Get 20M+ Full-Text Papers For Less Than $1.50/day. Start a 14-Day Trial for You or Your Team.

Learn More →

Cholesterol screening and statin use in children: a literature review

Cholesterol screening and statin use in children: a literature review Atherosclerosis begins in childhood. Fatty streaks, the earliest precursor of atherosclerotic lesions, have been found in the coronary arteries of children of 2 years of age. Hypercholesterolaemia is a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Hypercholesterolaemia can be either primary, when it is characteristic of the main disease, or secondary when it occurs as a result of either a disease process or drug treatment. Given the risk of vascular disease, including myocardial infarction (MI), cerebrovascular accidents (CVA, also known as strokes), peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and ruptured aortic aneurysm, which may follow atherosclerosis, it is important to prevent or slow the early development of atherosclerotic lesions. This prevention necessitates the control of key risk factors such hypercholesterolaemia, dyslipidaemia, hypertension etc. However, at what point this prevention ought to occur, and in what form, is uncertain. Using pharmacological primary prevention for hypercholesterolaemia in the paediatric population is controversial. In an adult patient, hypercholesterolaemia warrants the initiation of a statin. Statins, also known as hydroxymethylglutaryl co-enzyme A inhibitors (or HMG-CoA inhibitors) act by altering cholesterol metabolism. In the paediatric population, the clinical course of vascular disease and the effect of altering this clinical course are less certain. This article reviews the published literature on hypercholesterolaemia in children and the use of statins as a treatment for dyslipidaemia in children. The US National Cholesterol Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents 2012 guidelines (NCEP guidelines) regarding the recognition and treatment of childhood dyslipidaemia are reviewed. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) Springer Journals

Cholesterol screening and statin use in children: a literature review

Download PDF
10 pages

Loading next page...
 
/lp/springer_journal/cholesterol-screening-and-statin-use-in-children-a-literature-review-i01v0vF8EP
Publisher
Springer Journals
Copyright
Copyright © 2018 by Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland
Subject
Medicine & Public Health; Internal Medicine; General Practice / Family Medicine
ISSN
0021-1265
eISSN
1863-4362
DOI
10.1007/s11845-018-1835-9
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Atherosclerosis begins in childhood. Fatty streaks, the earliest precursor of atherosclerotic lesions, have been found in the coronary arteries of children of 2 years of age. Hypercholesterolaemia is a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Hypercholesterolaemia can be either primary, when it is characteristic of the main disease, or secondary when it occurs as a result of either a disease process or drug treatment. Given the risk of vascular disease, including myocardial infarction (MI), cerebrovascular accidents (CVA, also known as strokes), peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and ruptured aortic aneurysm, which may follow atherosclerosis, it is important to prevent or slow the early development of atherosclerotic lesions. This prevention necessitates the control of key risk factors such hypercholesterolaemia, dyslipidaemia, hypertension etc. However, at what point this prevention ought to occur, and in what form, is uncertain. Using pharmacological primary prevention for hypercholesterolaemia in the paediatric population is controversial. In an adult patient, hypercholesterolaemia warrants the initiation of a statin. Statins, also known as hydroxymethylglutaryl co-enzyme A inhibitors (or HMG-CoA inhibitors) act by altering cholesterol metabolism. In the paediatric population, the clinical course of vascular disease and the effect of altering this clinical course are less certain. This article reviews the published literature on hypercholesterolaemia in children and the use of statins as a treatment for dyslipidaemia in children. The US National Cholesterol Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents 2012 guidelines (NCEP guidelines) regarding the recognition and treatment of childhood dyslipidaemia are reviewed.

Journal

Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) – Springer Journals

Published: Jun 1, 2018

References

  • Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study
    Berenson, GS; Srinivasan, SR; Bao, W; Newman, WP; Tracy, RE; Wattigney, WA
  • Associations of coronary heart disease risk factors with the intermediate lesion of atherosclerosis in youth: the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group
    HC, MG; McMahan, CA; Zieske, AW
  • Relation of serum lipoprotein levels and systolic blood pressure to early atherosclerosis. The Bogalusa Heart Study
    Newman, WP; Freedman, DS; Voors, AW
  • Challenges in the pharmacologic management of obesity and secondary dyslipidemia in children and adolescents
    Kennedy, MJ; Jellerson, KD; Snow, MZ; Zacchetti, ML
  • Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group
    Shepherd, J; Cobbe, SM; Ford, I
  • Atherosclerosis—a pediatric nutrition problem?
    Holman, RL
  • A preliminary report from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group
  • Atherosclerotic CVD beginning in childhood
    Hong, YM
  • Arterial intima-media thickness in children heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolaemia
    Wiegman, A; Groot, E; Hutten, BA
  • Carotid intimal-medial thickness is related to cardiovascular risk factors measured from childhood through middle age: the Muscatine Study
    Davis, PH; Dawson, JD; Riley, WA; Lauer, RM
  • Statin treatment in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: the younger, the better
    Rodenburg, J; Vissers, MN; Wiegman, A; van Trotsenburg, ASP; van der Graaf, A; de Groot, E; Wijburg, FA; Kastelein, JJP; Hutten, BA
  • Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness—a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Lorenz, MW; Markus, HS; Bots, ML; Rosvall, M; Sitzer, M
  • Trends in risk factors for cardiovascular disease among children and adolescents in the United States
    Ford, ES; Mokdad, AH; Ajani, UA
  • Pediatric aspects of familial hypercholesterolemias: recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia
    Daniels, SR; Gidding, SS; Ferranti, SD
  • Considering statins for cholesterol-reduction in children if lifestyle and diet changes do not improve their health: a review of the risks and benefits
    O’Gorman, CS; O’Neill, MB; Conwell, LS
  • A review of guidelines for dyslipidemia in children and adolescents
    Peterson, AL; McBride, PE
  • The use of statins in pediatrics: knowledge base, limitations, and future directions
    Belay, B; Belamarich, PF; Tom-Revzon, C
  • Reduction in mortality in subjects with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia associated with advances in lipid-lowering therapy
    Raal, FJ; Pilcher, GJ; Panz, VR; van Deventer, HE; Brice, BC; Blom, DJ; Marais, AD
  • Management of familial hypercholesterolemia in children and young adults: consensus paper developed by a panel of lipidologists, cardiologists, paediatricians, nutritionists, gastroenterologists, general practitioners and a patient organization
    Descamps, OS; Tenoutasse, S; Stephenne, X; Gies, I; Beauloye, V; Lebrethon, MC; de Beaufort, C; de Waele, K; Scheen, A; Rietzschel, E; Mangano, A; Panier, JP; Ducobu, J; Langlois, M; Balligand, JL; Legat, P; Blaton, V; Muls, E; van Gaal, L; Sokal, E; Rooman, R; Carpentier, Y; de Backer, G; Heller, FR
  • Mechanisms of disease: genetic causes of familial hypercholesterolemia
    SoutaR, AK; Naoumova, RP
  • The LDL receptor
    Goldstein, JL; Brown, MS
  • Changes in the textural characteristics of intima-media complex in young patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: implication for visual inspection on B-mode ultrasound
    Noto, N; Okada, T; Abe, Y; Miyashita, M; Kanamaru, H; Karasawa, K; Ayusawa, M; Sumitomo, N; Mugishima, H
  • Early left ventricular abnormalities in children with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
    Salvo, G; D’Aiello, AF; Castaldi, B
  • Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial
    Wiegman, A; Hutten, BA; Groot, E
  • Hypercholesterolemia—a disease with expression since childhood
    EspinheiraMdo, C; Vasconcelos, C; Medeiros, AM
  • Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics-2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association
    Roger, VL; Go, AS; Lloyd-Jones, DM; Benjamin, EJ; Berry, JD; Borden, WB; Bravata, DM; Dai, S; Ford, ES; Fox, CS; Fullerton, HJ; Gillespie, C; Hailpern, SM; Heit, JA; Howard, VJ; Kissela, BM; Kittner, SJ; Lackland, DT; Lichtman, JH; Lisabeth, LD; Makuc, DM; Marcus, GM; Marelli, A; Matchar, DB; Moy, CS; Mozaffarian, D; Mussolino, ME; Nichol, G; Paynter, NP; Soliman, EZ; Sorlie, PD; Sotoodehnia, N; Turan, TN; Virani, SS; Wong, ND; Woo, D; Turner, MB
  • Spectrum and management of hypertriglyceridemia among children in clinical practice
    Manlhiot, C; Larsson, P; Gurofsky, RC; Smith, RW; Fillingham, C; Clarizia, NA; Chahal, N; Clarke, JT; McCrindle, BW
  • Storm over statins—the controversy surrounding pharmacologic treatment of children
    Ferranti, S; Ludwig, DS
  • Impact of dietary and exercise interventions on weight change and metabolic outcomes in obese children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials
    Ho, M; Garnett, SP; Baur, LA; Burrows, T; Stewart, L; Neve, M; Collins, C
  • Screening and treatment for lipid disorders in children and adolescents: systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force
    Haney, EM; Huffman, LH; Bougatsos, C
  • Universal versus targeted blood cholesterol screening among youth: the CARDIAC project
    Ritchie, SK; Murphy, EC; Ice, C
  • Evaluation of AAP guidelines for cholesterol screening in youth: Project Heart Beat!
    Eissa, MA; Wen, E; Mihalopoulos, NL; Grunbaum, JA; Labarthe, DR
  • NHLBI integrated guidelines on cardiovascular disease risk reduction: can we clarify the controversy about cholesterol screening and treatment in childhood?
    Ferranti, SD; Daniels, SR; Gillman
  • Principles and practice of screening for disease
    Wilson, JMG; Jungner, G
  • Preventing heart disease in the 21st century: implications of the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study
    HC, MG; McMahan, CA; Gidding, SS
  • Implementation of lipid screening guidelines in children by primary pediatric providers
    Dixon, DB; Kornblum, AP; Steffen, L
  • Lipid screening and cardiovascular health in childhood
    Daniels, SR; Greer, FR
  • Management of familial hypercholesterolemia in children and adolescents. Position paper of the Polish Lipid Expert Forum
    Myśliwiec, M; Walczak, M; Małecka-Tendera, E; Dobrzańska, A; Cybulska, B; Filipiak, K; Mazur, A; Jarosz-Chobot, P; Szadkowska, A; Rynkiewicz, A; Chybicka, A; Socha, P; Brandt, A; Bautembach-Minkowska, J; Zdrojewski, T; Limon, J; Gidding, SS; Banach, M
  • Distribution of lipoproteins by age and gender in adolescents
    Jolliffe, CJ; Janssen, I
  • Familial hypercholesterolemia: summary of NICE guideline
    Wierzbicki, AS; Humphries, SE; Minhas, R
  • Cholesterol screening in children: insights from Project Heart Beat! and NHANES III
    Labarthe, DR; Dai, S; Fulton, J
  • Prevalence of high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and smoking among elementary school children in North Carolina
    Bradley, CB; Harrell, JS; McMurray, RG
  • A systematic review and meta-analysis of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia
    Avis, HJ; Vissers, MN; Stein, EA
  • Statins for children with familial hypercholesterolemia
    Vuorio, A; Kuoppala, J; Kovanen, PT
  • Early statin therapy restores endothelial function in children with familial hypercholesterolemia
    Jongh, S; Lilien, MR; op’tRoodt, J
  • Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia or severe hyperlipidemia: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
    McCrindle, BW; Ose, L; Marais, AD
  • Long-term follow-up of statin treatment in a cohort of children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Efficacy and tolerability
    Carreau, V; Girardet, JP; Bruckert, E
  • Efficacy and safety of lovastatin therapy in adolescent girls with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
    Clauss, SB; Holmes, KW; Hopkins, P
  • Short-term efficacy and safety of pravastatin in 72 children with familial hypercholesterolemia
    Knipscheer, HC; Boelen, CC; Kastelein, JJ
  • An eight-week trial investigating the efficacy and tolerability of atorvastatin for children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
    Gandelman, K; Glue, P; Laskey, R; Jones, J; LaBadie, R; Ose, L
  • Summary of the American Heart Association’s scientific statement on drug therapy of high-risk lipid abnormalities in children and adolescents
    McCrindle, BW
  • Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia
    Kastelein, JJ; Akdim, F; Stroes, ES; Zwinderman, AH; Bots, ML; Stalenhoef, AF; Visseren, FL; Sijbrands, EJ; Trip, MD; Stein, EA; Gaudet, D; Duivenvoorden, R; Veltri, EP; Marais, AD; de Groot, E