such that u 1,q ≤ c ||φ|| 1,q + F  −1,q . W (G ) T (H) W (G ) ω + ω ω + 1,q 1,q −1,q −1,q 1 2 1 2 If φ ∈ T (H) ∩ T (H) and F ∈ W (G ) ∩ W (G ), then the unique solution u ∈ + + ω ω ω ω 1 2 1 2 1,q 1,q 1,q 1 1 2 W (G ) to (5.4) satisﬁes the regularity u ∈ W (G ) ∩ W (G ). + + + ω ω ω 1 1 2 Proof. (i) Assume for the moment φ = 0. By Lemma 3.2 we can assume ω = ω .Thus, forevery 1,q 1,q ∗ −1,q ψ ∈ W (G) it holds ϕ := (ψ − ψ )| ∈ W (G ). Therefore, we can extend F ∈ W (G ) G + + ω + 0,ω ω 1,q −1,q to f ∈ W (G) by means of [f, ψ]:=[F, ϕ] for all ψ ∈ W (G). Taking into consideration that ω ω ω = ω , we ﬁnd 1 1 ∗ ∗ ∇ψ q = ∇ψ q + ∇ψ  q ≥ ∇(ψ − ψ ) q L (G) L (G) L (G) L (G) ω 2 ω ω 2 ω = ∇(ψ − ψ )  = ∇ϕ  , q q L (G ) L (G ) + + ω ω and consequently f  −1,q ≤F  −1,q . Wω (G) Wω (G ) 1,q Hence, we can employ Proposition 4.7 to ﬁnd v ∈ W (G) with −Δ v = f such that q,ω ∇v ≤ cf  −1,q , L (G) W (G) where c = c(n, q, ω) > 0is A -consistent. 1,q Note that [f, ψ]= −[f, ψ ], and so it holds for all ψ ∈ W (G) the equality ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ −[Δ (−v ),ψ]= −(∇v , ∇ψ)= −(∇v, ∇ψ )= −[f, ψ ]=[f, ψ]. q,ω ∗ 1,q ∗ This shows that −v ∈ W (G) satisﬁes −Δ (−v )= f = −Δ v as well. By uniqueness in q,ω q,ω 1,q ∗ W (G), there is K ∈ C with v = −v + K, whence γ(v)= K/2. Deﬁning 1,q u := v| − K/2 ∈ W (G ), we see that u satisﬁes (5.2) and (5.3) with φ =0. G + + ω 1,q 1,q Let now φ ∈ T (H) be arbitrary. By deﬁnition, we ﬁnd a function u ∈ W (G ) with ω φ ω + γ(u )= φ and ∇u  ≤ 2|φ| 1,q . Therefore, the problem is reduced to the situation with φ φ L (G ) ω + T (H) vanishing trace. 1,q For uniqueness and the additional regularity assertion, let u ∈ W (G ), i =1, 2, denote the i + 1,q 1,q 1  2 corresponding solutions to (5.2). Then v := u − u ∈ W (G )+ W (G ) is harmonic with 1 2 + + ω ω 1 2 γ(v) = 0 and therefore v = 0 by Lemma 5.11. (ii) Follows analogously. 1,q 1,q Corollary 5.13. Let q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (G).Then C (G ) is dense in both W (G ) and W (G ). q + + + 0 0,ω 0,ω −1,q 1,q Proof. Let F ∈ W (G ) satisfy [F, ϕ] = 0 for all ϕ ∈ C (G ). Then the weak solution u ∈ W (G ) + + + ω 0 0,ω to (5.2) with φ = 0 is harmonic. Lemma 5.11 shows that u = 0. Therefore, F = 0 and the theorem of Hahn–Banach gives the assertion. The second assertion follows analogously. Corollary 5.14. Let q, q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (G), ω ∈ A (G), i =1, 2. i q i q 308 J. Sauer JMFM (i) There is a linear, A -consistently bounded extension operator 1,q 1,q R : T (H) → W (G ), ω ω 1,q with γR = id 1,q assigning to φ ∈ T (H) the unique solution to (5.2) with F =0. T (H) (ii) It holds 1,q 1,q 1,q 1,q 1 2 1 2 R : T (H) ∩ T (H) → W (G ) ∩ W (G ). + + ω ω ω ω 1 2 1 2 Proof. Follows directly from Theorem 5.12. ∞ 1,q 1,q 1  2 Corollary 5.15. Let q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (G), i =1, 2.Then C (H) is dense in T (H) ∩ T (H). i i q 0 ω ω 1 2 Proof. Corollary 5.14 implies that 1,q 1,q 1,q 1,q 1 2 1 2 γ : W (G ) ∩ W (G ) → T (H) ∩ T (H) + + ω ω ω ω 1 2 1 2 is surjective. Since it is also bounded, the assertion follows by Proposition 5.5. Corollary 5.16. Let q, q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G), ω ∈ A (G), i =1, 2, ϑ ∈ (0,π) and λ ∈ Σ with |λ| =1. i q i q ϑ (i) There is a linear, A -consistently bounded extension operator 1,q 1,q R : T (H) → W (G ), λ + ω ω 1,q with γR = id 1,q , assigning to φ ∈ T (H) the unique solution to (5.4) with F =0. T (H) ω (ii) It holds 1,q 1,q 1,q 1,q 1 2 1 2 R : T (H) ∩ T (H) → W (G ) ∩ W (G ). λ + + ω ω ω ω 1 2 1 2 Proof. Follows directly from Theorem 5.12. We can even improve the regularity result about the extension operator R . To do so, we need the following lemma. Corollary 5.17. If in the situation of Theorem 5.12(ii) we have additionally F ∈ L (G ) and φ ∈ 2,q 2,q T (G ), then u ∈ W (G ). Moreover, there is an A -consistent c = c(n, q, ω, ϑ) > 0 such that + + q ω ω for all j ∈{2,...,n} 1,q 1,q −1,q ∂ u ≤ c ∂ φ + ∂ F  . j j j W (G ) T (H) W (G ) ω + ω ω + 2,q Proof. It suﬃces to show u ∈ W (G ). If we can show this regularity result, Lemma 5.7 and Lemma 1,q 5.8 imply that γ(∂ u)= ∂ φ ∈ T (H) for all j ∈{2,...,n} and the uniqueness assertion of Theorem j j 5.12 yields the claim. 2,q Let j ∈{2,...,n} and let U ∈ W (G ) be such that γ(U)= φ with U  2,q ≤ 2φ 2,q , Wω (G ) Tω (H) 1,q which gives γ(∂ U)= ∂ φ in view of Lemma 5.7. Note that due to Theorem 5.12, u − U ∈ W (G )is j j + the unique solution to (5.4) with boundary condition 0 and right-hand side q −1,q F − (λ − Δ)U ∈ L (G ) ⊂ W (G ). + + ω ω ∗ q Due to Lemma 3.2 we can assume ω = ω . Hence, denote by f, v ∈ L (G) the odd extensions of q q 2,q F ∈ L (G ) and (λ − Δ)U ∈ L (G ). Theorem 1 in [22] shows that there is a unique w ∈ W (G) + + ω ω ω ∗ 2,q solving (λ − Δ)w = f − v on G and thus in particular on G . Since also −w ∈ W (G) solves (λ − Δ)(−w )= f − v, we obtain γ(w) = 0 and, by uniqueness, w| = u − U . Consequently, u = 2,q w| + U ∈ W (G). + ω Corollary 5.18. Let q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (G), i =1, 2, ϑ ∈ (0,π) and λ ∈ Σ with |λ| =1.Then i i q ϑ 2,q 2,q 2,q 2,q 1 2 1 2 R : T (H) ∩ T (H) → W (G ) ∩ W (G ). λ + + ω ω ω ω 1 2 1 2 ∞ 2,q 2,q 1 2 In particular, C (H) is dense in T (H) ∩ T (H). 0 ω ω 1 2 Vol. 20 (2018) Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations 309 2,q 2,q 1 2 Proof. Let φ ∈ T (H) ∩ T (H). For all j ∈{2,...,n}, Corollary 5.17 applied to φ and F := 0 shows ω ω 1 2 2,q 2,q 2,q 2,q 1 2 1 2 R : T (H) ∩ T (H) → W (G ) ∩ W (G ). λ + + ω ω ω ω 1 2 1 2 It follows that 2,q 2,q 2,q 2,q 1 2 1 2 γ : W (G ) ∩ W (G ) → T (H) ∩ T (H) + + ω ω ω ω 1 2 1 2 is surjective. Since γ is also bounded, the result follows from Proposition 5.5. In fact, the extension operators R and R have a very familiar representation in terms of Poisson operators. To see this, we will ﬁrst prove a preliminary lemma. In this lemma, we use Plancherel’s theorem on the locally compact abelian group H. Note that the Fourier transform yields an isometry from L (H) ˆ ˆ to L (H) only if the corresponding Haar measures on H and H are normalized accordingly. In our case, this gives an additional c > 0 depending on the dimension n such that f  2 = c F f  . n L (H) n H 2 ˆ L (H) However, as it turns out, we are only interested in ﬁniteness of the L -norms, and we can therefore suppress the dimensional constant c in the following. From now on we will use the abbreviation s := | η| for the Euclidean norm of η =(η ,...,η ) ∈ H. 2 n Lemma 5.19. Let m, M : H → C be measurable and of at most polynomial growth for s →∞. Assume that m and M/s are bounded for s → 0.For ψ ∈S(H) and λ ∈ C \ R with |λ| =1, we write ψ := F ψ − H and deﬁne −1 −x λ+s f (x):= F [me ψ]( x), −1 −x s f (x):= F [me ψ]( x), −1 −x s F (x):= F [Mx e ψ]( x), ∞ m,2 where x =(x , x) ∈ G .Then f ,f,F ∈ C (G ) and for all m ∈ N it holds f , ∇f, ∇F ∈ W (G ). 1 + λ + 0 λ + m,2 Proof. Once we have shown ∇F ∈ W (G ) for all m ∈ N , Sobolev’s embedding theorem immediately + 0 ∞ 2 gives F ∈ C (G ), and similarly for f and f . Hence, we focus on the assertion about the L (G ) + λ + regularity. We want to employ Plancherel’s theorem. Note that we are in the unweighted case, and hence we 2 2 2 can write L (G )=L (R ;L (H)). Observe ψ := F ψ ∈S(H). Thus, by elementary computation, we + + H obtain 2 2 2 ∂ f  = sm |ψ| dμ < ∞, 1 2 ˆ L (G ) H 2 ˆ 2 2 ∂ F  = |ψ| dμ < ∞. 1 2 ˆ L (G+) H ˆ 4s Moreover, for k ∈{2,...,n}, it holds 1 η 2 2 k 2 ∂ f  = sm |ψ| dμ < ∞, k ˆ L (G ) + 2 H 2 s 2 2 M η k 2 ∂ F  2 = |ψ| dμ < ∞. k L (G ) ˆ + H 4s s Finally, since λ = R , there is δ> 0 such that Re( λ + s ) ≥ δ(1 + s) for all s> 0, see for example the −x λ+s −x δ(1+s) 1 1 proof of [9, Lemma 2.5]. Therefore |e |≤ e , and it follows 1 m 2 2 f  ≤ |ψ| dμ < ∞. λ 2 ˆ L (G ) H 2δ ˆ 1+ s H 310 J. Sauer JMFM Therefore f , ∇f, ∇F ∈ L (G ). To take care of the higher derivatives, note that for k ∈{2,...,n} it λ + holds √ √ 2 2 −1 −1 −x λ+s −x λ+s 1  1 ∂ f := F me F ψ, ∂ f := F m  e F ψ, k λ H 1 λ λ H H H −1 −1 −x s −x s 1  1 ∂ f := F me F ψ, ∂ f := F me  F ψ, k H 1 H H H −1 −1 −x s  −x s 1  1 ∂ F := F Mx e F ψ, ∂ F := F (m  + Mx )e F ψ, k 1 H 1 F 1 H H H with ψ := ∂ ψ ∈S(H), m  := −sm, m  := −m λ + s, m  := M and M := −sM . Observe that m  , m  , k λ F λ m  and M/s are bounded near the origin. Hence, in any case we are in one of the situations discussed 1,2 above and it follows f , ∇f, ∇F ∈ W (G ). Iterating this process, we can estimate every order of λ + diﬀerentiability. With these preparations in mind, we are ready to identify the Poisson operator with the extension operator R . Let us denote by T the linear operator deﬁned on S(H)via λ λ −1 −x λ+s T φ(x):= F e F φ( x), λ H where x =(x , x) ∈ G . Note, that the case λ = 0 is included here. In accordance with our notation for 1 + R and R , we will drop the index λ = 0 if no confusion can arise. Theorem 5.20. Let q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G), ϑ ∈ (0,π), λ ∈ Σ with |λ| =1 and φ ∈S(H). q ϑ (i) There is an A -consistent constant c = c(n, q, ω) > 0 such that ∇Tφ ≤ c|φ| 1,q , L (G ) ω + T (H) ∇ Tφ ≤ c|φ| 2,q . Lω (G ) + T (H) 1,q 1,q In particular, R : T (H) → W (G ) is the unique extension of the operator T toabounded ω ω 1,q linear operator on T (H) with the property γ ◦ R = id 1,q . Moreover, it holds for almost all T (H) x =(x , x) ∈ G 1 + −1 −x s  1,q Rφ(x)= F e F φ( x),φ ∈ T (H). H ω (ii) There is an A -consistent constant c = c(n, q, ω, ϑ) > 0 such that T φ 1,q ≤ cφ 1,q , W (G ) T (H) ω + ω T φ 2,q ≤ cφ 2,q . Wω (G ) Tω (H) 1,q 1,q In particular, R : T (H) → W (G ) is the unique extension of the operator T toabounded λ + λ ω ω 1,q 1,q linear operator on T (H) with the property γ ◦ R = id . Furthermore, it holds for almost all T (H) x =(x , x) ∈ G 1 + −1 −x λ+s  1,q R φ(x)= F e F φ( x),φ ∈ T (H). λ H H ω 1,2 ∞ Proof. (i) Lemma 5.19 immediately yields Tφ ∈ W (G ) ∩ C (G ). The computation + + n n 2 −1 −x s −1 2 2 −x s 1 1 ˆ ˆ ΔTφ = ∂ F e φ = F (s − η )e φ =0, i H H j i=1 j=2 shows that Tφ is harmonic. 1,2 Hence, for each φ ∈S(H), Tφ ∈ W (G ) is a solution to (5.2) with F = 0. Since S(H) ⊂ 1,2 1,q T (G) ∩ T (G) for all ω ∈ A (G) by Corollary 5.6, the regularity assertion in Theorem 5.12 gives 1,q Tφ = Rφ ∈ W (G)and an A -consistent constant c = c(n, q, ω) such that q q ∇Tφ = ∇Rφ ≤ c|φ| 1,q . L (G) L (G) ω ω T (G) Moreover, for j ∈{2,...,n} we have ∂ φ ∈S(H), and hence by the same arguments it follows q q ∇∂ Tφ = ∇T∂ φ ≤ c|∂ φ| 1,q ≤ c|φ| 2,q , j j j L (G) L (G) ω ω T (G) T (G) ω ω Vol. 20 (2018) Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations 311 wherewehaveusedLemma 5.8 in the last estimate. Since Tφ is harmonic, we obtain ∂ Tφ = − ∂ Tφ and so j=2 j ∂ Tφ ≤ (n − 1)c|φ| 2,q . 1 L (G) ω T (G) Summarizing, we have proved the claimed a priori estimates. 1,q Corollary 5.6 shows that S(H) is dense in T (G) and therefore part (i) is proven. 1,2 ∞ (ii) Lemma 5.19 shows T φ ∈ W (G ) ∩ C (G ). Observe that (λ − Δ)T φ = 0, since formally λ + + λ 2 2 F (λ − Δ) = (λ − ∂ + s )F H H and thus 2 2 −x λ+s 1 ˆ F (λ − Δ)T φ =(λ − ∂ + s )e φ =0. H λ 1,2 1,2 Hence, T φ ∈ W (G ) is a solution to (5.4) with F =0 and φ ∈S(H). Since S(H) ⊂ T (G) ∩ λ + 1,q T (G) for all ω ∈ A (G) by Corollary 5.6, the uniqueness assertion in Theorem 5.12 yields the assertion as in part (i). 5.3. Weak Solutions to the Stokes Equations In this section, we investigate weak solutions to the Stokes equations in the periodic half space, i.e.,we consider the problem (∇u, ∇ϕ) − (p, div ϕ)= [f, ϕ],ϕ ∈ C (G ), div u = g, (5.5) γ(u)= φ. 1,q n Lemma 5.21. Let q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (G).For f = g =0 and φ ∈ T (H) , there is a solution 1,q n q (w, q) ∈ W (G ) × L (G ) to (5.5) satisfying + + ω ω q q ∇w + q ≤ c|φ| 1,q , (5.6) L (G ) L (G ) ω + ω + T (H) where c = c(n, q, ω) > 0 is A -consistent. 2,2 n Moreover, for φ ∈ T (H) , this weak solution solves (5.5) even in a strong sense, i.e., (w, q) 2,2 n 1,2 ∈ W (G ) × W (G ) and there is a positive constant c = c(n) > 0 such that + + ∇ w 2 + ∇q 2 ≤ c|φ| . (5.7) 2,2 L (G ) L (G ) + + T (H) 1,q 2,2 Proof. By Lemma 5.6, S(H) is dense in both T (H)and T (H), and so it suﬃces to construct a n n solution with the correct regularity and a priori estimate for φ ∈S(H) . Hence, let φ ∈S(H) be ﬁxed. We deﬁne the pressure q := −2div Rφ = −2 ∂ Rφ , i i i=1 where R is the extension operator deﬁned in Corollary 5.14. Then by Theorem 5.20 it follows that there is an A -consistent c = c(n, q, ω) > 0 such that q q q ≤∇Rφ ≤ c|φ| 1,q . L (G ) L (G )  (5.8) ω + ω + Tω (G ) −1,2 −1,q n n Note that also q ≤ c |φ| and hence ∇q ∈ W (G ) ∩ W (G ) .Moreover, we L (G ) 1,2 + + + 0 0,ω T (G ) deﬁne for every j ∈{1,...,n} the component w via −1 ij w (x):= F m F φ ( x),x =(x , x) ∈ G . j H i 1 + H x i=1 312 J. Sauer JMFM ij ∞ Here, the multipliers m ∈ L (H), i, j ∈{1,...,n}, are given by 11  −x s m ( η):= (1 + x s)e , x 1 1j  j1  −x s m ( η):= m ( η):= −ix η e ,j ∈{2,...,n}, (5.9) 1 j x x 1 1 η η ij  i j −x s m ( η):= δ − x e ,i,j ∈{2,...,n}, x ij 1 1 s ij and s := | η|. The deﬁnition of m ( η) is only meaningful for η = 0, but it should be understood that we ij −x s deﬁne m (0) = δ . Note that all coeﬃcients in front of e in (5.9) are sums with summands of the ij form m or Mx , where m, M : H → C satisfy the conditions in Lemma 5.19.Thus, w is smooth and it α 2 n holds D ∇w ∈ L (G ) for all α ∈ N , in particular for |α| = 0. Let us verify that γ(w)= φ,div w =0 and Δw = ∇q. Since φ and w are smooth, we can evaluate point-wise and obtain easily γ(w)= φ by considering x  0. Concerning the divergence, we compute n n n n −1 ij −1 ij div w = ∂ F m F φ = ∂ F m F φ . (5.10) j H i j H i H x H x 1 1 j=1 i=1 i=1 j=1 Thus, it suﬃces to show that the inner sum vanishes for each i ∈{1,...,n} separately. Let us apply F to (5.10) for notational convenience. Then, for i = 1 we obtain with φ := F φ and using (5.9) 1 H 1 ⎛ ⎞ n n n −1 1j 11 1j −x s 2 2 ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ⎝ ⎠ F ∂ F m φ = ∂ m φ + iη m φ = x e φ η − s =0. H j 1 1 1 j 1 1 1 H x x x j 1 1 1 j=1 j=2 j=2 Similarly, for i ∈{2,...,n}, n n −1 ij i1 ij ˆ ˆ ˆ F ∂ F m φ = ∂ m φ + iη m φ H j i 1 i j i H x x x 1 1 1 j=1 j=2 η η i j −x s −x s 1 ˆ 1 ˆ = −iη (1 − x s)e φ + iη δ − x e φ =0. i 1 i j ij 1 i j=2 Thus,wehaveprovendiv w = 0. It remains to show Δw = ∇q,thatisΔw = ∂ q for all j ∈{1,...,n}. j j Again, we start with j = 1 and compute F ∂ q, where we apply the Fourier transform merely for the H 1 sake of readability. By deﬁnition of q and by the representation of R in Theorem 5.20, n n F ∂ q = −2F ∂ ∂ Rφ = −2∂ F Rφ − 2 iη ∂ F Rφ H 1 H 1 i i H 1 i 1 H i i=1 i=2 (5.11) 2 −x s −x s 1 1 ˆ ˆ = −2s e φ +2 iη se φ . 1 i i i=2 2 2 i1 On the other hand, F Δw = (∂ − s )m φ .Wehave H 1 i i=1 1 x 2 2 11 3 2 2 3 −x s 2 −x s 1 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ ∂ − s m φ = x s − s − s + x s e φ = −2s e φ , 1 1 1 1 1 1 x and for i ∈{2,...,n} 2 2 i1 2 −x s 2 −x s −x s 1 1 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ∂ − s m φ = 2iη s − ix η s e φ +ix η s e φ =2iη se φ , (5.12) i i 1 i i 1 i i i i 1 x whence we see 2 −x s −x s 1 1 ˆ ˆ F Δw = −2s e φ +2 iη se φ . (5.13) H 1 1 i i i=2 Comparing (5.13)to(5.11), the relation Δw = ∂ q follows. To show Δw = ∂ q for j ∈{2,...,n},we 1 1 j j proceed analogously. It holds −x s −x s 1 1 ˆ ˆ F ∂ q =2iη se φ +2 η η e φ . (5.14) H j j 1 j i i i=2 Vol. 20 (2018) Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations 313 2 2 ij Since, as before, F Δw = (∂ − s )m φ , the calculation in (5.12)and H j i 1 x i=1 1 η η i j 2 2 ij 2 2 −x s ˆ ˆ ∂ − s m φ = δ s +2η η − x η η s − s δ − x e φ i ij i j 1 i j ij 1 i 1 x −x s 1 ˆ =2η η e φ . i j i for i ∈{2,...,n} shows Δw = ∂ q. In total, we have shown that indeed Δw = ∇q and div w = 0. Since j j −1,2 −1,q n n 1,q n ∇q ∈ W (G ) ∩ W (G ) , the regularity assertion of Theorem 5.12 yields w ∈ W (G ) and + + + 0 0,ω ω an A -consistent constant c = c(n, q, ω) such that −1,q ∇w ≤ c |φ| 1,q + ∇q Lω (G ) + T (H) W (G ) ω + 0,ω (5.15) ≤ c |φ| 1,q + q ≤ c|φ| 1,q . Lω (G ) T (H) + T (H) ω ω Together with (5.8), this yield the claimed a priori estimate (5.6). 1,2 It is left to show the a priori estimate (5.7). For j ∈{2,...,n} we know that ∂ w ∈ W (G )isa j + −1,2 weak solution to the Laplace equation (5.2) with right hand side ∇∂ q ∈ W (G ) and with boundary j + 1,2 data ∂ φ ∈ T (H). Theorem 5.12 and Theorem 5.20 applied to q =2 and ω =1 show ∇∂ w 2 ≤ c ∇∂ q −1,2 + |∂ φ| 1,2 j L (G ) j  j + T (H) W (G ) ≤ c ∇q 2 + |φ| ≤ c|φ| , 2,2 2,2 L (G ) + T (H) T (H) with a constant c> 0. For the estimates of the derivatives with respect to the ﬁrst variable we use the Stokes equations in order to obtain n n 2 2 ∇∂ w = − ∇∂ w and ∂ w = ∂ q − ∂ w , 1 1 j j j j j 1 i j=2 i=2 whence the estimate (5.7) follows. Let q ∈ (1, ∞)and ω ∈ A (G). Similarly as in the case of the periodic whole space G, we introduce the Banach spaces q 1,q n q X (G ):= W (G ) × L (G ), + + + ω ω ω (5.16) q −1,q n q 1,q n Y (G ):= W (G ) × L (G ) × T (H) , + + + ω ω ω ω and q 1,q n q X (G ):= W (G ) × L (G ), + + + 0,ω 0,ω ω −1,q n q Y (G ):= W (G ) × L (G ), + + + 0,ω ω ω furnished with the respective product space norms. With this notation, we have the following theorem. Theorem 5.22. Let q, q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G) and ω ∈ A (G), i =1, 2. i q i q q q (i) For every (f, g, φ) ∈ Y (G ), there is a unique (u, p) ∈ X (G ) solving the Stokes system (5.5) in + + ω ω a weak sense. Moreover, it holds q q (u, p) ≤ c(f, g, φ) , X (G ) Y (G ) ω + ω + where c = c(n, q, ω) > 0 is A -consistent. q q q 1 2 1 (ii) If (f, g, φ) ∈ Y (G ) ∩ Y (G ), then the unique weak solution (u, p) ∈ X (G ) to (5.5) satisﬁes + + + ω ω ω 1 2 1 (u, p) ∈ X (G ). 2 314 J. Sauer JMFM −1,q −1,q n Proof. (i) By Hahn–Banach’s theorem, f ∈ W (G ) can be extended to a functional f ∈ W 0,ω 1,q n −1,q n  n ¯  ¯ (G ) with same norm. Deﬁne f ∈ W (G) by [f, ϕ]:=[f ,ϕ| ] for all ϕ ∈ W  (G) . Note + G ω + ω that f  −1,q ≤f  −1,q = f  −1,q . W (G) W (G ) W (G ) ω + ω + 0,ω q q Moreover, denote by g ¯ ∈ L (G) the zero extension of g ∈ L (G ) to the whole group G. Then ω ω q q Theorem 4.14 gives a weak solution (u, ¯ p) ∈ X (G)to(4.5) with data (f, g ¯) ∈ Y (G) satisfying the ω ω estimate ¯ q q q (¯ u, p) ≤ c(f, g ¯) ≤ c(f, g) , (5.17) X (G) Y (G) Y (G ) ω ω + 0,ω where c = c(n, q, ω) > 0is A -consistent. By Theorem 5.21, we ﬁnd a solution (w, q) ∈ X (G )to q + the Stokes equations on G with data (0, 0,φ − γ(¯ u| )) ∈ Y (G ). Deﬁning u := u ¯| + w and + G + G + ω + p := p| + q, we obtain a solution (u, p) ∈ X (G )to(5.5) with a corresponding A -consistent G + q + ω estimate. q q Concerning uniqueness, deﬁne the linear operator S : X (G ) → Y (G ) similar as in (4.6). It q,ω + + 0,ω 0,ω is immediate that S is bounded and the considerations above with φ = 0 show that it is surjective. q,ω Exactly as in the proof of Theorem 4.14, we see that S is an isomorphism. In particular, let (u, p) ∈ q,ω X (G ) be a solution to (5.5) with data (f, g, φ)=(0, 0, 0). Then we have (u, p) ∈ X (G )and + + ω 0,ω thus it is justiﬁed to write S (u, p)=(0, 0). Since S is an isomorphism, it follows (u, p)=(0, 0), q,ω q,ω which shows the uniqueness assertion. q 1 (ii) The unique solution (u, p) ∈ X (G ) has by construction the form u := u ¯| + w and p := + G ω + 1 q ¯ ¯ p| + q , where (u, ¯ p) ∈ X (G) is the corresponding solution on the whole group G with respective + ω q q ¯ 1 2 data (f, g ¯) ∈ Y (G) ∩ Y (G). By the regularity assertion in Theorem 4.14, we obtain (u, ¯ p ¯) ∈ ω ω 1 2 q q 1 1 q 1 2 1 X (G) ∩ X (G). Moreover, the part (w , q ) ∈ X (G ) is a solution to (5.5) with f = g =0 and ω ω ω + 1 2 1 1,q 1,q 2 2 q 1  2 2 boundary data φ ∈ T (H)∩T (H). Denote by (w , q ) ∈ X (G ) the corresponding solution to ω ω ω 1 2 2 (5.5) with the same boundary data. In virtue of Corollary 5.6 we ﬁnd a sequence {φ } ⊂S(H) k k∈N 1,q 1,q 1  2 with φ → φ in T (H) ∩ T (H)as k →∞. Note that the corresponding solutions (w , q ) k k k ω ω 1 2 have been constructed explicitly in the proof of Lemma 5.21 and do not depend on q ∈ (1, ∞)or ω ∈ A (G). Hence, for i =1, 2 it holds ∇w −∇w  → 0, L (G ) ω + q − q  i → 0, L (G ) ω + q q 1 2 as k →∞. By the uniqueness of the limit in the Hausdorﬀ space L (G )+L (G ), it follows + + ω ω 1 2 1 1 2 2 q (w , q )=(w , q ) ∈ X (G ). 5.4. Strong Solutions to the Stokes Equations Let us consider strong solutions to the Stokes equations in the periodic half space. More precisely, we investigate the problem ⎨ −Δu + ∇p = f, in G , ∇div u = ∇g, in G , (5.18) γ(u)= φ. We have the following regularity result. q q 1 2 Lemma 5.23. Let q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ A (G), i =1, 2. Assume furthermore f ∈ L (G ) ∩ L (G ), i i q + + i ω ω 1 2 1,q 1,q 2,q 2,q 2,q 1,q 1 2 1 1 1 1 g ∈ W (G ) ∩ W (G ) and φ ∈ T (H) ∩ T (H).If (u, p) ∈ W (G ) × W (G ) is a + + + + ω1 ω2 ω1 ω1 ω1 ω1 Vol. 20 (2018) Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations 315 2,q 1,q 2  2 solution to (5.18), then (u, p) ∈ W (G ) × W (G ) and there is an A (G)-consistent constant + + q ω ω 2 2 2 c = c(n, q ,ω ) > 0 such that 2 2 q q q q ∇ u 2 + ∇p 2 ≤ c f  2 + ∇g 2 + |φ| 2,q . L (G ) L (G ) L (G ) L (G ) ω + ω + ω + ω + T (H) 2 2 2 2 ω q q Proof. Recall the deﬁnition of the spaces X (G )and Y (G )in(5.16). Let j ∈{2,...,n} and observe + + ω ω q q 1 2 that (∂ f, ∂ g, ∂ φ) ∈ Y (G ) ∩ Y (G ), where the regularity assertion for ∂ φ stems from Lemma 5.8. j j j + + j ω ω 1 2 Moreover, (∂ u, ∂ p) ∈ X (G ) is a weak solution to the Stokes equations (5.5) with data (∂ f, ∂ g, ∂ φ). j j + j j j The regularity assertion in Theorem 5.22 gives (∂ u, ∂ p) ∈ X (G )and an A (G)-consistent c = j j + q ω 2 c(n, q ,ω ) > 0 such that 2 2 q q ∇∂ u 2 + ∂ p 2 j j L (G ) L (G ) ω + ω + 2 2 ≤ c ∂ f  −1,q + ∂ g 2 + |∂ φ| 1,q j  2 j j L (G ) W (G ) ω + T (H) ω + 2 ω 2 2 q q ≤ c f  2 + ∇g 2 + |φ| 2,q . L (G ) L (G ) ω + ω + T (H) 2 2 ω For the derivatives with respect to the ﬁrst variable, we use the Stokes equations (5.18) and observe for k ∈{2,...,n} ∇∂ u = ∇g − ∇∂ u ∈ L (G ), 1 1 j j + j=2 ω (5.19) 2 2 q ∂ u = f − ∂ p − ∂ u ∈ L (G ), k k k k + 1 ω j=2 j 2 2,q q 2 2 which implies u ∈ W (G ), ∇p = f +Δu ∈ L (G ) and the full a priori estimate. + + ω ω 2 2 q 1,q Theorem 5.24. Let q ∈ (1, ∞) and assume ω ∈ A (G). For every f ∈ L (G ), g ∈ W (G ) and q + + ω ω 2,q 2,q 1,q φ ∈ T (H) there is a unique solution (u, p) ∈ W (G ) × W (G ) to (5.18). Furthermore, there is + + ω ω ω an A -consistent constant c = c(n, q, ω) > 0 such that q q q q ∇ u + ∇p ≤ c f  + ∇g + |φ| 2,q . L (G ) L (G ) L (G ) L (G ) ω + ω + ω + ω + T (H) 2,q n 1,q Proof. Concerning uniqueness, let (u, p) ∈ W (G ) × W (G ) be a solution to (5.18) with (f, g, φ)= + + ω ω (0, 0, 0). Then for j ∈{2,...,n},(∂ u, ∂ p) ∈ X (G ) is a weak solution to the Stokes equations (5.5) j j + with zero data. Hence ∇∂ u =0 and ∂ p = 0. Plugging this into (5.19), we ﬁnd also ∇∂ u =0 and j j 1 1 2 2 ∂ u = 0 for all k ∈{2,...,n},and so ∇ u = 0. Thus, also ∇p =Δu = 0, and the uniqueness part is 1 k proven. ∞ n ∞ ∞ n For existence, we may assume by density f ∈ C (G ) , g ∈ C (G )and φ ∈ C (H) . Extend f by + + 0 0 0 2 n 1,2 zero to f ∈ L (G) . Moreover, we use the extension operator of [6]toextend g to g ¯ ∈ W (G). Theorem 2,2 n 1,2 4.15 gives a corresponding solution (u, ¯ p) ∈ W (G) × W (G) to the Stokes equations (4.8)inthe 2,2 n 1,2 periodic whole space. Now Lemma 5.21 can be applied to ﬁnd a solution (w, q) ∈ W (G ) × W (G ) + + to (5.18) with data (0, 0,φ−γ(¯ u| )). Deﬁning (u, p)=(u¯| +w, p| +q), we have constructed a solution G G G + + + 2,2 n 1,2 2,q n 1,q (u, p) ∈ W (G ) × W (G )to(5.18). By Lemma 5.23 this solution is in W (G ) × W (G ) + + + + ω ω andthereisan A -consistent c = c(n, q, ω) > 0 such that q q q q ∇ u + ∇p ≤ c f  + ∇g + |φ| 2,q . L (G ) L (G ) L (G ) L (G ) ω + ω + ω + ω + T (H) 5.5. Estimates on the Boundary Deﬁne for i ∈{2,...,n} and φ ∈S(H) the Riesz transformation on H by iη −1 S φ := F F φ, s = | η|. i H s 316 J. Sauer JMFM Moreover, deﬁne the operator −1 M φ := F λ + s F φ λ H for λ ∈ C \ R . As usual, we will drop the index λ in the case λ =0. Lemma 5.25. Let q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G), φ ∈S(H) and i, j ∈{2,...,n}.Then (i) |S φ| 1,q ≤ c|φ| 1,q and T (H) T (H) ω ω (ii) ∂ S φ 1,q ≤ cφ 2,q . j i T (H) T (H) ω ω In both cases, the constant c = c(n, q, ω) > 0 is A -consistent. Proof. (i) We deﬁne an extension of S φ from H to G via i + iη −1 −x s P φ(x):= F e F φ( x),x =(x , x) ∈ G . i H 1 + It suﬃces to show that there is an A -consistent c = c(n, q, ω) > 0 such that ∇P φ ≤ q i L (G ) ω + c∇Rφ , where R is the extension operator from Corollary 5.14. Indeed, since P φ is smooth L (G ) ω + by Lemma 5.19,wehave γ(P φ)= S φ and thus it follows from Theorem 5.12 i i q q |S φ| 1,q ≤∇P φ ≤ c∇Rφ ≤ c|φ| 1,q . i  i L (G ) L (G ) T (H) ω + ω + T (H) ω ω −1 −x s Observe that Theorem 5.20 shows Rφ = F e F φ whenever φ ∈S(H) and hence iη −1 −x s −1 −x s 1 1 ∂ P φ = F ∂ e F φ = −F iη e F φ = −∂ Rφ. 1 i 1 H i H i H H q q Therefore we obtain ∂ P φ ≤ c∇Rφ . For the derivatives ∂ P φ, we proceed as 1 i L (G ) L (G ) j i ω + ω + follows. First of all, we notice that in view of Lemma 3.2 we can assume ω = ω . Let us write v := (E∂ Rφ) , where E denotes the extension of functions deﬁned on G by zero to the whole 1 + group G. Since ω = ω ,wesee q q q q v = v  = E∂ Rφ ≤∇Rφ . (5.20) L (G) L (G) 1 L (G) L (G ) ω ω ω ω + Denote by F the one-dimensional Fourier transform and observe F F = F . Assuming an ap- R R H G propriate normalization of the one-dimensional Lebesgue measure, for every ﬁxed r> 0 it holds −r|x | r −2tr F e = . Since 2 re dt = 1 for all r> 0, we can make our key observation: For all R 2 2 η +r 0 x > 0 and all η ∈ H we can compute with r = s −x s  −x s  −2ts 1 1 e F φ( η)=2e F φ( η) se dt H H −(x +t)s = −2 e F ∂ Rφ(t, η)dt H 1 −|x +t|s = −2 e F E∂ Rφ(t, η)dt H 1 −1 = −2F F F v(x , η). R H 1 R 2 η + s 2 2 2 Note that η + s = |η| .Thus, for x =(x , x) ∈ G we are led to 1 + η η η η j i j i −1 −x s  −1 −∂ P φ(x)= F e F φ( x)=2F F v(x). j i H G H G s |η| Hence, with Theorem 4.3 and estimate (5.20) we obtain an A -consistent constant c = c(n, q, ω) > 0 such that q q ∂ P φ ≤ c∇Rφ . j i L (G ) L (G ) ω + ω + Vol. 20 (2018) Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations 317 (ii) We have the trivial estimate |φ| 1,q ≤φ 2,q and in view of Lemma 5.8 even |∂ φ| 1,q ≤ T (H) T (H) T (H) ω ω ω 2,q 2,q ∂ φ ≤φ . Moreover, it holds T (H) T (H) ω ω η η j i −1 γ(P ∂ φ)= S (∂ φ)= −F F φ = ∂ S φ. i j i j H j i In view of part (i), we can compute for k ∈{2,...,n} q q P ∂ φ = ∂ P φ ≤ c|φ| 1,q ≤ cφ 2,q , i j L (G ) j i L (G ) ω + ω + T (H) Tω (H) ∂ P ∂ φ = |∂ R∂ φ| 1,q ≤ c|∂ φ| 1,q ≤ cφ 2,q , 1 i j i j j L (G ) ω + T (H) T (H) T (H) ω ω ω ∂ P ∂ φ ≤ c|∂ φ| 1,q ≤ cφ 2,q , k i j j Lω (G ) + Tω (H) Tω (H) 1,q where c = c(n, q, ω) > 0isan A -consistent constant. Thus, we have proven ∂ S φ ≤ q j i T (H) P ∂ φ 1,q ≤ cφ 2,q . i j W (G ) T (H) ω + ω Lemma 5.26. Let q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G), ϑ ∈ (0,π), λ ∈ Σ with |λ| =1 and φ ∈S(H).Then q ϑ 1,q 2,q (i) Mφ ≤ cφ ,where c = c(n, q, ω) > 0 is an A -consistent constant, and T (H) T (H) ω ω (ii) M φ 1,q ≤ cφ 2,q ,where c = c(n, q, ω, ϑ) > 0 is an A -consistent constant. λ q T (H) T (H) ω ω Proof. (i) We extend Mφ from H to G via −1 −x s v(x):= F se F φ( x),x =(x , x) ∈ G . H 1 + Since γ(v)= Mφ and v = −∂ Rφ, Theorem 5.20 shows that there is an A -consistent c = c(n, q, ω) > 1 q 0 such that Mφ 1,q ≤v 1,q ≤ cφ 2,q . T (H) W (G ) T (H) ω ω + ω (ii) Analogous to part (i). 5.6. Proof of Theorem 1.4 in the Half Space We divide the proof into ﬁve steps. Step 1: Scaling Argument We claim that it is suﬃcient to prove the theorem for λ ∈ Σ with |λ| =1. For ε> 0, we write ψ (x):= ψ(x/ε) for a generic function ψ. Observe that ω ∈ A (G) if and only if ω ∈ A (G ) with ε q ε q ε n n 1 2 A (ω )= A (ω), where the locally compact abelian group G := R × T)εL is equipped with the Haar q ε q ε measure μ deﬁned via f dμ := f (x ,x )dx dy. ε n (εL) n−1 G [0,εL) R Note that the length of periodicity L> 0 does not enter in the constant of the transference principle of Theorem 4.1, and hence all results obtained so far hold true also in G with estimates independent of ε> 0. n n π 1 2 iϕ Deﬁne G := R × T and write λ ∈ Σ in the form λ = re , where r> 0and ϕ ∈ (0,ϑ + ). ε,+ ϑ + εL 2,q n 1,q For notational convenience, we set ε := r. Assume that (u, p) ∈ W (G ) × W (G ) is a solution + + ω ω to the Stokes resolvent problem (1.2). We consider 2,q n 1,q (˜ u, p) ∈ W (G ) × W (G ) ε,+ ε,+ ω ω ε ε 318 J. Sauer JMFM ˜ ˜ deﬁned via u ˜ := ε u and p := εp . Note that (u, ˜ p) solve ε ε iϕ e u ˜(x) − Δ˜ u(x)+ ∇p(x)= f (x), in G , ⎨ ε + div u ˜(x)= εg (x), in G , ε + γ(˜ u)= 0. n−1 n−1 q q q q q q Also note that f  = ε f  , ∇εg  = ε ∇g ,and εg −1,q ε L (G ) L (G ) ε L (G ) L (G ) ε ω ε,+ ω + ω ε,+ ω + ε ε W (G ) ε,+ 0,ω n−1 ˜ ˜ = ε g −1,q . If we can show the resolvent estimate (1.4) for all λ ∈ Σ , |λ| = 1, with an A - ϑ q W (G ) 0,ω consistent c = c(n, q, ω ,ϑ) (and in particular independent of the length of periodicity εL > 0), we obtain n−1 2 − 2 q q q λu, ∇ u, ∇p = ε u, ˜ ∇ u, ˜ ∇p L (G ) L (G ) ω + ωε ε,+ n−1 q q ≤ cε f  + ∇εg  + εg  −1,q ε L (G ) ε L (G ) ε ω ε,+ ω ε,+ ε ε W (G ) ε,+ 0,ω q q = c f  + ∇g + |λ|g −1,q , L (G ) L (G ) ω + ω + W (G ) 0,ω + where c = c(n, q, ω ,ϑ)= c(n, q, ω, ϑ)is A -consistent, since A (ω)= A (ω ). Hence, we can focus on ε q q q ε the case |λ| =1 and εL > 0 in the following. Obviously, since L> 0 has been arbitrary all along, we can continue assuming ε =1. Step 2: Solution Formula ∗ q n Lemma 3.2 shows that we can assume ω = ω . We split f ∈ L (G ) by means of f =(f , f ). Denote + 1 q  q n−1 ¯ ¯ by f ∈ L (G)and f ∈ L (G) the odd extension of f and the even extension of f to G, respectively, 1 1 ω ω q n 1,q −1,q ¯ ¯ ¯ such that f := (f , f ) ∈ L (G) . Similarly, g ¯ ∈ W (G) ∩ W (G) denotes the even extension of ω ω ω −1,q 1,q g ∈ W (G ) ∩ W (G )to G. The whole space result of Theorem 1.4 yields a solution (u, ¯ p) ∈ + + ω 0,ω 2,q n 1,q W (G) × W (G) with data f and g ¯ and an A -consistent constant c = c(n, q, ω, ϑ) > 0 such that ω ω q q u, ¯ ∇ u, ¯ ∇p ≤ c f, ∇g ¯ + g ¯ −1,q L (G ) L (G) ω + ω W (G) (5.21) ≤ 2c f, ∇g + g −1,q , Lω (G ) + W (G ) 0,ω ∗ ∗ 2,q n where the last estimate is justiﬁed by the assumption ω = ω . Observe that also (w, ¯ p ) ∈ W (G) × 1,q ∗  ∗ W (G) is a solution, where w ¯ := (−u ¯ , u ¯ ). By uniqueness, we conclude u ¯ = −u ¯ and hence γ(¯ u | )= 1 1 G ω 1 1 + 2,q n−1 Set φ := γ(¯ u | ) ∈ T (H) . Then estimate (5.21) yields an A -consistent c = c(n, q, ω, ϑ) > 0 G q + ω such that φ  2,q ≤ 2c f, ∇g + g −1,q . (5.22) L (G ) T (H) ω + W (G ) ω + 0,ω If we subtract (u ¯| , p| ) from the resolvent problem (1.2), we obtain the reduced resolvent problem G G + + ⎨ λv − Δv + ∇q =0, in G , div v =0, in G , γ(v)= φ := (0,φ ), on H, which, after applying the Fourier transform F , turns into an ordinary diﬀerential equation in x of the H 1 form 2 2 (λ − ∂ + s )F v(x , η)+iηF q(x , η)= 0, ⎨ H 1 H 1 ∂ v (x , η)+ iη F v (x , η)= 0, 1 1 1 j H j 1 j=2 F v(0, η)= F φ( η), H H Vol. 20 (2018) Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations 319 for all η ∈ H. A solution to this ordinary diﬀerential equation can be found in [9] and [10] and is given by (F v(x , η), F q(x , η)), (5.23) H 1 H 1 with v (x):= [∂ RM φ − ∂ R M φ + ∂ R Mφ − ∂ RM φ ] , 1 j j j λ λ j j λ j j λ j j=2 v (x):= [∂ ∂ Rφ − ∂ ∂ R φ + λR φ j k j j k j λ j λ j k=2 + ∂ R (∂ S φ )+ ∂ R(S M φ )] , 1 λ k j j k j λ j −1 2 2 q(x):= −F (λ + s − ∂ )F ∂ v (x), H 1 1 H 1 where j ∈{2,...,n}. The expressions for q, v and v in this form can be found in [10, Formulae (29), 1 j (31) and (38)], respectively. Step 3: Weighted Estimates n−1 In order to prove estimates of the solution given in Step 2, we ﬁrst assume φ ∈S(H) . Then it is an immediate consequence from Lemma 5.19 that 2,2 n 2 n v ∈ W (G ) , and hence also ∇q = −(λ − Δ)v ∈ L (G ) . + + Moreover, Theorem 5.20 on the Poisson operators R and R , Lemma 5.25 on the trace Riesz operator S λ j and Lemma 5.26 on the trace multiplication operators M and M show, that there is an A -consistent λ q constant c = c(n, q, ω, ϑ) such that v ≤ cφ  2,q . (5.24) L (G ) ω + T (H) 2,2 n 1,2 Since (v, q) ∈ W (G ) × W (G ) solves the Stokes problem + + ⎨ −Δv + ∇q = −λv, in G , ∇div v =0, in G , γ(v)= φ := (0,φ ), 2 n q n n 2,q n 1,q with data λv ∈ L (G ) ∩ L (G ) and φ ∈S(H) , Lemma 5.23 gives (v, q) ∈ W (G ) × W (G ). + + + + ω ω ω As |λ| = 1, Theorem 5.24 and estimate (5.24) give q q v, ∇ v, ∇q ≤ c(v + |φ | 2,q ) ≤ cφ  2,q , (5.25) L (G ) L (G ) ω + ω + T (H) Tω (H) ω 2,q n−1 where c = c(n, q, ω, ϑ) > 0is A -consistent. Clearly, this estimate extends to arbitrary φ ∈ T (H) by density. Combining the two problems solved on the whole group G and on G , respectively, we deﬁne u := 2,q n 1,q u ¯| + v and p := ¯ p| + q. Then (u, p) ∈ W (G ) × W (G ) is a solution to the resolvent problem G G + + + + ω ω (1.2) with a corresponding A -consistent estimate. Step 4: Uniqueness Uniqueness follows by a standard duality argument based on the existence part, which is already proven. We omit the details here. Step 5: Additional Regularity 320 J. Sauer JMFM 2,q n 1,q 1  1 From the previous steps it follows that (u, p) ∈ W (G ) × W (G ) can be written in the form + + ω ω 1 1 ¯ ¯ u =¯ u| + v and p = p| + q. By the regularity assertion in Theorem 4.14, we obtain (u, ¯ p) ∈ G G + + 2,q n 1,q  2,q n−1 2  2 2 W (G) × W (G) and thus also φ = γ(¯ u| ) ∈ T (H) . ω ω + ω 2 2 2 k ∞ n−1 k  2,q n−1 By Corollary 5.18 we ﬁnd a sequence {φ } ⊂ C (H) such that φ → φ in T (H) ∩ k∈N 0 ω 2,q n−1 k k k T (H) . Denote by (v , q ) the functions deﬁned by (5.23) with φ in place of φ . Then Step 3 of this proof shows k k 2,q n 1,q 2,q n 1,q 1  1 2  2 (v , q ) ∈ W (G ) × W (G ) ∩ W (G ) × W (G ) , + + + + ω ω ω ω 1 1 2 2 and the existence of a constant c = c (n, q ,ω )+ c (n, q ,ω ) > 0 such that 1 1 1 2 2 2 k 2 k k k q q v , ∇ v , ∇q  1 2 ≤ cφ  2,q 2,q . 1 2 L (G )∩L (G ) ω + ω + Tω (H)∩Tω (H) 1 2 1 2 2,q n−1 2,q n−1 k 2,q n 2,q n 1 2 2 2 Since {φ } is a Cauchy sequence in T (H) ∩ T (H) ,soare v in W (G ) ∩ W (G ) + + k ω ω ω ω 1 2 2 2 k 1,q 1,q 1 2 and q in W (G ) ∩ W (G ). Denote the limit by + + ω ω 1 2 2,q n 1,q 2,q n 1,q 1 1 2 2 (˜ v, ˜ q) ∈ W (G ) × W (G ) ∩ W (G ) × W (G ) . + + + + ω ω ω ω 1 1 2 2 2,q n 1,q 1  1 By uniqueness in W (G ) × W (G ), we conclude (v, q)=(v, ˜ ˜ q). + + ω ω 1 1 6. Bounded Domains We begin with the Laplace resolvent problem. 1,1 Theorem 6.1. Let Ω ⊂ G be a bounded domain of class C , q, q ∈ (1, ∞), ω, ω ∈ A (G), i =1, 2, i i q 1,q q 2,q ϑ ∈ (0,π) and λ ∈ Σ ∪{0}. For every f ∈ L (Ω) there is a unique solution u ∈ W (Ω) ∩ W (Ω) to ω ω 0,ω λu − Δu = f in Ω, (6.1) u =0 on ∂Ω, and there is an A -consistent c = c(n, q, ω, ϑ, Ω)) > 0 such that q q u, λu, ∇ u ≤ cf  . (6.2) L (G) L (G) ω ω 1,q q q 2,q 1 2,q 2 2 1 2 If f ∈ L (Ω) ∩ L (Ω), then the unique solution u ∈ W (Ω) ∩ W (Ω) also belongs to u ∈ W (Ω) ∩ ω ω ω 0,ω ω 2 2 1 1 2 1,q W (Ω). 0,ω Proof. First of all, we observe that the assertion is true for the non-periodic case. This follows by a localization procedure as in [11, Theorem 3.3]. In the partially periodic case, we use a similar localization. 1 m Namely, since Ω is bounded, for every δ there is a ﬁnite covering of Ω by balls B ,...,B ⊂ G δ δ with radius less than δ and non-negative cut-oﬀ functions ψ ,...,ψ ∈ C (G) with supp ψ ⊂ B and 1 m j m j ψ = 1. It should be understood that we rule out superﬂuous base sets, i.e., the case B ∩ Ω= ∅ j=1 δ does not occur. It is clear, that we can choose the base sets in such a way that B ∩ ∂Ω= ∅ implies j j B ⊂ Ω. We choose δ> 0 so small, that each B can be regarded as a ball in R , that is δ< L/4. δ δ 1,q 2,q We ﬁrst prove that if u ∈ W (Ω) ∩ W (Ω) is a solution to (6.1), then the estimate (6.2) holds with ω 0,ω an additional term u 1,q on the right-hand side. For j ∈{1,...,m} it holds λ(ψ u) − Δ(ψ u)= f j j j W (Ω) with f := ψ f − 2(∇ψ )∇u − (∇ψ )u, where we interpret these equations as problems in a bounded j j j j 1,1 n n n 1 2 C -domains Ω ⊂ R , such that after identiﬁcation of G with R × [0,L) it holds B ∩ Ω ⊂ Ω .Thus, j j it follows q q q ψ u, λ(ψ u), ∇ (ψ u) ≤ cf  ≤ c(ψ ) f  + u 1,q . (6.3) j j j L (Ω ) j L (Ω ) j L (Ω ) ω j ω j ω j Wω (Ω ) Summing up the ﬁnitely many inequalities, the claim is proven. Vol. 20 (2018) Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations 321 Concerning uniqueness, testing the equation with u itself shows u =0 for q ≥ 2and ω =1. For q< 2 2,s 1 1 1 and ω = 1, we use the Sobolev embedding and (6.3) with f =0 to see u ∈ W (Ω) for + = . n s q Repeating this procedure, we obtain q< s < ··· <s with s > 2. Hence u = 0 also in this case. For 1 k k q q general ω ∈ A (G), the problem can be reduced to the non-weighted situation in virtue of Lemma 3.3. A compactness argument based on uniqueness as in the Lemma 3.7 below shows now, that the addi- tional lower order term on the right-hand side may be omitted and hence the full a priori estimate (6.2) 1,q 2,q q is valid. Therefore, the operator (λ − Δ) : W (Ω) ∩ W (Ω) → L (Ω) is closed. q,ω ω ω 0,ω 1,2 By Riesz’ representation theorem, we obtain for every f ∈ L (Ω) a solution u ∈ W (Ω) with 1,2 q 2,2 Δu ∈ L (Ω) to (6.1). Using the partition of unity again, we obtain even u ∈ W (Ω) ∩ W (Ω). If ω 0 1,q q 2 2,q f ∈ L (Ω) ∩ L (Ω), then u ∈ W (Ω) ∩ W (Ω). Indeed, for 1 <q < 2, this follows by the trivial embedding, whereas for q> 2, the regularity proof of the uniqueness assertion (with interchanged rˆ oles of q and 2) applies. Therefore, by Lemma 3.3, the range of (λ − Δ) is dense. Since (λ − Δ) is also q,ω q,ω closed and injective, it is an isomorphism. The regularity assertion is a consequence of the fact that there is a number s ∈ (1, ∞) such that q q s s 1 2 L (Ω) + L (Ω) ⊂ L (Ω) and the uniqueness assertion on L (Ω). ω ω 1 2 λ q q Let us now turn to the Stokes resolvent problem. We consider the operator S : X → Y , where q,ω ω ω 1,q q 2,q 1,q X := W (Ω) ∩ W (Ω) × W (Ω), ω ω ω 0,ω −1,q q q n 1,q Y := L (Ω) × W (Ω) ∩ W (Ω) , ω ω ω 0,ω deﬁned via S (u, p):=(λu − Δu + ∇p, −div u). q,ω 1,1 Lemma 6.2. Let Ω ⊂ G be a bounded domain of class C , q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G), ϑ ∈ (0,π) and q λ λ ∈ Σ ∪{0}. Assume (u, p) ∈ X and deﬁne (f, −g):= S (u, p). ω q,ω (i) There exists an A -consistent c = c(q, ω, θ, Ω) > 0 such that q q q u, λu, ∇ u, ∇p ≤ c f, ∇g + |λ|g −1,q + u, p . (6.4) L (Ω) L (Ω)  L (Ω) ω ω ω W (Ω) 0,ω (ii) The operator S is injective. q,ω Proof. Consider the partition of unity {ψ }, j ∈{1,...,m} from the proof of Theorem 6.1. Since (f, −g)= S (u, p), we obtain for j ∈{1,...,m} q,ω λ(ψ u) − Δ(ψ u)+ ∇(ψ p)= f , j j j j (6.5) div (ψ u)= g , j j where f := ψ f − 2(∇ψ )∇u − (Δψ )u +(∇ψ )p, j j j j j (6.6) g := ψ g +(∇ψ ) · u. j j j 1,1 n (i) We learn from [11, Theorem 3.3] on bounded domains of class C in R , that q q ψ u, λψ u, ∇ (ψ u), ∇(ψ p) ≤ c f , ∇g  + λg  −1,q . j j j j j j j L (Ω ) L (Ω ) ω j ω j W (Ω ) 0,ω By Corollary 3.5, the deﬁnition of f and g yields j j q q q 1,q f  ≤ C(ψ ) f  + u + p , j j L (Ω ) L (Ω ) L (Ω ) ω j ω j W (Ω ) ω j ω j q q 1,q ∇g  ≤ C(ψ ) ∇g + u . j j L (Ω ) L (Ω ) ω j ω j W (Ω ) ω j 322 J. Sauer JMFM 1,q We still have to estimate the term λg  −1,q .Let v ∈ W  (Ω ) and deﬁne v := v − j  j 0 W (Ω ) 0,ω v dμ, where U ⊂ Ω is a bounded Lipschitz domain containing supp ∇ψ ∩ Ω .As v has j j j 0 μ(U ) U vanishing mean in U , Corollary 3.5 gives A -consistent constants c ,c > 0 such that q 1 2 ∇(ψ v ) q ≤ C (ψ ) v  q + ∇v  q j 0 1 j 0 0 L (Ω) L (U ) L (Ω ) ω ω ω ≤ c ∇v  = c ∇v , q q 1 0 1 L (Ω ) L (Ω ) j j ω ω and by a similar computation (∇ψ )v   ≤ c ∇v  . Note that 1,q q j 0 2 W (Ω) L (Ω ) ω ω [g ,v] = [div (ψ u),v]= −[ψ u, ∇v ]= −[u, ∇(ψ v )] + [u, (∇ψ )v ]. j j j 0 j 0 j 0 Therefore, we can compute |[g ,v]| g  =sup −1,q W (Ω ) 0,ω ∇v 1,q q L (Ω ) =v∈W (Ω ) j |[u, ∇v]| (6.7) ≤ c sup + c u −1,q 1 2 W (Ω) 0,ω ∇v q 1,q =v∈W (Ω) L (Ω) ω ω = c g + c u −1,q . −1,q 1  2 W (Ω) W (Ω) 0,ω 0,ω It follows λg  −1,q ≤ c λg −1,q + λu −1,q . W (Ω ) W (Ω) W (Ω) 0,ω 0,ω 0,ω Since we can estimate u by ∇ u in view of the a priori estimate in Lemma 3.6, summing up the ﬁnitely many inequalities obtained for j ∈{1,...,m} yields estimate (6.4), only with the additional terms ∇u and λu −1,q on the right-hand side. The norm of ∇u can be dealt with by L (Ω) ω W (Ω) 0,ω Ehrling’s lemma, absorbing the second-order part into the left-hand side. Moreover, since λu = Δu + f −∇p,wehave −1,q −1,q λu ≤p, Δu + f  . Lω (Ω) W (Ω) W (Ω) 0,ω 0,ω 2,s By Lemma 3.3 there is s> 1 such that u ∈ W (Ω). Recall that for every 0 <α<β < 1 and r ∈ (1, ∞), the real interpolation space (L (Ω),D(Δ )) is contained in the domain of the r β,r 1,r α 2,r fractional Laplace operator (−Δ) , where D(Δ ):= W (Ω) ∩ W (Ω). For adjoint fractional r 0 α   α operators it holds (A ) =(A ) , see [16, Corollary 5.2.4], and since −Δ = −Δ by symmetry, we α  α  ∞ s α obtain ((−Δ) ) =(−Δ) .Fix α ∈ (0, 1/2s ). Then C (Ω) ⊂ L (Ω),D(Δ  ) ⊂ D(Δ )for s s 0 s β,s β ∈ (α, 1/2s ), since the trace information of L (Ω),D(Δ  ) gets lost during the interpolation β,s due to 2β< 1/s , see Lemma 4.1 in [2]. Hence, 1−α α 1−α ∞ |[Δu, ϕ]| = |[(−Δ) u, (−Δ) ϕ]|≤(−Δ) u ϕ ,ϕ ∈ C (Ω), 1,q L (Ω) 0 W (Ω) 1−α which yields Δu −1,q ≤(−Δ) u . By a standard result on fractional operators it L (Ω) W (Ω) ω 0,ω 1−α 1−α −α q q holds (−Δ) u ≤ ε u 2,q + Cε u for every ε> 0, where C depends on α L (Ω) L (Ω) ω W (Ω) ω −1 q and the norm of {λ(λ − Δ) | λ> 0} in L(L (Ω)), which is ﬁnite and A -consistent by Theorem 6.1. Note that also α can be chosen A -consistently due to Lemma 3.3. Consequently, the constant C is A -consistent. 1−2α −2α q q Similarly, we can show ∇p −1,q ≤ ε ∇p + Cε p . Choosing ε so small L (Ω) L (Ω) W (Ω) ω ω 0,ω that we can absorb the higher norm terms into the left-hand side, we obtain the full estimate (6.4). (ii) Assume (f, g)=(0, 0). Then for ω =1 and q ≥ 2 it follows immediately u = 0 and hence ∇p =0 by testing the equation with u. Hence, an analogous argument as in the proof of Theorem 6.1 shows the uniqueness for all q ∈ (1, ∞)and ω ∈ A (G). Vol. 20 (2018) Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations 323 We will apply a compactness argument in order to show that the last term in (6.4) can be omitted. 1,1 Lemma 6.3. Let Ω ⊂ G be a bounded periodic C -domain, q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G), ϑ ∈ (0,π) and q λ λ ∈ Σ ∪{0}. Assume (u, p) ∈ X and deﬁne (f, −g):= S (u, p).Then ω q,ω q q u, λu, ∇ u, ∇p ≤ c f, ∇g + |λ|g −1,q , (6.8) L (Ω) L (Ω) ω ω W (Ω) 0,ω where c = c(q, ω, ϑ, Ω) > 0 is an A -consistent constant. Proof. Assume the lemma was wrong. Then there is R> 0, a sequence {ω }⊂ A (G) with upper bound j q sup A (ω ) ≤ R, sequences {(u , p )}⊂ X (Ω) and resolvent parameters {λ }⊂ Σ ∪{0} such that q j j j j ϑ j ω q q u ,λ u , ∇ u , ∇p  >j f , ∇g  + |λ |g  −1,q , (6.9) j j j j j j j j j L (Ω) L (Ω) ω ω W (Ω) j j 0,ω for all j ∈ N, where we have set (f , −g ):= S (u , p ). Since the pressures are deﬁned only up to a j j q,ω j j constant, we may assume that for all j ∈ N we have p dx = 0. Also, we can assume that the resolvent parameters λ converge to some λ ∈ Σ ∪{∞}. j ϑ Let Q be a bounded Lipschitz domain containing Ω. Then for ω := ω /ω (Q) both ω(Q)=1 and j j j −1/q A (ω )= A (ω ) <R hold for all j ∈ N. If we multiply (6.9)by ω (Q) , we obtain the same q j q j j inequality with ω replaced by ω . In the following, we will suppress the notation ω and always write j j j ω . By normalizing (6.9), we can assume (∀j ∈ N) u ,λ u , ∇ u , ∇p  =1, j j j j j L (Ω) (6.10) f , ∇g  + |λ |g  −1,q → 0, as j →∞. j j L (Ω) j j W (Ω) 0,ω q s The assertion about the uniformity in Lemma 3.3 shows that there is an s> 1 such that L (Ω) → L (Ω) with an embedding constant independent of j ∈ N. Hence, the sequences {λ u }, {u } and {∇p } are j j j j s n 2,s n s n bounded in L (Ω) , W (Ω) and L (Ω) , respectively. Taking subsequences if necessary, we thus obtain the weak convergences λ u v, u u, ∇p ∇p, (6.11) j j j j 2,s in their respective spaces. Again, we can assume p dx = 0. The weak convergence u u in W (Ω) 1,s gives u → u in W (Ω) by the compact embedding and hence γ(u) = 0 due to γ(u ) = 0. This shows j j div u = 0, and since ∇div u = 0 by the convergence ∇g → 0inL (Ω), even div u = 0. The convergence λ g → 0 in the sense of distributions yields (v, ∇ϕ) = lim (λ u , ∇ϕ)= − lim (λ g ,ϕ)=0 for j j j→∞ j j j→∞ j j ϕ ∈ C (Ω), which shows both div v =0 and v · n| = 0. Hence, ∂Ω v − Δu + ∇p =0, in Ω, div v =div u =0, in Ω, (6.12) v · n| =0. ∂Ω We proceed by distinguishing the cases λ = ∞ and λ = ∞. Assume ﬁrst λ → λ = ∞. Then (6.11) implies λu = v.Moreover, λ is still contained in a sector Σ ∪{0}. Hence, by (6.12) it follows S (u, p)=(0, 0) and by injectivity of S we obtain u =0 and ∇p = 0. Therefore, Lemma 3.7 shows p  → 0and s Lω (Ω) u  → 0. By Lemma 6.2 we know Lω (Ω) q q q u ,λu , ∇ u , ∇p  ≤ c f , ∇g  + |λ |g  −1,q + u , p  , j j j j j j j j  j j L (Ω) L (Ω) L (Ω) ω ω W (Ω) ω j j j 0,ω where the constant c> 0 is independent of j ∈ N, since it is A -consistent and A (ω ) ≤ R. Sending q q j j →∞, we obtain the contradiction 1 ≤ 0. In the case λ →∞, we necessarily have u  → 0 due to (6.10). Then (6.12) is the trivial j j L (Ω) Helmholtz decomposition and thus v = ∇p = 0. By the same arguments as in the case λ = ∞, we obtain a contradiction.  324 J. Sauer JMFM 6.1. Proof of Theorem 1.4 in Bounded Domains λ q It is left to show that the range of the operator S is dense in Y (Ω). Let us introduce a restricted q,ω ω λ q q n λ q q operator S : X (Ω) → L (Ω) via S (u, p)= λu−Δu+∇p. Here, X (Ω) := {(u, p) ∈ X (Ω) : div u = q,σ σ q,σ σ λ q n 0}. As a ﬁrst auxiliary result we want to show that the range of S is dense in L (Ω) . Observe that q,σ for q =2, every f ∈ L (Ω) has a unique decomposition (λ − Δ)u + ∇p = f in the sense of distributions 1,2 1,2 n 2 n with p ∈ W (Ω) and u ∈ W (Ω) with Δu ∈ L (Ω) and div u = 0. Indeed, this decomposition follows easily from the Helmholtz decomposition and the Riesz representation theorem. Let us check that (u, p) ∈ X (Ω), using the partition of unity. Then for f and g , where we set g = 0 in the deﬁnition of j j 2 2 2 g ,itholds(f ,g ) ∈ Y (Ω ) and hence (ψ u, ψ p) ∈ X (Ω ). It follows (u, p) ∈ X (Ω) and consequently, j j j j j j j 2 λ 2 2 n since div u =0, even (u, p) ∈ X (Ω). This shows that S : X (Ω) → L (Ω) is surjective. σ 2,σ σ q n 2 n 2 If q ∈ (1, ∞), let f ∈ L (Ω) ∩ L (Ω) . By what we have just proven, there is a unique (u, p) ∈ X (Ω) such that S (u, p)= f . Again by the same argumentation as above, using the partition of unity, we 2,σ q q n 2 n q n λ q obtain (u, p) ∈ X (Ω). Hence, since L (Ω) ∩ L (Ω) is dense in L (Ω) , the operator S : X (Ω) → σ q,σ σ q n λ L (Ω) has a dense range. Since the range is also closed by the a priori estimate (6.8), S is even an q,σ isomorphism. q 2,q Let now (f, g) ∈ Y (Ω). Then in complete analogy to Lemma 5.5 in [9], we obtain v ∈ (W (Ω) ∩ 1,q n λ W (Ω)) with div v = g. Moreover, thanks to the fact that S is an isomorphism, we can deﬁne 0 q,σ q q λ (w, p) ∈ X (Ω) as the preimage of f −(λv−Δv). Then (u, p):=(v+w, p) ∈ X (Ω) and S (u, p)=(f, −g). σ q Therefore, the assertion is proven for q ∈ (1, ∞)and ω =1. r q If ω ∈ A (G) is arbitrary, we employ Lemma 3.3 to obtain 1 <r < ∞ such that L (Ω) → L (Ω). λ λ r λ r r q Then S = S on X (Ω). Since the range of S is dense in Y (Ω) and Y (Ω) is itself dense in Y (Ω), q,ω r r ω we obtain a complete proof of the ﬁrst part. q q s 1 2 The additional regularity assertion follows as in Theorem 6.1 from L (Ω) + L (Ω) ⊂ L (Ω). ω ω 1 2 7. Appendix: Helmholtz Decomposition In this appendix we want to establish the weighted Helmholtz decomposition in the case of Ω = G, G 1,1 or a bounded periodic C -domain. Let us deﬁne for q ∈ (1, ∞)and ω ∈ A (G) the spaces ∞ ∞ n C (Ω) := {u ∈ C (Ω) :div u =0}, 0,σ 0 · q q L (Ω) ∞ ω L (Ω) := C (Ω) , ω,σ 0,σ 1,q 1,q ∇W (Ω) := {∇p : p ∈ W (Ω)}, ω ω q q n X (Ω) := {u ∈ L (Ω) :div u =0,u · n| =0}, ∂Ω ω,σ ω 1,q q q q where the norms of ∇W (Ω) and X (Ω) are given by ∇p and u , respectively. Observe L (Ω) L (Ω) ω ω,σ ω ω 1,q q q n that ∇W (Ω) and X (Ω) are closed subspaces of L (Ω) and hence Banach spaces. The normal trace ω ω,σ ω u · n| is well-deﬁned by Stokes’ theorem due to div u =0. ∂Ω 1,1 Lemma 7.1. Let Ω= G or let Ω be a bounded periodic C -domain. Assume q, q ∈ (1, ∞) and ω ∈ + i A (G), ω ∈ A (G), i =1, 2, respectively, ϑ ∈ (0,π) and λ ∈ Σ . q i q ϑ −1,q 1,q (i) For all F ∈ W (Ω) there exists a unique solution u ∈ W (Ω) to 0,ω ω 1,q (∇u, ∇ϕ)=[F, ϕ],ϕ ∈ W (Ω), (7.1) and there is an A -consistent c = c(n, q, ω, Ω) > 0 such that ∇u ≤ cF  −1,q . (7.2) L (Ω) ω W (Ω) 0,ω Vol. 20 (2018) Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations 325 −1,q −1,q 1 2 1,q If F ∈ W (Ω) ∩ W (Ω), then the unique solution u ∈ W (Ω) to (7.1) satisﬁes u ∈ 0,ω 0,ω 1 1 2 1,q 1,q 1  2 W (Ω) ∩ W (Ω). ω ω 1 2 −1,q 1,q −1,q (ii) For all F ∈ W (Ω) there exists a unique solution u ∈ W (Ω) ∩ W (Ω) to 0,ω ω ω 1,q λ(u, ϕ)+(∇u, ∇ϕ)=[F, ϕ],ϕ ∈ W (Ω), and there is an A -consistent c = c(n, q, ω, Ω) > 0 such that λu −1,q + ∇u ≤ cF  −1,q . L (Ω) W (Ω) W (Ω) 0,ω Proof. (i) For Ω = G, this is just Proposition 4.7.IfΩ = G , we can assume ω = ω by Lemma 3.2, and hence the assertion follows from the whole space result by a reﬂection argument, if one deﬁnes 1,q 1,q −1,q ∗ f ∈ W (G)via [f, ψ]:=[F, ϕ]for ψ ∈ W (G) with ϕ := (ψ + ψ )| ∈ W (G ). G + ω ω + ω 1,1 1,q Let Ω be a bounded periodic C -domain now and assume that for u ∈ W (Ω) solves (7.1) with F =0. If q ≥ 2and ω = 1, it immediately follows |∇u| =0. For 1 <q < 2and ω =1, we use 1,2 a localization as in Sect. 6 to obtain u ∈ W (Ω). In the presence of a weight ω ∈ A (G), Lemma 1,q 1,s 3.3 yields 1 <s< ∞ such that u ∈ W (Ω) → W (Ω), and hence the uniqueness follows also in this case. −1,q Moreover, in the unweighted case ω = 1, we obtain a solution to (7.1) for all F ∈ W (Ω) ∩ −1,2 1,2 W (Ω). Indeed, there is a solution u ∈ W (Ω) by the Riesz representation theorem. Therefore, using again the partition of unity, we obtain as above (with interchanged rˆ oles of q and 2) the result 1,q u ∈ W (Ω). If ω ∈ A (G) is arbitrary, we ﬁnd in virtue of Lemma 3.3 a number q ≤ r< ∞ such that −1,q 1,r 1,q W (Ω) → W (Ω). Hence, in any case we obtain a dense subset of D ⊂ W (Ω) such that ω 0,ω 1,q for every F ∈ D there is a solution u ∈ W (Ω) to (7.1). The partition of unity shows that for 1,q u ∈ W (Ω) we have the estimate q q ∇u ≤ c F  −1,q + u , L (Ω)  L (Ω) ω ω W (Ω) 0,ω where c = c(n, q, ω, Ω) > 0is A -consistent. By the same compactness argument as in the proof of Lemma 6.3, we can improve this estimate to the full a priori estimate (7.2), and hence D = −1,q W (Ω). 0,ω The regularity assertion is a consequence of the fact that there is a number 1 <s< ∞ such 1,q 1,q 1,s 1,s 1  2 that W (Ω) + W (Ω) ⊂ W (Ω) and the uniqueness assertion on W (Ω). ω ω 1 2 (ii) Analogous. Observe that for Ω = G, this is Proposition 4.9(iii). Theorem 7.2. Let q, q ∈ (1, ∞), ω ∈ A (G) and ω ∈ A (G), i =1, 2. i q i q (i) The following algebraic and topological decomposition holds q n q 1,q L (Ω) = X (Ω) ⊕∇W (Ω). ω ω,σ ω This decomposition is A -consistent, i.e., for the corresponding Helmholtz projection operator q n q 1,q P :L (Ω) → X (Ω) with kernel ∇W (Ω) it holds q,ω ω ω,σ ω q q P u ≤ cu , q,ω Xω,σ (Ω) Lω (Ω) where c = c(n, q, ω, Ω) > 0 is A -consistent. q q (ii) L (Ω) = X (Ω). ω,σ ω,σ (iii) The dual space (L (Ω)) can be identiﬁed with L (Ω) and we have (P ) = P . q,ω q ,ω ω,σ ω ,σ q n q n 1 2 (iv) If u ∈ L (Ω) ∩ L (Ω) , then P u = P u. q ,ω q ,ω ω ω 1 1 2 2 1 2 Proof. We show the assertion for Ω = G only, the other cases following analogously. 326 J. Sauer JMFM q n 1,q (i) Let u ∈ L (G) . By Lemma 7.1 there exists a unique p ∈ W (G) such that (∇p, ∇ϕ)=(u, ∇ϕ), ω ω 1,q ϕ ∈ W (G), and we have q q ∇p ≤ cu , Lω (G) Lω (G) where c = c(n, q, ω) > 0is A -consistent. Thus, P u := u −∇p is well-deﬁned and it is clear q q,ω q n q from the construction that P :L (G) → X (G)isan A -consistently bounded, surjective q,ω q ω ω,σ 1,q and linear projection with kernel ∇W (G). q q (ii) Since the inclusion L (G) ⊂ X (G) and the norm equality are trivial, it suﬃces to show that ω,σ ω,σ ∞ q q C (G) is dense in X (G). Let us ﬁrst show that the dual space (X (G)) can be identiﬁed with 0,σ ω,σ ω,σ q q X (G). The embedding X (G) ⊂ (X (G)) follows by H¨ older’s inequality. Conversely, let ω,σ ω ,σ ω ,σ q  n ψ ∈ (X (G)) . The theorem of Hahn–Banach provides a v ∈ L (G) such that [ψ, w]=(v, w)for ω,σ all w ∈ X (G). We employ the Helmholtz decomposition from part (i) to receive v = P   v+∇p q ,ω v ω,σ 1,q q with p ∈ W (G)and P   v ∈ X (G) and hence [ψ, w]=(P   v, w) for all w ∈ X (G). v q ,ω q ,ω ω ω ,σ ω,σ Thus, ψ ∈ (X (G)) can be identiﬁed with P   v ∈ X (G). q ,ω ω,σ ω ,σ q  ∞ Let ψ ∈ X (G)=(X (G)) be such that [ψ, ϕ] = 0 for all C (G). Let us use the notation ω ,σ ω,σ 0,σ n n ∞ ∞ ˜ 1 2 ˜ ˜ Ω:= R × [0,L) . Then by the canonical identiﬁcation of Ωand G we obtain C (Ω) ⊂ C (G). 0,σ 0,σ ˜ ˜ Therefore, [ψ, ϕ] = 0 for all ϕ ∈ C (Ω), where we view ψ as a distribution on Ω. By de Rham’s 0,σ argument [7], there is a distribution p such that ∇p = ψ ∈ L (Ω). (7.3) 1,q It follows immediately that p ∈ W (Ω), but if n ≥ 1, we need to show the periodicity assertion 1,q p ∈ W (G). Hence, assume for now n = 1,sothat y = x and n = n − 1. It suﬃces to show 2 n 1 n−1 ∞ n−1 that q(x ):= p(x ,L) − p(x , 0) = 0 for all x ∈ R .Let ϕ ∈ C (R ) be arbitrary and deﬁne ϕ := (0,..., 0,ϕ ) ∈ C (G). Then (7.3) gives 0,σ 0=[ψ, ϕ]= ∂ p dx ϕ dx =(q,ϕ ) n−1 , n n n n R n−1 R 0 which shows q = 0. Therefore, we can extend p periodically with respect to the variable x to 1,q p ∈ W (G). If n ≥ 1, an analogous argument yields the same assertion. q q It follows [ψ, v]=(∇p,v) = 0 for all v ∈ X (G) and hence ψ =0 in (X (G)) . Conse- ω,σ ω,σ ∞ q quently, C (G) is dense in X (G). 0,σ ω,σ (iii) The assertion (L (G)) = L (G) has already been proven in part (ii). Moreover, ω,σ ω ,σ [u, (P ) v]=(P u, v)=(P u, P   v + ∇p )=(P u, P   v) q,ω q,ω q,ω q ,ω v q,ω q ,ω =(P u + ∇p ,P v)=(u, P v), q,ω u q ,ω q ,ω whenever u ∈ L (G)and v ∈ L (G). Consequently (P ) = P   . q,ω q ,ω ω ω (iv) Lemma 7.1 yields ∇p = ∇p and hence P u = P u. 1 2 q ,ω q ,ω 1 1 2 2 Acknowledgements. Open access funding provided by Max Planck Society. Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Li- cense (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Vol. 20 (2018) Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations 327 References [1] Abels, H.: Reduced and generalized Stokes resolvent equations in asymptotically ﬂat layers. I. Unique solvability. J. Math. Fluid Mech. 7(2), 201–222 (2005) [2] Abels, H.: Nonstationary Stokes system with variable viscosity in bounded and unbounded domains. Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. S 3(2), 141–157 (2010) [3] Bothe, D., Pruss, ¨ J.: L -theory for a class of non-Newtonian ﬂuids. SIAM J. Math. Anal. 39(2), 379–421 (2007) [4] Bruhat, F.: Distributions sur un groupe localement compact et applications al’´ etude des repr´ esentations des groupes ℘-adiques. Bull. Soc. Math. Fr. 89, 43–75 (1961) [5] Burkholder, D.L.: A geometric condition that implies the existence of certain singular integrals of Banach-space-valued functions. In: Conference on Harmonic Analysis in Honor of Antoni Zygmund, vol. I, II (Chicago, IL, 1981), Wadsworth Mathematics Series, pp. 270–286. Wadsworth, Belmont (1983) [6] Chua, S.-K.: Extension theorems on weighted Sobolev spaces. Indiana Univ. Math. J. 41(4), 1027–1076 (1992) [7] de Rham, G.: Vari´ et´ es diﬀ´ erentiables. Formes, courants, formes harmoniques. Actualit´ es Sci. Ind., no. 1222 = Publ. Inst. Math. Univ. Nancago III. Hermann et Cie, Paris (1955) [8] Denk, R., Nau, T.: Discrete Fourier multipliers and cylindrical boundary-value problems. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. Sect. A 143(6), 1163–1183 (2013) [9] Farwig, R., Sohr, H.: Generalized resolvent estimates for the Stokes system in bounded and unbouded domains. J. Math. Soc. Jpn. 46(4), 607–643 (1994) [10] Fr¨ ohlich, A.: The Stokes operator in weighted L -spaces. I. Weighted estimates for the Stokes resolvent problem in a half space. J. Math. Fluid Mech. 5(2), 166–199 (2003) q p [11] Fr¨ ohlich, A.: The Stokes operator in weighted L -spaces. II. Weighted resolvent estimates and maximal L -regularity. Math. Ann. 339(2), 287–316 (2007) [12] Garc´ ıa-Cuerva, J., Rubio de Francia, J.L.: Weighted Norm Inequalities and Related Topics, volume 116 of North-Holland Mathematics Studies. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1985) [13] Iooss, G.: Th´ eorie non lin´ eaire de la stabilit´edes ´ ecoulements laminaires dans le cas de “l’´ echange des stabilit´ es”. Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 40, 166–208 (1970/1971) [14] Kurtz, D.S., Wheeden, R.L.: Results on weighted norm inequalities for multipliers. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 255, 343–362 (1979) [15] Kyed, M.: Maximal regularity of the time-periodic linearized Navier–Stokes system. J. Math. Fluid Mech. 16(3), 523–538 (2014) [16] Mart´ ınez Carracedo, C., Sanz Alix, M.: The Theory of Fractional Powers of Operators, volume 187 of North-Holland Mathematics Studies. North-Holland, Amsterdam (2001) [17] Nau, T.: The L -Helmholtz projection in ﬁnite cylinders. Czechoslovak Math. J. 65(1), 119–134 (2015) 1,p [18] Nekvinda, A.: Characterization of traces of the weighted Sobolev space W (Ω,d )on M . Czechoslov. Math. J. 43(4), 695–711 (1993) [19] Osborne, M.S.: On the Schwartz–Bruhat space and the Paley–Wiener theorem for locally compact Abelian groups. J. Funct. Anal. 19, 40–49 (1975) [20] Sauer, J.: An extrapolation theorem in non-Euclidean geometries and its application to partial diﬀerential equations. J. Elliptic Parabol. Equ. 1, 403–418 (2015) [21] Sauer, J.: Navier–Stokes Flow in Partially Periodic Domains. Sierke Verlag, G¨ ottingen (2015) [22] Sauer, J.: Weighted resolvent estimates for the spatially periodic Stokes equations. Ann. Univ. Ferrara Sez. VII Sci. Mat. 61(2), 333–354 (2015) [23] Sauer, J.: Maximal regularity of the spatially periodic Stokes operator and application to nematic liquid crystal ﬂows. Czechoslov. Math. J. 66(1), 41–55 (2016) [24] Stein, E.M.: Harmonic Analysis: Real-Variable Methods, Orthogonality, and Oscillatory Integrals, volume of 43 Prince- ton Mathematical Series. Princeton University Press, Princeton (1993) [25] Weis, L.: A new approach to maximal L -regularity. In: Evolution Equations and Their Applications in Physical and Life Sciences (Bad Herrenalb, 1998), volume 215 of Lecture Notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics, pp. 195–214. Dekker, New York (2001) Jonas Sauer Max-Planck-Institut fur ¨ Mathematik in den Wissenschaften Inselstr. 22 04103 Leipzig Germany e-mail: sauer@mis.mpg.de (accepted: March 23, 2017; published online: March 29, 2017) http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Journal of Mathematical Fluid Mechanics Springer Journals

Instationary Generalized Stokes Equations in Partially Periodic Domains

, Volume 20 (2) – Mar 29, 2017
39 pages

/lp/springer_journal/instationary-generalized-stokes-equations-in-partially-periodic-xNiQGY1HZI
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Subject
Physics; Fluid- and Aerodynamics; Mathematical Methods in Physics; Classical and Continuum Physics
ISSN
1422-6928
eISSN
1422-6952
D.O.I.
10.1007/s00021-017-0321-x
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Journal of Mathematical Fluid MechanicsSpringer Journals

Published: Mar 29, 2017

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