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Appl Water Sci (2017) 7:2267–2277 DOI 10.1007/s13201-016-0394-3 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Assessment of the impact of textile effluents on microbial diversity in Tirupur district, Tamil Nadu 1 2 3 1 • • • • Shashi Prabha Anindita Gogoi Payal Mazumder AL. Ramanathan Manish Kumar Received: 17 October 2015 / Accepted: 11 February 2016 / Published online: 16 March 2016 The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The expedited advent of urbanization and concluded that the microbial community helps to check on industrialization for economic growth has adversely the pollutants and minimize their affect. Therefore, there is affected the biological diversity, which is one of the major a need to understand the systematic variation in microbial concerns of the developing countries. Microbes play a diversity with the accumulation of pollution load through crucial role in decontaminating polluted sites and degrades monitoring. pollution load of textile effluent. The present study was based on identification of microbial diversity along the Keywords Industrial effluent Microbial diversity Noyaal river of Tirupur area. River water samples from Textile industries India industrial and non-industrial sites and effluent samples of before and after treatment were tested and it was found that microbial diversity was higher in the river water at the Introduction industrial site (Kasipalayam) as compared to the non-in- dustrial site (Perur). Similarly, the microbial populations Microbial diversity constitutes the most extraordinary were found to be high in the untreated effluent as compared reservoir of life in the biosphere that we have only just to the treated one by conventional treatment systems. begun to explore and understand. Over the millennia, Similar trends were observed for MBR treatment systems microbes have adapted to extremely diverse environments, as well. Pseudomonas sp., Achromobacter sp. (bacterial and developed an extensive range of new metabolic path- species) and Aspergillus fumigates (fungal species), found ways or library of catabolic enzymes (Butler and Mason exclusively at the industrial site have been reported to 1997; Ellis, 2000). This metabolic wealth has traditionally possess decolorization potential of dye effluent, thus can be been exploited by men in processes such as fermentation, used for treatment of dye effluent. The comparison of production of antibiotics, vitamins. They are also used as different microbial communities from different dye indicator of water quality of water bodies by quantitative wastewater sources and textile effluents was done, which and qualitative presence of microbes. The drainage of showed that the microbes degrade dyestuffs, reduce toxi- effluent into a water body increases its nutrient stock city of wastewaters, etc. From the study, it can be enhancing the microbial growth that have or may develop potential to degrade or utilize xenobiotic and recalcitrant compounds for their energy requirements, thus initiate a & Manish Kumar complex change in the microbial diversity (Jain et al. manish.env@gmail.com 2005). One of the most important and potent industries that contributes to high COD, color and organic matter in the School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India form of wastewater is the textile industry (Li et al. 2015). Environmental pollution by xenobiotics has become a Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Sonitpur, Tezpur, Assam 784 028, India major concern. The visual pollutants added to the water systems by textile and dye industries besides adding color Department of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Science also causes toxicity to aquatic and other life forms (Joshi Education and Research, Kolkata, India 123 2268 Appl Water Sci (2017) 7:2267–2277 et al. 2010). The textile industries are also one of the most Proteobacteria, etc.) from different domestic and industrial water consuming sectors and releases wastewaters having wastewaters (Boon et al. 2002). Gajera et al. (2015) have variable characteristics and are of complex nature (Spagni isolated fungi from effluent contaminated plant rhizosphere et al. 2012). near textile dyeing industry and reported the decolorization Recently, biological treatment of wastewater using and biodegradation of textile effluent by the novel fungi microbes has been one of the active fields of research Hypocrea koningii. Our understanding and knowledge (Drogui et al. 2005; Cheung and Gu 2007). Microbes are about microbial potential and exploitation of their meta- nature’s original recyclers, converting toxic organic com- bolic processes must be channeled in proper application pounds into simpler non-toxic products, often carbon prospective way to mitigate the problems associated with dioxide and water. The presence of a large number of industrial effluents and their pollution load. It has been diverse bacteria, fungi and other microbes in nature suggested that the increasing amount of information expands the variety of chemical pollutants that can be available about the strains, compounds, enzymes and degraded and the extent to which polluted sites can be reactions implicated in microbial biodegradation of toxic decontaminated by indigenous microbes. There are several pollutants provides us with the building blocks for for- reports dealing with the decolorization of dyestuffs using mulating a ‘biodegradation network’ (Pazos et al. 2003). pure bacterial strains and combination of selected strains Native Bacteria and Fungi, isolated from effluent sites, (Oturkar et al. 2013). The river bed of Noyyal across Tir- i.e., Aeromonas sp., Pseudomonas sp., Flavobacterium sp., upur may be a source of microbes having potential to Rhodococcus sp., and fungal strains Myrothecium sp. degrade pollution load of textile effluent (Arunprasad and Phanerochaete chrysosporium may have potential to Bhaskara Rao 2010). Surface water quality is highly absorb and degrade the dye component from textile effluent deteriorated by the direct release of textile effluents (Hu et al. 1992; Mou et al. 1991; Heiss et al. 1992; Glenn (Balapure et al. 2015). Due to high xenobiotic load of and Gold 1983). Pure bacterial strains, such as Pseu- chemicals into the environment, i.e., habitat of microbes, domonas luteola, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis, some microorganisms and microbial communities have Pseudomonas sp. and Proteus mirabilis decolorizes dye developed the ability to process them. They process under anoxic conditions while in some cases they need xenobiotics that do not form part of their central metabo- additional carbon sources to decolorize as they are unable lism and transform them into compounds that can enter into to utilize the dyes due to their toxicity (Chang et al. 2001). their central metabolism, e.g., degrading dye and dye Apart from bacteria and fungi, a variety of free-living derivatives of textile processing effluent into simpler forms amoeba is also reported to be present depending on the (Parales et al. 2002). characteristics, i.e., content of colorants, surfactants of The biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds by effluents of dyeing plants. They feed on bacteria and microbial communities, which transfer substrates and become the link between decomposing organisms and products between each other and cooperate metabolically other higher organisms in the trophic level (Ramirez et al. and also shows intra-species and inter-species horizontal 2014). The fate of dye stuff was investigated in biologi- transfer of DNA, has been known for a long time. They cally based primary treatment to understand the mechanism may develop due to the exposure of recalcitrant chemicals of biological potential in activated sludge and it was found over a long period of time, like in the case of direct that partial color removal was achieved by adsorption of draining of textile effluent into the Noyyal River in Tirupur the dyes to the sludge (even though they were water sol- and at other places of textile hub (Abraham et al. 2002; uble). Also, subsequent removal by flocculation and the Arunprasad and Bhaskara Rao 2010; Faryal and Hameed possibility of better results by adaptation of microbes in 2005; Carliell et al. 1995; Wilkins 2002). Diverse industrial textile effluent medium (where the carbon source is only in activities lead to heavy pollution of soils and surface waters the form of effluent) has been observed (Pagga and Brown by contributing heavy metals such as Chromate, which can 1986). Dye toxicity may restrict the microbial diversity of be alleviated through bioremediation by resistant activated sludge and reduce the extent of color removal in microorganisms (Fernandez et al. 2013). Table 5 shows the treatment process (Brown et al. 1981). microbial diversity in wastewaters and effluents from dif- A recent investigation in Tirupur has suggested the ferent sources in different countries. Some microbes like contamination of soil and sediment of river bed by different free-living amoeba (Acanthamoeba, Echinamoeba, Korot- metals and dye stuff and also the adaptability of native nevella, etc.) were reported to be present in textile indus- microbial community to decolorize the color of effluent. trial wastewater which feed on bacteria (Ramirez et al. The river bed soil and sediment is slightly alkaline and 2014). While in another study, various molecular and sta- have very low organic matter and organic carbon, as well tistical methods were employed to obtain different micro- as low micronutrients. This result infers metal contamina- bial communities (Acidobacterium, Actinomycetes, a- tion in that site. Also, the groundwater, soil and sediment 123 Appl Water Sci (2017) 7:2267–2277 2269 adjacent to the flowing textile effluent experiences change microbial population by comparing polluted and non-pol- in physicochemical parameters (Prabha et al. 2013, 2014, luted sites and also to compare microbial population of Kumar et al. 2009, 2010). These changes can be attributed treated and non-treated effluent in both the treatment sys- to high content of metal ions in various dyes (Arunprasad tems, i.e., conventional as well as MBR-based CETP. and Bhaskara Rao 2010). Thus, the strains show adapt- ability to severe conditions of the effluent and their survival in the highly contaminated water. The ability of the Study area microbes to decolorize textile dyes has also been attributed to their adaptability to degrade the xenobiotic compounds Tirupur is located on the bank of Noyyal River, a tributary 0 0 0 0 by their biological activity and chemical structure of the of river Cauvery. It lies between 11 10 Nto11 22 N lati- 0 0 0 0 dyes. The individual strains may attack the dye molecule at tude and 77 21 Eto77 50 E longitude (Karuppapillai and different positions or may use degradation products pro- Krishnan 2010). It has an average elevation of 310 meters duced by other strains for further degradation (Coughlin (Figure 1). The geomorphologic characteristics of Tirupur et al. 1997). The addition of effluent initiates a series of are broadly classified into Pedi plain, Habitation mask and physico-chemical changes in the water body and sediment, Water body mask. The land use categories are classified as where all the pollutants get settled over time. It increases Built up, Agriculture, Water bodies and Waste land. Soil the chemical load in the system which in due course of types in Tirupur block can be divided into Fine, Fine time leads to the adaptation of microbes in the harsh con- loamy, Loamy skeletal, and Clayey loamy. Textile and ditions depending upon the type of chemicals present. The Dyeing industrial units are the primary source of livelihood difference in microbial composition as well as its density in for the local as well as migrated skilled and unskilled polluted and non-polluted water is due to chemical laden workers. Tirupur, which is the hosiery capital of India, effluent and it is very clearly interpreted. discharges large quantities of wastewater from dyeing and The objective of this paper was to study the changes in bleaching units. On the industrial front with over 700 the pollution load flux in Noyyal River with respect to industries, the contribution of the industrial discharges in Fig. 1 Map illustrating location of the study area, i.e., Noyyal River in Tirupur, Tamilnadu, India 123 2270 Appl Water Sci (2017) 7:2267–2277 Tirupur is significant. About 75,000 m of effluent is dis- Isolation of bacteria and fungi by serial dilution charged per day (Rajaguru 1997). Most of the dyeing and and plate count method bleaching units located within the city limit their discharge of effluents without any treatment either into the Noyyal At first, the stock solution was prepared with 0.85 % NaCl concentration and then serial dilution blanks were prepared River or onto the agricultural lands which are located in the -1 vicinity of these industries. Dyeing industries in Tirupur in test tubes and marked sequentially starting from 10 to -5 10 dilution and autoclave sterilized. 1 ml of water use numerous synthetic dyes and dye intermediate chemi- -1 cals such as caustic soda, soda ash, hydrochloric acid, sample was dissolved in 9 ml solution i.e. 10 dilution. -2 1 ml from this was then transferred to 9 ml of the 10 sulfuric acid, peroxides, hypo-chlorites, etc. Many of these -2 poisonous chemicals are known to persist for long periods labeled test tube i.e. 10 dilution, using a fresh sterile in the environment and their concentrations build-up geo- pipette; and this was repeated for each succeeding step till -5 metrically as they get transferred to different stages in the 10 . Luria–Bertani (LB) Agar media was used for the food web (Kumar 1977). These chemicals may destroy the isolation of bacterial strains and for the isolation of fungal soil micro-flora and -fauna which is vital for the existence strains potato dextrose agar (PDA) media was used. From -3 -4 -5 of men on land. 10 ,10 , and 10 dilution tubes, 0.1 ml of dilution fluid was then spread on sterilized petriplates in triplicates using the standard spread plate technique, for both bacterial and fungal strain isolation (Figs. 3, 4). Materials and methods The LB agar plates were then incubated at 37 C for To understand the differences in microbial stocks (both 24 h and the PDA plates were incubated at 27 C for 72 h. bacterial and fungal population), river water samples col- After successful growth of microorganisms, characteristics lected from a highly polluted Tirupur stretch, at Kasi- of each distinct colony, e.g., shapes, color, transparency, palayam and a far upstream non-industrialized stretch of etc. were determined. Gram stain was performed to observe Noyyal River, at Perur were analyzed. (Figure 2) Secondly, the cellular morphology and gram reaction of the bacteria. we have done the comparative study of BT and AT efflu- The number of bacterial and fungal colonies in the water ents in the two treatment systems, i.e., conventional as well samples was counted and the density was expressed as Colony Forming Units (CFU) as given below: as MBR-based CETP, with respect to microbial population. For microbial diversity analysis, samples of effluent and CFU in original sample surface water were collected in dry, sterile polypropylene ml bottles, which were kept in ice during transportation. #colonies counted Samples were stored in refrigerator (4 C) till the fungal (dilution factor) (volume plated in ml) and bacterial strains were isolated. Fig. 2 Noyyal River Basin and location of Surface water along river 123 Appl Water Sci (2017) 7:2267–2277 2271 Fig. 3 Schematic diagram for Transfer Transfer Transfer Transfer Transfer isolation of bacteria and fungus 1 ml and mix 1 ml and mix 1 ml and mix 1 ml and mix 1 ml and mix by serial dilution method 9 ml 9 ml 9 ml 9 ml 9 ml broth broth broth broth broth -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 Original 10 10 10 10 10 Sample Dilution Dilution Dilution Dilution Dilution Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate 0.1 ml 0.1 ml 0.1 ml 0.1 ml 0.1 ml Incubate 1:10 1:100 1:1000 1:10000 plates Impossible Too many ~ 1000 ~ 100 10 to count to count Colonies Colonies Colonies Physico-chemical characterization of bacterial Results and discussion strains The direct discharge of effluents into the Noyyal River may Bacterial diversity of water and effluent samples were have implications over microbial population, both quali- characterized on the basis of morphological examination of tatively and quantitatively. The Total Heterotrophic Bac- the obtained colonies depending upon their shape, size, teria (THB), e.g., E. coli and Salmonella/Shigella are color, opacity, texture, elevation, margin, nature under the indicators of water contaminants with domestic and microscope, gram staining. Also some biochemical tests pathogenic contamination (La Rosa et al. 2001), hence such as catalase test, starch hydrolysis test, MRVP test, analyzed for the present study. The microbial diversity was etc., were performed (Seeley and Van Demark 1972). The expressed in Colony forming units per ml (CFU/ml) at the fungal colonies appeared on the PDA plates were then sampling sites and is shown in Table 1. isolated, purified and characterized based on their mor- The total heterotrophic bacteria, E. coli and fungal count phological appearance as color, texture and diameter of the showed the contribution of industries in terms of high THB mycelia. in sdurface water of industrial site as compared to the non- industrial site. Bacterial as well as fungal population was Microscopic study of fungal strains low in non-industrial site, while it got multiplied due to textile effluent discharge and domestic sewage contami- The fungal population was characterized to species level by nation in Noyyal River. However, the population density of referring standard mycological books and manuals on the Salmonella/Shigella remained same in both upstream to basis of their morphological characters under microscopic Tirupur as well as in the polluted industrial site for river observations (Gilman 1959, 1998; Subramanian 1971, water, suggesting possible sewage contamination even at 1983; Ellis and Ellis 1985). Perur, a non-industrial site. This result suggests that 123 2272 Appl Water Sci (2017) 7:2267–2277 -3 -4 -5 Fig. 4 Bacterial colonies obtained in a 10 , b 10 , c 10 dilution plates containing LB agar, d E.coli cells grown in Eosin-Methylene Blue agar, e and f fungal colonies obtained in PDA Table 1 Microbial density at polluted and non-polluted sites of Noyyal River Sample locations Bacteria CFU/ml Fungi CFU/ml THB E. coli Salmonella/Shigella 5 5 3 3 River water at Perur 0.77 9 10 2.0 9 10 1.0 9 10 1.5 9 10 6 5 3 4 River water at Kasipalayam 7.53 9 10 2.6 9 10 1.0 9 10 1.1 9 10 Total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) Table 2 Microbial density of textile wastewater in different treatment systems Treatment System Bacterial (CFU/ml) Fungi (CFU/ml) BT Effluent AT Effluent BT Effluent AT Effluent 7 6 3 3 Conventional Biological 6.11 9 10 2.53 9 10 1.8 9 10 1.5 9 10 7 2 3 MBR 3.91 9 10 1.2 9 10 1.6 9 10 1.0 AT& BT represents after and before treatment effluent samples, respectively microbial population in river water is enhanced by the microbial population of textile effluent estimated for BT industrial pollution load (Table 1). and AT for conventional treatment system (Kasipalayam) To compare the microbial load of BT and AT effluent, showed that bacterial population density in AT effluent is samples from both biologically based conventional, which less (2.53 9 10 CFU/ml) as compared to BT effluent are common in practice for waste water treatment in (6.11 9 10 CFU/ml). Similar trend has been observed for CETPs in Tirupur and MBR-based treatment system which fungal population density, i.e., 1.5 9 10 CFU/ml in AT has just started operating, were collected and analyzed. The and 1.8 9 10 CFU/ml in BT effluent (Table 2). This result 123 Appl Water Sci (2017) 7:2267–2277 2273 suggests that the microbial population in AT effluent was not standardized. To get effluent quality for reuse, there decreased compared to that of BT which may be because of must be very low microbial count after primary treatment. the removal of nutrient constituent by degradation of The output of primary treatment is taken for more advanced effluent in the conventional treatment system. treatments like RO and microbial growth may cause fouling The microbial load of effluents after conventional treat- of membrane filter hampering the process. Thus, MBR-based ment is very high, as microbial sludge settle through sec- treatment promises a suitable option for effluent treatment to ondary clarifier under gravity, while in case of MBR-based achieve the norm of zero discharge in general. treatment systems, membrane filter is used to separate sludge The microbial stock in BT effluent was higher than from the water. Ideally effluent after MBR-based treatment microbial stock of river water at Tirupur site because of the should be free from microbes and organic loads (Cicek et al. dilution effect of river to effluent or treated/semi-treated 1998). But in this study of Tirupur, the MBR-treated effluent effluent. The bacterial count of AT effluent decreased a lot 7 2 showed the presence of some bacterial as well as fungal (from 3.91 9 10 CFU/ml to 1.2 9 10 CFU/ml) due to growth as the system was still under strict observation and the removal of bacterial sludge in MBR system. Table 3 Biochemical characteristics of bacteria Isolated bacteria E.coli Salmonella Shigella Pseudomonas Bacillus Achromobacter Gram ?ve 4 Gram -ve 44 4 4 4 Shape Rod Flagellate rod Rod Rod Rod Rod Catalase test ?- Citrate utilization test ?? - Methyl red test ?- - Hydrogen sulphide production test ?- Starch hydrolysis test -? Carbohydrate fermentation test?- - Vogues Proskauer test ?- – Table 4 Microbial diversity at different sites Location Type of water sample Fungal species diversity Bacterial species diversity Perur River water Aspergillus niger E.coli Penicillium citrinum Salmonella/ Rhizopus spp. Shigella sp. Aspergillus terreus Bacillus sp. Kasipalayam River water Aspergillus niger E.coli Penicillium citrinum Salmonella/ Rhizopus spp. Shigella sp. Aspergillus terreus Pseudomonas sp. Aspergillus fumigatus Bacillus sp. Achromobacter sp. Conventional biological treatment system Before treatment (BT) effluent Penicillium citrinum E.coli Trichoderma viride Pseudomonas sp. Aspergillus fumigatus Bacillus sp. Rhizopus spp. Achromobacter sp. Aspergillus niger Conventional biological treatment system After treatment (AT) effluent Aspergillus fumigatus Achromobacter sp. Rhizopus spp. Pseudomonas sp. Aspergillus niger Bacillus sp. 123 2274 Appl Water Sci (2017) 7:2267–2277 The characterization of microbial diversity is the first Both the water samples show abundance of bacterial step for any sort of understanding of a system, either its species like E. coli, Bacilli sp., Salmonella Shigella sp., etc. function or applications. The biochemical natures of the The high density of the bacterial population like E. coli and various bacterial species obtained are shown in Table 3. Salmonella Shigella sp. indicates pathogenic contamination To understand the differences and impact of textile along with industrial effluent drainage (USEPA 2000). effluent on microbial population in the Noyyal River water, Considerable amounts of toxic and complex dyes are dis- two sites were selected namely Kasipalayam, which is charged directly into the Noyyal River as effluent and also representative of polluted water and Perur, which is situ- into wastewater treatment plants by industrial units, thus ated upstream to Tirupur, representing the non-industrial imposing a selective pressure on the microbial flora area. Bacteria living in wastewater habitats have to adapt residing in wastewater habitats. Decolorization generally rapidly to changing conditions depending on the pollutant occurs by the adsorption of dyestuffs on bacteria, rather composition of the sewage. The horizontally mobile gene than oxidation in aerobic systems. Some bacteria can pool of bacteria has been recognized to be very important biodegrade dyestuffs by azo-reductase activity (Chung and for adaptive responses to selective pressures caused by Stevens 1993). The effluent laden water of Noyyal at Tir- diverse chemical compounds, i.e., Complex textile efflu- upur as well as effluent at waste water treatment plants ents (Davison 1999). The microbial diversity (bacteria and have bacteria like Pseudomonas sp. and Achromobacter fungi) is shown in Table 4. sp., and these bacterial species have shown potential to Fig. 5 PDAMorphological Characterization of different fungal species (observed under fluorescent microscope, low power (109) and high power (409) objective lens) 123 Appl Water Sci (2017) 7:2267–2277 2275 decolorize the dye effluent color in different studies (Bhatt effluents in some of the studies (Cui et al. 2012; Tan et al. et al. 2005; Blumel et al. 2001). Also Bacillus sp. may have 2009; and Gajera et al. 2015). Thus, it suggests that these potential to act on dye decolorization (Olaganathan and microbes can survive in dye-contaminated water and can Patterson 2009). thrive by degrading dyestuff for their energy requirements. The characterized fungal strains are shown in Fig. 5. Some other studies reported microbial communities from The fungal diversity, in river water samples of Kasi- textile dye polluted waters capable of detoxification of palayam and Perur were almost similar, apart from metals by biospeciation (Fernandez et al. 2013), ther- Aspergillus fumigatus which was present in the polluted mophilic communities from dyeing water aids in wastew- stretch of Noyyal River and not in the non-industrial ater treatment efficiency (Li et al. 2015), etc. From these stretch. Fungal strains are reported to be more efficient in reports, it is evident that the microbial community of dif- dye decolorization compared to bacteria, mainly due to ferent wastewaters and effluents play a crucial role in their extracellular enzyme secretions including lignin per- degrading and detoxifying wastes and their analysis is vital oxidase (LiP), Mn-dependent peroxidase (MnP), laccase to treatment processes. and Mn-independent versatile peroxidases (VP). These Thus, the results revealed that the microbial density is being nonspecific can attack a wide variety of complex high in industrial sites as compared to non-industrial sites. aromatic dyestuffs (Nagai et al. 2002; Boer et al. 2004; The current study of river water and effluent suggested that Kamitsuji et al. 2005). In some cases, substrate diffusion to the high inorganic as well as organic pollution load, serves bacterial cell may hamper its efficiency to decolorize the as nutrients for microbial growth hence increasing their dye effluent. Aspergillus fumigates is a white rot fungi and population in river water around Tirupur industrial hub as much efficient in dye decolorization (Jin et al. 2007). The compared to the non-industrial site taken in this study. The fungal population was much lower in treated effluent which chemical nature of effluent was very complex and con- may be due to their death during chemical treatment of the tained very large amounts of organic and inorganic com- waste water. pounds. The river water which receives plenty of treated We compared reported microbial communities in vari- and non-treated effluent since decade serves as a broth for ous sources of wastewater and textile effluents from dif- an enormous diversity of microbes. The microbial popu- ferent countries (Table 5). Some of these studies have also lation able to use organic load like dyes and dye residues of reported the decolorization of different dyestuffs (mainly effluent are reported in this study. These microbes are azo dyes) by the microbes. Bacillus, Pseudomonas and forced to live in the medium of high organic and toxic load Aspergillus spp., that are found in this study have been also in the effluent as well as river water thereby acclimatized to reported in dye-contaminated waste water and textile process them. Table 5 Microbial community in wastewater from different sources Country/ Source Microbial community References location Famailla´, Textile-dye effluent drainage Cyberlindnera jadinii, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, etc. (Ferna´ndez Tucuma´n, et al. Argentina 2013) Mexico Wastewater treatment plant Acanthamoeba, Echinamoeba, Korotnevella, Mayorella, Vermamoeba, (Ramirez etc. et al. 2014) Flanders, Domestic wastewater and wastewater Acidobacterium, Actinomycetes, Type I methanotrophs, Type II (Boon et al. Belgium from textile industry methanotrophs, a-Proteobacteria, etc. 2002) China Dyeing wastewater from moving bed Caldilinea aerophila, Oscillibacter valericigenes, Caldilinea tarbellica, (Li et al. biofilm reactor (MBBR) Bacillus sp., Nitrosomonas eutropha, Acidothermus cellulolyticus, 2015) Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius, etc. China Sea mud of industrial harbor Brevundimonas sp., Nitrospira sp., Bacillus aeolius, Thermomonas (Tan et al. brevis, Brevibacterium sp., etc. 2013) China Dye-contaminated water Klebsiella sp., Escherichia sp., Bacillus sp. and Clostridium sp. (Cui et al. 2012) China X-3B dye wastewater Bacillus sp., Sedimentibacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Clostridiales, (Tan et al. Streptomyces. 2009) India Effluent contaminated plant Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma koningii, Hypocrea koningii, (Gajera rhizosphere near textile dyeing Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium oxysporum et al. industrial area 2015) 123 2276 Appl Water Sci (2017) 7:2267–2277 Balapure K, Bhatt N, Dutta M (2015) Mineralization of reactive azo Conclusion dyes present in simulated textile waste water using down flow microaerophilic fixed film bioreactor. Bioresour Technol The microbial density and diversity were observed to be 175:1–7 higher in the river water at site near the industrial hub as Bhatt N, Patel KC, Keharia H, Madamwar D (2005) Decolourization of diazo dye Reactive blue 172 by Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to the upstream site. Similarly, the microbial NBAR12. J Basic Microbiol 46:407–418 populations were found to be higher in BT effluent than Blumel S, Mark B, Busse HJ, Kampfer P, Stolz A (2001) Pigmen- AT effluent for both the treatment systems. 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Applied Water Science – Springer Journals
Published: Mar 16, 2016
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