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Heterogeneity of Microglial Activation in the Innate Immune Response in the Brain

Heterogeneity of Microglial Activation in the Innate Immune Response in the Brain The immune response in the brain has been widely investigated and while many studies have focused on the proinflammatory cytotoxic response, the brain’s innate immune system demonstrates significant heterogeneity. Microglia, like other tissue macrophages, participate in repair and resolution processes after infection or injury to restore normal tissue homeostasis. This review examines the mechanisms that lead to reduction of self-toxicity and to repair and restructuring of the damaged extracellular matrix in the brain. Part of the resolution process involves switching macrophage functional activation to include reduction of proinflammatory mediators, increased production and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and production of cytoactive factors involved in repair and reconstruction of the damaged brain. Two partially overlapping and complimentary functional macrophage states have been identified and are called alternative activation and acquired deactivation. The immunosuppressive and repair processes of each of these states and how alternative activation and acquired deactivation participate in chronic neuroinflammation in the brain are discussed. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology Springer Journals

Heterogeneity of Microglial Activation in the Innate Immune Response in the Brain

Colton, Carol
Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology , Volume 4 (4) – Aug 5, 2009
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Publisher
Springer Journals
Copyright
Copyright © 2009 by The Author(s)
Subject
Biomedicine; Cell Biology; Virology ; Pharmacology/Toxicology ; Immunology; Neurosciences
ISSN
1557-1890
eISSN
1557-1904
DOI
10.1007/s11481-009-9164-4
pmid
19655259
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

The immune response in the brain has been widely investigated and while many studies have focused on the proinflammatory cytotoxic response, the brain’s innate immune system demonstrates significant heterogeneity. Microglia, like other tissue macrophages, participate in repair and resolution processes after infection or injury to restore normal tissue homeostasis. This review examines the mechanisms that lead to reduction of self-toxicity and to repair and restructuring of the damaged extracellular matrix in the brain. Part of the resolution process involves switching macrophage functional activation to include reduction of proinflammatory mediators, increased production and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and production of cytoactive factors involved in repair and reconstruction of the damaged brain. Two partially overlapping and complimentary functional macrophage states have been identified and are called alternative activation and acquired deactivation. The immunosuppressive and repair processes of each of these states and how alternative activation and acquired deactivation participate in chronic neuroinflammation in the brain are discussed.

Journal

Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology – Springer Journals

Published: Aug 5, 2009

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