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M. Pagel, P. Harvey (1988)
Recent Developments in the Analysis of Comparative DataThe Quarterly Review of Biology, 63
J. Hoogland (1979)
Aggression, ectoparasitism, and other possible costs of prairie dog (Sciuridae, Cynomys spp.) coloniality.Behaviour, 69
W. Pflieger (1997)
The Fishes of Missouri
P. Duncan, N. Vigne (1979)
The effect of group size in horses on the rate of attacks by blood-sucking fliesAnimal Behaviour, 27
A. Kuris, A. Blaustein (1977)
Ectoparasitic mites on rodents: application of the island biogeography theory.Science, 195 4278
Janice Moore, D. Simberloff, M. Freehling (1988)
Relationships between Bobwhite Quail Social-Group Size and Intestinal Helminth ParasitismThe American Naturalist, 131
Robert Poulin, G. Fitzgerald (1989)
Shoaling as an anti-ectoparasite mechanism in juvenile sticklebacks (Gasterosteus spp.)Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 24
W. Freeland (1977)
Blood-sucking flies and primate polyspecific associationsNature, 269
P. Price, K. Clancy (1983)
Patterns in Number of Helminth Parasite Species in Freshwater FishesJournal of Parasitology, 69
L. Uhazy, L. Margolis, J. Arthur (1980)
Synopsis of the parasites of fishes of Canada : Supplement (1978-1993)
J. Hoogland, P. Sherman (1976)
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BANK SWALLOW (RIPARIA RIPARIA) COLONIALITYEcological Monographs, 46
Sokal Rr, Rohlf Fj (1981)
Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research 2nd edition.
R. Alexander (1974)
The evolution of social behaviorAnnual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 4
C. Brown, M. Brown (1986)
Ectoparasitism as a Cost of Coloniality in Cliff Swallows (Hirundo Pyrrhonota)Ecology, 67
Philip Smith (1979)
The fishes of Illinois
H. Pulliam, T. Caraco (1984)
Living in groups: is there an optimal group size?
A. Kuris, A. Blaustein, J. Alió (1980)
Hosts as IslandsThe American Naturalist, 116
C. Slobodchikoff (1984)
Resources and the Evolution of Social Behavior
P. Ward (1988)
Sexual dichromatism and parasitism in british and irish freshwater fishAnimal Behaviour, 36
W. Scott, E. Crossman (1974)
Freshwater fishes of Canada
An increased transmission of ectoparasites among individual animals is considered to be an inevitable cost of living in groups, since several kinds of ectoparasites require close proximity between large numbers of hosts for successful transmission. However, we do not know whether individuals belonging to group-living species incur a greater risk of ectoparasitism than individuals of solitary species. Here, using published data from 3 families (60 species) of Canadian freshwater fishes, I test the hypothesis that group-living species are host to more species of “contagious ectoparasites” (copepods and monogeneans) than solitary host species. As the different fish species have been studied with varying intensity, I used the mean number of parasite species recorded per study as a standard measure of parasite numbers. Multiple regression analyses were performed separately for each family to determine the effects of group-living and of 3 other variables (host size, age, and range) on the richness of the recorded parasite fauna. Once the effects of the other variables were removed, I found no significant effect of sociality on the richness of the parasite fauna per fish species, for contagious ectoparasites and other types of parasites. Neither of the other variables had any influence on the numbers of parasite species per fish species. These results suggest that a richer ectoparasite fauna is not a cost of group-living in fishes.
Oecologia – Springer Journals
Published: May 1, 1991
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