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Effect of Atmospheric PM2.5 on Expression Levels of NF-κB Genes and Inflammatory Cytokines Regulated by NF-κB in Human Macrophage

Effect of Atmospheric PM2.5 on Expression Levels of NF-κB Genes and Inflammatory Cytokines... Exposure to PM2.5 induces systemic inflammation, and the NF-κB signaling pathway plays an important role in the inflammation process. We aim to clarify whether the expression of NF-κB gene family affects inflammation caused by PM2.5. Human monocytic cells (THP-1) were induced to differentiate into macrophages using phorbol myristate acetate. The macrophages were then treated with 100, 200, and 400 μg/ml of PM2.5 for 12, 24, and 48 h, respectively. Then, we determined the survival rate of macrophages through the MTT assay. The TNF-α and CRP levels in the cell culture medium were measured through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The NF-κB1, NF-κB2, RelA, RelB, and Rel mRNA levels in macrophages were measured with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. As a consequence, the survival rate of macrophages decreased with increasing PM2.5 exposure time and dose. The TNF-α levels in PM2.5-treated groups were lower as compared with the control group and in contrast to the NF-κB mRNA levels at all exposure times. The TNF-α level in the 400-μg/ml group and the NF-κB1, NF-κB2, RelB, and Rel mRNA levels in all PM2.5-treated groups were found to be higher at 24 h than at 12 h. Furthermore, the TNF-α, CRP, and NF-κB2 mRNA levels in the group treated with 400 μg/ml PM2.5 were higher at 48 h that at 12 and 24 h. On the other hand, the NF-κB1, RelA, RelB, and Rel mRNA levels in all PM2.5-treated groups were lower as compared to levels of TNF-α, CRP, and NF-κB2 mRNA. The levels of NF-κB genes and inflammatory cytokines demonstrated different correlations at different exposure times. Therefore, we conclude that PM2.5 reduces the survival rate of macrophages. As macrophages are exposed to PM2.5, the NF-κB gene family expression is increased, which subsequently affects inflammatory factor levels. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Inflammation Springer Journals

Effect of Atmospheric PM2.5 on Expression Levels of NF-κB Genes and Inflammatory Cytokines Regulated by NF-κB in Human Macrophage

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Publisher
Springer Journals
Copyright
Copyright © 2018 by Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
Subject
Medicine & Public Health; Rheumatology; Internal Medicine; Pharmacology/Toxicology; Pathology
ISSN
0360-3997
eISSN
1573-2576
DOI
10.1007/s10753-018-0732-8
pmid
29396771
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Exposure to PM2.5 induces systemic inflammation, and the NF-κB signaling pathway plays an important role in the inflammation process. We aim to clarify whether the expression of NF-κB gene family affects inflammation caused by PM2.5. Human monocytic cells (THP-1) were induced to differentiate into macrophages using phorbol myristate acetate. The macrophages were then treated with 100, 200, and 400 μg/ml of PM2.5 for 12, 24, and 48 h, respectively. Then, we determined the survival rate of macrophages through the MTT assay. The TNF-α and CRP levels in the cell culture medium were measured through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The NF-κB1, NF-κB2, RelA, RelB, and Rel mRNA levels in macrophages were measured with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. As a consequence, the survival rate of macrophages decreased with increasing PM2.5 exposure time and dose. The TNF-α levels in PM2.5-treated groups were lower as compared with the control group and in contrast to the NF-κB mRNA levels at all exposure times. The TNF-α level in the 400-μg/ml group and the NF-κB1, NF-κB2, RelB, and Rel mRNA levels in all PM2.5-treated groups were found to be higher at 24 h than at 12 h. Furthermore, the TNF-α, CRP, and NF-κB2 mRNA levels in the group treated with 400 μg/ml PM2.5 were higher at 48 h that at 12 and 24 h. On the other hand, the NF-κB1, RelA, RelB, and Rel mRNA levels in all PM2.5-treated groups were lower as compared to levels of TNF-α, CRP, and NF-κB2 mRNA. The levels of NF-κB genes and inflammatory cytokines demonstrated different correlations at different exposure times. Therefore, we conclude that PM2.5 reduces the survival rate of macrophages. As macrophages are exposed to PM2.5, the NF-κB gene family expression is increased, which subsequently affects inflammatory factor levels.

Journal

InflammationSpringer Journals

Published: Feb 2, 2018

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