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Reproductive biology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) in Lake Hayq, Ethiopia

Reproductive biology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) in Lake Hayq, Ethiopia This study was conducted in Lake Hayq between January and December 2018. The objectives of this study were to determine the growth, condition, sex ratio, fecundity, length at first sexual maturity (L ), and spawning seasons of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Monthly fish samples of C. carpio were collected using gillnets of stretched mesh sizes of 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 13 cm and beach seines of mesh size of 6 cm. Immediately after the fish were captured, total length (TL) and total weight (TW) for each individual were measured in centimeters and grams, respectively, and their relationship was determined using power function. Length at first maturity (L ) was determined for both males and females using the logistic regression model. The spawning season was determined from the frequency of mature gonads and variation of gonadosomatic index (GSI) values of both males and females. Fecundity was analyzed from 67 2.93 mature female specimens. The length and weight relationship of C. carpio was TW = 0.015TL for females and TW = 2.87 0.018TL for males that indicate negative allometric growth in both cases. The mean Fulton condition factor (C )was 1.23 ± 0.013 for females and 1.21 ± 0.011 for males. The value of C in both cases was > 1 that shows both sexes are in good condition. Among the total 1055 C. carpio collected from Lake Hayq, 459 (43.5%) were females and 596 (56.5%) were males. The chi-square test showed that there was a significant deviation between male and female numbers from 1:1 ratio (χ = 22, df = 11, P > 0.05) within sampling months. The length at first sexual maturity (L ) for females and males were 21.5 and 17.5 cm, respectively. Males mature at smaller sizes than females. The spawning season of C. carpio was extended from February to April, and the peak spawning season for both sexes was in April. The average absolute fecundity was 28,100 ± 17,462. C. carpio is currently the commercially important fish while Nile tilapia fishery has declined in Lake Hayq. Therefore, this baseline data on growth, condition, and reproductive biology of common carp will be essential to understand the status of the population of carp and design appropriate management systems for the fish stock of Lake Hayq, Ethiopia, and adjacent countries. Keywords: Growth, Fulton condition factor, Sex ratio, Length at first sexual maturity spawning seasons, Fecundity Introduction species can survive in very low water temperature and it Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the widely can tolerate low concentrations and supersaturation of cultured commercially important freshwater fish species dissolved oxygen (Banarescu and Coad 1991). in the world (FAO 2013). C. carpio is native to Eastern Common carp is omnivorous fish species that consume Europe and Central Asia. It can tolerate a wide range of animals (aquatic insects, macroinvertebrates, and zoo- water quality parameters. In natural water bodies, this plankton) and plant origin (phytoplankton, macrophytes) (Rahman et al. 2008, 2009; Weber and Brown 2009). C. carpio grows rapidly, achieves sexual maturation in the * Correspondence: atecklie2018@gmail.com second year of life, and is highly fertile (about 2 million Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, eggs per female) (Balon 1975; Hossain et al. 2016). The Ethiopia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Tessema et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:16 Page 2 of 10 2 2 combination of these features allows developing invasive- watershed area is about 77 km of which 22.8 km is oc- ness potential (Troca and Vieira 2012). cupied by Lake Hayq. According to Demlie et al. (2007), Knowledge of fish reproductive biology is very import- the average depth of the lake is 37 m, and the maximum ant for the rational utilization of fish stocks and their sus- depth is 81 m. The only stream entering the lake is the tainable production (Cochrane 2002;Temesgen 2017). Ankerkeha River, which flows into its southeastern cor- Understanding the reproductive aspects of fish is also very ner. According to Fetahi et al. (2011), Lake Hayq is clas- important for providing sound scientific advice in fishery sified as a small highland freshwater (Fig. 1). management (Hossain et al. 2017;Khatun etal. 2019). Common carp have been introduced into many water Climate bodies throughout the world, including Europe, Australia, Among the climate variables, only maximum and minimum North America, Africa, and Asia. The wide distribution temperature and rainfall of Lake Hayq were available at and successful introductions of common carp are mostly Kombolcha Meteorological Agency. In 2018, the average due to their tolerance to variable environmental condi- monthly maximum and minimum temperature around Lake tions (Forester and Lawrence 1978), as well as to their Hayq was 25.9 and 9.9 °C, respectively (Fig. 2). The annual capability for early sexual maturity and rapid growth rainfall were 1200 mm (Fig. 3). The rainfall and the (Koehn 2004). temperature variability around Lake Hayq for the last 10 Cyprinus carpio was first introduced to Aba Samuel years (2009–2018) were very low. The average monthly Dam (Awash River basin) in 1940 from Italy (Getahun minimum and maximum temperature and annual rainfall 2017). Later, C. carpio has been introduced in Lake were 9.8 °C, 26.6 °C, and 1205.6 mm, respectively (Kombol- Ziway in the late 1980s (FAO 1997; Abera et al. 2015), cha Meteorological Agency, 2019). in highland lakes such as Ashengie, Ardibo, and Maybar (Golubtsov and Darkov 2008) for food security purpose, and the introduction was successful. Common carp were Sampling techniques introduced to Lake Hayq accidentally from Lake Ardibo in 2008 (Wolde Mariam, Personal Communication 2018) Fishery data Three sampling sites were selected based through Ankerkeha River that connects the two lakes dur- on the impact of human and livestock activities. These are ing the rainy season. Though common carp have estab- littoral site with intensive human activities related to re- lished recently in Lake Hayq, it is dominating the other creation in lodges; pelagic site, less impact from human commercially important fish species, Nile tilapia and cat- and livestock; and river mouth (Ankerkeha River), carry- fish. Fishermen of Lake Hayq believe that the current ing huge silt every year (Table 1). The sampling sites were stunt growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)isdue fixed with GPS, and a map was generated (Fig. 1). Fish to the recent invasion of common carp in the lake. specimens were collected each month for 1 year using gill Though there are some research works conducted in nets of 4, 6, 8, 10, and 13 cm stretched mesh sizes through different water bodies of Ethiopia on common carp re- setting the nets overnight in the lake and beach seines of 6 productive biology such as Hailu (2013) in Amerti Res- cm mesh size. Data such as length, weight, sex, and ma- ervoir, Abera (2015) in Lake Ziway, and Asnake (2010) turity stages were collected in the field immediately after in Lake Ardibo, there is no information on the repro- the fish were caught. ductive biology of common carp in Lake Hayq. There- fore, the purpose of this study was to establish baseline data on growth and condition, sex ratio, fecundity, Some biological aspects of common carp length at first sexual maturity, and spawning seasons of Length-weight relationship common carp and design management strategy for the The relationship between total length (TL) and total population of common carp in Lake Hayq. weight (TW) of C. carpio was calculated using power function as in Bagenal and Tesch (1978). Materials and methods Study area and sampling techniques Study area b TW ¼ aTL The study was conducted in Lake Hayq. Lake Hayq is lo- cated in the North Central highlands of Ethiopia. It is a where typical example of highland lake of Ethiopia with vol- TW Total weight (g) canic origin. Geographically, it lies between 11° 3′ Nto TL Total length (cm) 11° 18′ N latitude and 39° 41′ E to 39° 68′ E longitude a Intercept of the regression line with an average elevation of 1911 meters above sea level. b Slope of the regression line The lake has a closed drainage system, and the total Tessema et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:16 Page 3 of 10 Fig. 1 Location map of Lake Hayq with respect to Ethiopia and Amhara Regional State Condition factor (Fulton factor) TW FCF ¼  100 The wellbeing of common carp was determined by using TL the Fulton condition factor as indicated in Bagenal and Tesch (1978). where TW is the total weight in grams and TL is the Fulton condition factor was calculated as: total length in centimeters Fig. 2 Monthly maximum and minimum temperature variation of Lake Hayq in 2018 Tessema et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:16 Page 4 of 10 Fig. 3 Monthly rainfall variation of Lake Hayq in 2018 Sex ratio Maturity estimation Sex ratio was determined using the formula: Total length (cm) and total weight (g) of each specimen of common carp were measured at the sampling sites using measuring board and sensitive balance, respect- Number of females Sex ratio ¼ ively. After dissection, the gonad maturity of each speci- Number of males men was identified using a 5-point maturity scale (Wudneh, 1998). The length at which 50% of both sexes reached maturity (L ) was determined from the per- Fecundity centages of mature fish selected from peak breeding sea- The absolute fecundity (AF) of individual females was sons (March–April) and fitted to the logistic equation determined gravimetrically (Bagenal and Braum 1987), described by Echeverria (1987). with the number of ripe oocytes counted from triplicates of 1-g sub-sample of the ovary. The relationship between Data analysis absolute fecundity with total length, total weight, and Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentages, and gonad weight was determined using least squares graphs) and inferential statistics (chi-square, independ- regression. ent t test, linear, and logistic regression) were used to summarize the collected data. SPSS Software Package Spawning season version 16 and R 3.3.1 were used to summarize the col- The spawning season was determined from the percent- lected data. ages of fish with ripe gonads taken each month (Hossain and Ohtomi 2008) and from monthly GSI variations (Hossain et al. 2017). The spawning seasons of C. carpio Results were determined based on monthly variations of the Length-weight relationship gonadosomatic index (GSI): The total length of female and male C. carpio ranged from 11 to 50 cm and 10.5 to 52 cm, respectively, and the total weight of females and males ranged GSI ¼  100 from 19 to 1697 g and 18 to 1378 g, respectively. W−W The length-weight relationship of both female and male C. carpio in Lake Hayq was curvilinear, and as a where W is the gonad weight (g) and W is the total result, the line fitted to the data was described by the weight (g) of the fish (Ricker 1975). regression equation (Table 2). In this study, the “b” Table 1 Sampling site description Sampling sites Characteristics Depth Altitude Coordinate points (UTM) (m) (m) XY Ankerkeha River Mouth Silt load 5.3 1900 579715.383 1253117.123 Pelagic Open water (less impact) 55.4 1907 576688.51 1252693.02 Littoral Near lodges (more pressure) 6.3 1903 575131.78 1252295.8 Tessema et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:16 Page 5 of 10 Table 2 Length-weight relationship of C. carpio in Lake Hayq The occurrence of mature males and females The number of mature males (stage 4) of C. carpio was Sex n Regression equation R Sig. 2.93 higher than that of females during sampling months. Female 454 TW = 0.015TL 0.97 0.001 2.87 The number of mature female and male specimens was Male 589 TW = 0.018TL 0.98 0.05 higher from January to April. The highest number of mature females and males was observed from February values of both female and male C. carpio were significantly to April (Fig. 7). The 10-year (2009–2018) meteoro- different from 3, showing allometric growth (Figs. 4 and logical data analysis showed that the average atmos- 5) pheric temperature around Lake Hayq from February to April was 27.2 °C. Rainfall distribution around Lake Hayq is bimodal. Rainfall was available in these months Fulton’s condition factor for the same year around the lake. This warm weather The Fulton condition factor values of female and male condition and rainfall availability might trigger the C. carpio ranged from 1 to 1.98 and 1 to 1.83, respect- spawning of common carp in the lake. ively. The mean and SE values of FCF of females and males were 1.23 ± 0.013 and 1.21 ± 0.011, respectively. Fecundity The independent t test analysis showed that there was Sixty-seven fully mature C. carpio with TL (21–49 no significant difference (P > 0.05) in mean FCF between cm) and TW (104–1230 g) were selected for fecund- male and female C. carpio in Lake Hayq. ity study. The average absolute fecundity (AF) was 28100 ± 17462. The relation between AF with TL, TW, and GW was linear (Figs. 8, 9,and 10). There Sex ratio was a significant relation in absolute fecundity with From 1055 specimens of C. carpio collected from Lake TL, TW, and GW (P < 0.05). Hayq, 459 (43.5%) were females and 596 (56.5%) were males. The chi-square test showed that there was a sig- Gonadosomatic index nificant deviation between males and females from 1:1 Cyprinus carpio in Lake Hayq has more than one peak ratio (χ = 22, df = 11, P > 0.05) within sampling spawning season starting from February to April. How- months. ever, the highest peak spawning season for both sexes was in April (Fig. 11). Reproductive aspects of common carp Discussion Length at first sexual maturity This reproductive biological study of C. carpio in Lake Size at first maturity (L ) is the size at which 50% of the Hayq is the first report which will be used as basic and fish get matured for the first time. From the logistic re- baseline information. The result of the study helps to gression model analyzed, male C. carpio matured at know the population status of the fish and design the smaller size (17.5 cm) than female (21.5 cm) in Lake possible strategies for sustainable utilization of fisheries Hayq as shown in Fig. 6. of the lake. Fig. 4 Length-weight relationship of female Cyprinus carpio in Lake Hayq (N = 459) Tessema et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:16 Page 6 of 10 Fig. 5 Length-weight relationship of male Cyprinus carpio in Lake Hayq (N = 596) Fig. 6 Length at first sexual maturity (L ) of female (a) and male (b) C. carpio in Lake Hayq 50 Tessema et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:16 Page 7 of 10 Fig. 7 Monthly frequency of mature specimens of C. carpio in Lake Hayq Length-weight relationships in fishes are an important (Hailu, 2013), but different from 1.58 and 1.57 for female tool in fish stock assessment to know the growth status and male C. carpio in Damsa Dam Lake in Turkey (Mert and management of the fishes (Ujjania et al. 2012). The and Bulut 2014), 1.57 for both sexes of C. carpio in length-weight relationship of C. carpio in Lake Hayq was Foum El-Khanga Dam in Algeria (Sahtout et al. 2017), negative allometric growth with a “b” value of 2.93 for and 1.39 and 1.27 for female and male C. carpio in females and 2.87 for males. These values were similar to Almus Dam Lake in Turkey (Karataş et al., 2007). These 2.82 for C. carpio in Lake Ardibo for both sexes (Asnake variations in FCF of C. carpio in different water bodies 2010), 2.87 and 2.77 for female and male C. carpio in could be based on the difference in age, sex, season, Foum El-Khanga Dam in Algeria (Sahtout et al. 2017), stage of maturity, the fullness of gut, the type of food but different from 1.9 and 2.3 for female and male C. consumed, the amount of fat reserve, and the degree of carpio in Lake Naivasha in Kenya (Aera et al. 2014) and muscular development (Pauker and Coot, 2004; Hossain 2.92 for C. carpio in Lake Amerti (Hailu 2013). These et al. 2013). situations may be caused by several factors including the The sex ratio (F:M) in this study was 1.3:1, and seasonal effect, habitat type, degree of stomach fullness, there was a significant deviation from hypothetical fe- gonad maturity, sex, health, preservation techniques, male to male ratio (1:1). The result of this study dis- food availability, differences in the observed length agrees with Hailu (2013) that has reported non- ranges, and fatness of the species as well as physical fac- significant variation (1.15:1) female to male ratio in tors such as temperature and salinity (Wootton, 1998; Amerti Reservoir. However, this result agrees with the Rahman et al. 2012; Hossain et al. 2016). The variations report (1.53:1) female to male ratio in Damsa Dam in “b” values between males and females may depend on Lake in Turkey (Mert and Bulut 2014). various factors such as the number of specimens exam- In thepresent study, thesizeatfirst sexual matur- ined, and the sampling season. ity of C. carpio was 17.5 cm for males and 21.5 cm The FCF of females and males of C. carpio were 1.23 for females. These values were similar to 15.8 and ± 0.13 and 1.21 ± 0.011, respectively. These values were 22.5 for male and female C. carpio in Sidi Saad similar to 1.22 ± 0.14 for C. carpio in Amerti Reservoir Reservoir in Tunisia (Hajlaoui et al. 2016). But these Fig. 8 Relationship between absolute fecundity (AF) and total length (TL) in C. carpio Tessema et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:16 Page 8 of 10 Fig. 9 Relation between absolute fecundity (AF) and total weight (TW) in C. carpio values were different from 27 cm and 28.3 cm for could be due to the smaller size of fish compared to male and female C. carpio in Amerti Reservoir (Hailu the C. carpio in Amerti and Lake Ziway. 2013), 27 cm and 28.7 cm for male and female C. Appropriate identification of the maturity status of carpio in Lake Ziway(Aberaetal. 2015), and 34 and fishes is a fundamental strategy for the appropriate man- 42 cm for male and female C. carpio in Lake Naiva- agement of exploited stocks in the fishery and is com- sha in Kenya (Oyugi 2012 ). monly used tools by fisheries’ biologists and managers Knowledge on the fecundity of fish is important to (Rahman et al. 2018). The monthly average GIS values examine the potential of its stocks, life history, practical of males and females were higher from February to April culture, and actual management of the fishery (Islam and were highest in April (Fig. 11). The lowest and high- et al. 2012). The range and the mean fecundity of C. car- est GSI values were 1.1 and 4 for males and 3.5 and 10 pio in Lake were 10,316–122,600 and 28100 ± 17462, re- for female C. carpio. The GIS values of females were spectively. These values were greater than the absolute higher than those of males due to the higher gonad fecundity range of 1610–99,737 for C. carpio in Lake weight of females. The observed higher values of GSI of Ardibo (Asnake 2010). However, the fecundity of C. both males and females between February and April and carpio of Lake Hayq was lower than most water the highest values in April might be associated with bodies of Ethiopia; it is less than a range of 36955– higher atmospheric and water temperature values of 26 318584 and mean of 170937 ± 1308 fecundity re- and 23 °C, respectively. Rainfall availability might also corded for C. carpio in Amerti Reservoir (Hailu 2013) contribute for more food (planktons, macrophytes, and and a range of 75645–356745 and mean of 210538 detritus) together with temperature, and triggers the for C. carpio in Lake Ziway (Lemma et al. 2015). Fe- spawning of C. carpio in Lake Hayq. The mean monthly cundity of C. carpio depends on body size and pro- average water temperature of Lake Hayq was 23 °C, and duce between 500,000 and 3 million eggs per better rainfall was recorded during the spawning spawning (Smith 2004). Thus, the reproductive poten- months. In agreement with the current study, peak tial of C. carpio is exceptional as they mature early, breeding season was recorded in Amerti Reservoir are highly fecund, increase reproductive effort with (Hailu 2013) and Lake Ziway (Abera et al. 2015) when age over their life span, and reproduce at least once water temperature becomes higher and rainfall is avail- each year when conditions are appropriate for survival able. C. carpio in Lake Hayq has more than one spawn- of larvae. The lower absolute fecundity in Lake Hayq ing season similar to Amerti Reservoir (Hailu 2013), Fig. 10 Relation between absolute fecundity (AF) and gonad weight (GW) in C. carpio Tessema et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:16 Page 9 of 10 Fig. 11 Mean monthly gonadosomatic index (GSI) of C. carpio in Lake Hayq Lake Ziway (Abera et al. 2015), and Lake Naivasha in Authors’ contributions TA, the corresponding author, has prepared the report from the collected Kenya (Oyugi, 2012). This might be related to the ther- data where us GA, MS, FT, and DE are co-authors who have edited the paper. mally stable warm environment and unlimited food re- The authors read and approved the final manuscript. sources (Muchiri et al. 1995). The mean monthly surface Authors’ information water temperature that ranged from 21.1 to 25.1 °C dur- TA is currently a PhD student in Addis Ababa University. ing the study period appears to favor year-round spawn- The co-authors, GA and MS, are professors, and FT is an associate professor ing of common carp in Lake Hayq. working in Addis Ababa University department of Zoological sciences. They have published many articles in fisheries and Aquatic Sciences and have ad- vised MSc and PhD students. The last co-author, DE, is a senior and energetic Conclusion and recommendation researcher in fishery and aquaculture areas. He is a PhD holder and working The growth and condition of common carp in Lake in IGAD at senior fishery expert. Hayq were good. The absolute fecundity of common Funding carp in Lake Hayq was lower compared to other Ethiop- Addis Ababa University and Ministry of Water, Irrigation, and Electricity have ian and African water bodies which could be due to granted us 2000 USD for data collection for this research. The funding organizations have commented on the work for the betterment of the smaller size of fishes used for fecundity analysis. The L paper. values of common carp were smaller (17.5 and 21.5 cm for male and female) which might be associated with il- Availability of data and materials Data sharing is not applicable. legal fishing activities, and narrow-sized gillnets of mesh size of 4–6 cm. Hence, the mesh size of the gillnets Ethics approval and consent to participate should be regulated at least to 8 cm which is the na- Not applicable, since there is no ethical approval process for fishery data in Ethiopia. tional standard. Furthermore, common carp have ex- tended spawning seasons in Lake Hayq (February–April) Consent for publication with peak spawning in April. Therefore, these intense Not applicable spawning months should be used for closing seasons (no Competing interests fishing activities). Thus restricted gillnet use and closed The authors declare that they have no competing interests. season practices could bring better recruitment and bet- ter fish size. Long-term monitoring on reproduction po- Author details Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, tential, spawning season, and population status of Ethiopia. Intergovernmental Authorities on Development (IGAD), Djibouti common carp should be done for sustainable fishery City, Djibouti. utilization of Lake Hayq. Received: 16 September 2019 Accepted: 31 May 2020 Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge Addis Ababa University, Ministry of Water, Irrigation, and Electricity, Haik Agricultural Research Sub-Center, for References their financial and logistic support. We would also like to extend our grati- Abera L, Getahun A, Lemma B. Some aspects of reproductive biology of the tude to fishermen of Lake Hayq, specially Fiseha Woldemariam and Seid common carp (Cyprinus Carpio Linnaeus, 1758) in Lake Ziway, Ethiopia. Abebe, for their unreserved support during fish sample collection and Kidane Global J Agric Res Rev. 2015;3:151–7. Aragaw for his support in the data analysis especially logistic regression ana- Aera NC, Migiro EK, Yasindi A, Outa N. Length-weight relationship and condition lysis using R software. factor of common carp, (Cyprinus carpio) in Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Int J Curr Res. 2014;6:8286–96. Declaration Asnake W. 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Reproductive biology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) in Lake Hayq, Ethiopia

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Abstract

This study was conducted in Lake Hayq between January and December 2018. The objectives of this study were to determine the growth, condition, sex ratio, fecundity, length at first sexual maturity (L ), and spawning seasons of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Monthly fish samples of C. carpio were collected using gillnets of stretched mesh sizes of 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 13 cm and beach seines of mesh size of 6 cm. Immediately after the fish were captured, total length (TL) and total weight (TW) for each individual were measured in centimeters and grams, respectively, and their relationship was determined using power function. Length at first maturity (L ) was determined for both males and females using the logistic regression model. The spawning season was determined from the frequency of mature gonads and variation of gonadosomatic index (GSI) values of both males and females. Fecundity was analyzed from 67 2.93 mature female specimens. The length and weight relationship of C. carpio was TW = 0.015TL for females and TW = 2.87 0.018TL for males that indicate negative allometric growth in both cases. The mean Fulton condition factor (C )was 1.23 ± 0.013 for females and 1.21 ± 0.011 for males. The value of C in both cases was > 1 that shows both sexes are in good condition. Among the total 1055 C. carpio collected from Lake Hayq, 459 (43.5%) were females and 596 (56.5%) were males. The chi-square test showed that there was a significant deviation between male and female numbers from 1:1 ratio (χ = 22, df = 11, P > 0.05) within sampling months. The length at first sexual maturity (L ) for females and males were 21.5 and 17.5 cm, respectively. Males mature at smaller sizes than females. The spawning season of C. carpio was extended from February to April, and the peak spawning season for both sexes was in April. The average absolute fecundity was 28,100 ± 17,462. C. carpio is currently the commercially important fish while Nile tilapia fishery has declined in Lake Hayq. Therefore, this baseline data on growth, condition, and reproductive biology of common carp will be essential to understand the status of the population of carp and design appropriate management systems for the fish stock of Lake Hayq, Ethiopia, and adjacent countries. Keywords: Growth, Fulton condition factor, Sex ratio, Length at first sexual maturity spawning seasons, Fecundity Introduction species can survive in very low water temperature and it Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the widely can tolerate low concentrations and supersaturation of cultured commercially important freshwater fish species dissolved oxygen (Banarescu and Coad 1991). in the world (FAO 2013). C. carpio is native to Eastern Common carp is omnivorous fish species that consume Europe and Central Asia. It can tolerate a wide range of animals (aquatic insects, macroinvertebrates, and zoo- water quality parameters. In natural water bodies, this plankton) and plant origin (phytoplankton, macrophytes) (Rahman et al. 2008, 2009; Weber and Brown 2009). C. carpio grows rapidly, achieves sexual maturation in the * Correspondence: atecklie2018@gmail.com second year of life, and is highly fertile (about 2 million Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, eggs per female) (Balon 1975; Hossain et al. 2016). The Ethiopia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Tessema et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:16 Page 2 of 10 2 2 combination of these features allows developing invasive- watershed area is about 77 km of which 22.8 km is oc- ness potential (Troca and Vieira 2012). cupied by Lake Hayq. According to Demlie et al. (2007), Knowledge of fish reproductive biology is very import- the average depth of the lake is 37 m, and the maximum ant for the rational utilization of fish stocks and their sus- depth is 81 m. The only stream entering the lake is the tainable production (Cochrane 2002;Temesgen 2017). Ankerkeha River, which flows into its southeastern cor- Understanding the reproductive aspects of fish is also very ner. According to Fetahi et al. (2011), Lake Hayq is clas- important for providing sound scientific advice in fishery sified as a small highland freshwater (Fig. 1). management (Hossain et al. 2017;Khatun etal. 2019). Common carp have been introduced into many water Climate bodies throughout the world, including Europe, Australia, Among the climate variables, only maximum and minimum North America, Africa, and Asia. The wide distribution temperature and rainfall of Lake Hayq were available at and successful introductions of common carp are mostly Kombolcha Meteorological Agency. In 2018, the average due to their tolerance to variable environmental condi- monthly maximum and minimum temperature around Lake tions (Forester and Lawrence 1978), as well as to their Hayq was 25.9 and 9.9 °C, respectively (Fig. 2). The annual capability for early sexual maturity and rapid growth rainfall were 1200 mm (Fig. 3). The rainfall and the (Koehn 2004). temperature variability around Lake Hayq for the last 10 Cyprinus carpio was first introduced to Aba Samuel years (2009–2018) were very low. The average monthly Dam (Awash River basin) in 1940 from Italy (Getahun minimum and maximum temperature and annual rainfall 2017). Later, C. carpio has been introduced in Lake were 9.8 °C, 26.6 °C, and 1205.6 mm, respectively (Kombol- Ziway in the late 1980s (FAO 1997; Abera et al. 2015), cha Meteorological Agency, 2019). in highland lakes such as Ashengie, Ardibo, and Maybar (Golubtsov and Darkov 2008) for food security purpose, and the introduction was successful. Common carp were Sampling techniques introduced to Lake Hayq accidentally from Lake Ardibo in 2008 (Wolde Mariam, Personal Communication 2018) Fishery data Three sampling sites were selected based through Ankerkeha River that connects the two lakes dur- on the impact of human and livestock activities. These are ing the rainy season. Though common carp have estab- littoral site with intensive human activities related to re- lished recently in Lake Hayq, it is dominating the other creation in lodges; pelagic site, less impact from human commercially important fish species, Nile tilapia and cat- and livestock; and river mouth (Ankerkeha River), carry- fish. Fishermen of Lake Hayq believe that the current ing huge silt every year (Table 1). The sampling sites were stunt growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)isdue fixed with GPS, and a map was generated (Fig. 1). Fish to the recent invasion of common carp in the lake. specimens were collected each month for 1 year using gill Though there are some research works conducted in nets of 4, 6, 8, 10, and 13 cm stretched mesh sizes through different water bodies of Ethiopia on common carp re- setting the nets overnight in the lake and beach seines of 6 productive biology such as Hailu (2013) in Amerti Res- cm mesh size. Data such as length, weight, sex, and ma- ervoir, Abera (2015) in Lake Ziway, and Asnake (2010) turity stages were collected in the field immediately after in Lake Ardibo, there is no information on the repro- the fish were caught. ductive biology of common carp in Lake Hayq. There- fore, the purpose of this study was to establish baseline data on growth and condition, sex ratio, fecundity, Some biological aspects of common carp length at first sexual maturity, and spawning seasons of Length-weight relationship common carp and design management strategy for the The relationship between total length (TL) and total population of common carp in Lake Hayq. weight (TW) of C. carpio was calculated using power function as in Bagenal and Tesch (1978). Materials and methods Study area and sampling techniques Study area b TW ¼ aTL The study was conducted in Lake Hayq. Lake Hayq is lo- cated in the North Central highlands of Ethiopia. It is a where typical example of highland lake of Ethiopia with vol- TW Total weight (g) canic origin. Geographically, it lies between 11° 3′ Nto TL Total length (cm) 11° 18′ N latitude and 39° 41′ E to 39° 68′ E longitude a Intercept of the regression line with an average elevation of 1911 meters above sea level. b Slope of the regression line The lake has a closed drainage system, and the total Tessema et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:16 Page 3 of 10 Fig. 1 Location map of Lake Hayq with respect to Ethiopia and Amhara Regional State Condition factor (Fulton factor) TW FCF ¼  100 The wellbeing of common carp was determined by using TL the Fulton condition factor as indicated in Bagenal and Tesch (1978). where TW is the total weight in grams and TL is the Fulton condition factor was calculated as: total length in centimeters Fig. 2 Monthly maximum and minimum temperature variation of Lake Hayq in 2018 Tessema et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:16 Page 4 of 10 Fig. 3 Monthly rainfall variation of Lake Hayq in 2018 Sex ratio Maturity estimation Sex ratio was determined using the formula: Total length (cm) and total weight (g) of each specimen of common carp were measured at the sampling sites using measuring board and sensitive balance, respect- Number of females Sex ratio ¼ ively. After dissection, the gonad maturity of each speci- Number of males men was identified using a 5-point maturity scale (Wudneh, 1998). The length at which 50% of both sexes reached maturity (L ) was determined from the per- Fecundity centages of mature fish selected from peak breeding sea- The absolute fecundity (AF) of individual females was sons (March–April) and fitted to the logistic equation determined gravimetrically (Bagenal and Braum 1987), described by Echeverria (1987). with the number of ripe oocytes counted from triplicates of 1-g sub-sample of the ovary. The relationship between Data analysis absolute fecundity with total length, total weight, and Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentages, and gonad weight was determined using least squares graphs) and inferential statistics (chi-square, independ- regression. ent t test, linear, and logistic regression) were used to summarize the collected data. SPSS Software Package Spawning season version 16 and R 3.3.1 were used to summarize the col- The spawning season was determined from the percent- lected data. ages of fish with ripe gonads taken each month (Hossain and Ohtomi 2008) and from monthly GSI variations (Hossain et al. 2017). The spawning seasons of C. carpio Results were determined based on monthly variations of the Length-weight relationship gonadosomatic index (GSI): The total length of female and male C. carpio ranged from 11 to 50 cm and 10.5 to 52 cm, respectively, and the total weight of females and males ranged GSI ¼  100 from 19 to 1697 g and 18 to 1378 g, respectively. W−W The length-weight relationship of both female and male C. carpio in Lake Hayq was curvilinear, and as a where W is the gonad weight (g) and W is the total result, the line fitted to the data was described by the weight (g) of the fish (Ricker 1975). regression equation (Table 2). In this study, the “b” Table 1 Sampling site description Sampling sites Characteristics Depth Altitude Coordinate points (UTM) (m) (m) XY Ankerkeha River Mouth Silt load 5.3 1900 579715.383 1253117.123 Pelagic Open water (less impact) 55.4 1907 576688.51 1252693.02 Littoral Near lodges (more pressure) 6.3 1903 575131.78 1252295.8 Tessema et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:16 Page 5 of 10 Table 2 Length-weight relationship of C. carpio in Lake Hayq The occurrence of mature males and females The number of mature males (stage 4) of C. carpio was Sex n Regression equation R Sig. 2.93 higher than that of females during sampling months. Female 454 TW = 0.015TL 0.97 0.001 2.87 The number of mature female and male specimens was Male 589 TW = 0.018TL 0.98 0.05 higher from January to April. The highest number of mature females and males was observed from February values of both female and male C. carpio were significantly to April (Fig. 7). The 10-year (2009–2018) meteoro- different from 3, showing allometric growth (Figs. 4 and logical data analysis showed that the average atmos- 5) pheric temperature around Lake Hayq from February to April was 27.2 °C. Rainfall distribution around Lake Hayq is bimodal. Rainfall was available in these months Fulton’s condition factor for the same year around the lake. This warm weather The Fulton condition factor values of female and male condition and rainfall availability might trigger the C. carpio ranged from 1 to 1.98 and 1 to 1.83, respect- spawning of common carp in the lake. ively. The mean and SE values of FCF of females and males were 1.23 ± 0.013 and 1.21 ± 0.011, respectively. Fecundity The independent t test analysis showed that there was Sixty-seven fully mature C. carpio with TL (21–49 no significant difference (P > 0.05) in mean FCF between cm) and TW (104–1230 g) were selected for fecund- male and female C. carpio in Lake Hayq. ity study. The average absolute fecundity (AF) was 28100 ± 17462. The relation between AF with TL, TW, and GW was linear (Figs. 8, 9,and 10). There Sex ratio was a significant relation in absolute fecundity with From 1055 specimens of C. carpio collected from Lake TL, TW, and GW (P < 0.05). Hayq, 459 (43.5%) were females and 596 (56.5%) were males. The chi-square test showed that there was a sig- Gonadosomatic index nificant deviation between males and females from 1:1 Cyprinus carpio in Lake Hayq has more than one peak ratio (χ = 22, df = 11, P > 0.05) within sampling spawning season starting from February to April. How- months. ever, the highest peak spawning season for both sexes was in April (Fig. 11). Reproductive aspects of common carp Discussion Length at first sexual maturity This reproductive biological study of C. carpio in Lake Size at first maturity (L ) is the size at which 50% of the Hayq is the first report which will be used as basic and fish get matured for the first time. From the logistic re- baseline information. The result of the study helps to gression model analyzed, male C. carpio matured at know the population status of the fish and design the smaller size (17.5 cm) than female (21.5 cm) in Lake possible strategies for sustainable utilization of fisheries Hayq as shown in Fig. 6. of the lake. Fig. 4 Length-weight relationship of female Cyprinus carpio in Lake Hayq (N = 459) Tessema et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:16 Page 6 of 10 Fig. 5 Length-weight relationship of male Cyprinus carpio in Lake Hayq (N = 596) Fig. 6 Length at first sexual maturity (L ) of female (a) and male (b) C. carpio in Lake Hayq 50 Tessema et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:16 Page 7 of 10 Fig. 7 Monthly frequency of mature specimens of C. carpio in Lake Hayq Length-weight relationships in fishes are an important (Hailu, 2013), but different from 1.58 and 1.57 for female tool in fish stock assessment to know the growth status and male C. carpio in Damsa Dam Lake in Turkey (Mert and management of the fishes (Ujjania et al. 2012). The and Bulut 2014), 1.57 for both sexes of C. carpio in length-weight relationship of C. carpio in Lake Hayq was Foum El-Khanga Dam in Algeria (Sahtout et al. 2017), negative allometric growth with a “b” value of 2.93 for and 1.39 and 1.27 for female and male C. carpio in females and 2.87 for males. These values were similar to Almus Dam Lake in Turkey (Karataş et al., 2007). These 2.82 for C. carpio in Lake Ardibo for both sexes (Asnake variations in FCF of C. carpio in different water bodies 2010), 2.87 and 2.77 for female and male C. carpio in could be based on the difference in age, sex, season, Foum El-Khanga Dam in Algeria (Sahtout et al. 2017), stage of maturity, the fullness of gut, the type of food but different from 1.9 and 2.3 for female and male C. consumed, the amount of fat reserve, and the degree of carpio in Lake Naivasha in Kenya (Aera et al. 2014) and muscular development (Pauker and Coot, 2004; Hossain 2.92 for C. carpio in Lake Amerti (Hailu 2013). These et al. 2013). situations may be caused by several factors including the The sex ratio (F:M) in this study was 1.3:1, and seasonal effect, habitat type, degree of stomach fullness, there was a significant deviation from hypothetical fe- gonad maturity, sex, health, preservation techniques, male to male ratio (1:1). The result of this study dis- food availability, differences in the observed length agrees with Hailu (2013) that has reported non- ranges, and fatness of the species as well as physical fac- significant variation (1.15:1) female to male ratio in tors such as temperature and salinity (Wootton, 1998; Amerti Reservoir. However, this result agrees with the Rahman et al. 2012; Hossain et al. 2016). The variations report (1.53:1) female to male ratio in Damsa Dam in “b” values between males and females may depend on Lake in Turkey (Mert and Bulut 2014). various factors such as the number of specimens exam- In thepresent study, thesizeatfirst sexual matur- ined, and the sampling season. ity of C. carpio was 17.5 cm for males and 21.5 cm The FCF of females and males of C. carpio were 1.23 for females. These values were similar to 15.8 and ± 0.13 and 1.21 ± 0.011, respectively. These values were 22.5 for male and female C. carpio in Sidi Saad similar to 1.22 ± 0.14 for C. carpio in Amerti Reservoir Reservoir in Tunisia (Hajlaoui et al. 2016). But these Fig. 8 Relationship between absolute fecundity (AF) and total length (TL) in C. carpio Tessema et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:16 Page 8 of 10 Fig. 9 Relation between absolute fecundity (AF) and total weight (TW) in C. carpio values were different from 27 cm and 28.3 cm for could be due to the smaller size of fish compared to male and female C. carpio in Amerti Reservoir (Hailu the C. carpio in Amerti and Lake Ziway. 2013), 27 cm and 28.7 cm for male and female C. Appropriate identification of the maturity status of carpio in Lake Ziway(Aberaetal. 2015), and 34 and fishes is a fundamental strategy for the appropriate man- 42 cm for male and female C. carpio in Lake Naiva- agement of exploited stocks in the fishery and is com- sha in Kenya (Oyugi 2012 ). monly used tools by fisheries’ biologists and managers Knowledge on the fecundity of fish is important to (Rahman et al. 2018). The monthly average GIS values examine the potential of its stocks, life history, practical of males and females were higher from February to April culture, and actual management of the fishery (Islam and were highest in April (Fig. 11). The lowest and high- et al. 2012). The range and the mean fecundity of C. car- est GSI values were 1.1 and 4 for males and 3.5 and 10 pio in Lake were 10,316–122,600 and 28100 ± 17462, re- for female C. carpio. The GIS values of females were spectively. These values were greater than the absolute higher than those of males due to the higher gonad fecundity range of 1610–99,737 for C. carpio in Lake weight of females. The observed higher values of GSI of Ardibo (Asnake 2010). However, the fecundity of C. both males and females between February and April and carpio of Lake Hayq was lower than most water the highest values in April might be associated with bodies of Ethiopia; it is less than a range of 36955– higher atmospheric and water temperature values of 26 318584 and mean of 170937 ± 1308 fecundity re- and 23 °C, respectively. Rainfall availability might also corded for C. carpio in Amerti Reservoir (Hailu 2013) contribute for more food (planktons, macrophytes, and and a range of 75645–356745 and mean of 210538 detritus) together with temperature, and triggers the for C. carpio in Lake Ziway (Lemma et al. 2015). Fe- spawning of C. carpio in Lake Hayq. The mean monthly cundity of C. carpio depends on body size and pro- average water temperature of Lake Hayq was 23 °C, and duce between 500,000 and 3 million eggs per better rainfall was recorded during the spawning spawning (Smith 2004). Thus, the reproductive poten- months. In agreement with the current study, peak tial of C. carpio is exceptional as they mature early, breeding season was recorded in Amerti Reservoir are highly fecund, increase reproductive effort with (Hailu 2013) and Lake Ziway (Abera et al. 2015) when age over their life span, and reproduce at least once water temperature becomes higher and rainfall is avail- each year when conditions are appropriate for survival able. C. carpio in Lake Hayq has more than one spawn- of larvae. The lower absolute fecundity in Lake Hayq ing season similar to Amerti Reservoir (Hailu 2013), Fig. 10 Relation between absolute fecundity (AF) and gonad weight (GW) in C. carpio Tessema et al. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (2020) 23:16 Page 9 of 10 Fig. 11 Mean monthly gonadosomatic index (GSI) of C. carpio in Lake Hayq Lake Ziway (Abera et al. 2015), and Lake Naivasha in Authors’ contributions TA, the corresponding author, has prepared the report from the collected Kenya (Oyugi, 2012). This might be related to the ther- data where us GA, MS, FT, and DE are co-authors who have edited the paper. mally stable warm environment and unlimited food re- The authors read and approved the final manuscript. sources (Muchiri et al. 1995). The mean monthly surface Authors’ information water temperature that ranged from 21.1 to 25.1 °C dur- TA is currently a PhD student in Addis Ababa University. ing the study period appears to favor year-round spawn- The co-authors, GA and MS, are professors, and FT is an associate professor ing of common carp in Lake Hayq. working in Addis Ababa University department of Zoological sciences. They have published many articles in fisheries and Aquatic Sciences and have ad- vised MSc and PhD students. The last co-author, DE, is a senior and energetic Conclusion and recommendation researcher in fishery and aquaculture areas. He is a PhD holder and working The growth and condition of common carp in Lake in IGAD at senior fishery expert. Hayq were good. The absolute fecundity of common Funding carp in Lake Hayq was lower compared to other Ethiop- Addis Ababa University and Ministry of Water, Irrigation, and Electricity have ian and African water bodies which could be due to granted us 2000 USD for data collection for this research. The funding organizations have commented on the work for the betterment of the smaller size of fishes used for fecundity analysis. The L paper. values of common carp were smaller (17.5 and 21.5 cm for male and female) which might be associated with il- Availability of data and materials Data sharing is not applicable. legal fishing activities, and narrow-sized gillnets of mesh size of 4–6 cm. Hence, the mesh size of the gillnets Ethics approval and consent to participate should be regulated at least to 8 cm which is the na- Not applicable, since there is no ethical approval process for fishery data in Ethiopia. tional standard. Furthermore, common carp have ex- tended spawning seasons in Lake Hayq (February–April) Consent for publication with peak spawning in April. Therefore, these intense Not applicable spawning months should be used for closing seasons (no Competing interests fishing activities). Thus restricted gillnet use and closed The authors declare that they have no competing interests. season practices could bring better recruitment and bet- ter fish size. Long-term monitoring on reproduction po- Author details Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, tential, spawning season, and population status of Ethiopia. Intergovernmental Authorities on Development (IGAD), Djibouti common carp should be done for sustainable fishery City, Djibouti. utilization of Lake Hayq. Received: 16 September 2019 Accepted: 31 May 2020 Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge Addis Ababa University, Ministry of Water, Irrigation, and Electricity, Haik Agricultural Research Sub-Center, for References their financial and logistic support. We would also like to extend our grati- Abera L, Getahun A, Lemma B. Some aspects of reproductive biology of the tude to fishermen of Lake Hayq, specially Fiseha Woldemariam and Seid common carp (Cyprinus Carpio Linnaeus, 1758) in Lake Ziway, Ethiopia. Abebe, for their unreserved support during fish sample collection and Kidane Global J Agric Res Rev. 2015;3:151–7. Aragaw for his support in the data analysis especially logistic regression ana- Aera NC, Migiro EK, Yasindi A, Outa N. Length-weight relationship and condition lysis using R software. factor of common carp, (Cyprinus carpio) in Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Int J Curr Res. 2014;6:8286–96. Declaration Asnake W. 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