Global Warming and Tropical Land-Use Change: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Biomass Burning, Decomposition and Soils in Forest Conversion, Shifting Cultivation and Secondary Vegetation

Global Warming and Tropical Land-Use Change: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Biomass Burning,... Tropical forest conversion, shiftingcultivation and clearing of secondary vegetation makesignificant contributions to global emissions ofgreenhouse gases today, and have the potential forlarge additional emissions in future decades. Globally, an estimated 3.1×109 t of biomasscarbon of these types is exposed to burning annually,of which 1.1×109 t is emitted to the atmospherethrough combustion and 49×106 t is converted tocharcoal (including 26–31×106 t C of blackcarbon). The amount of biomass exposed to burningincludes aboveground remains that failed to burn ordecompose from clearing in previous years, andtherefore exceeds the 1.9×109 t of abovegroundbiomass carbon cleared on average each year. Above-and belowground carbon emitted annually throughdecomposition processes totals 2.1×109 t C. Atotal gross emission (including decomposition ofunburned aboveground biomass and of belowgroundbiomass) of 3.41×109 t C year-1 resultsfrom clearing primary (nonfallow) and secondary(fallow) vegetation in the tropics. Adjustment fortrace gas emissions using IPCC Second AssessmentReport 100-year integration global warming potentialsmakes this equivalent to 3.39×109 t ofCO2-equivalent carbon under a low trace gasscenario and 3.83×109 t under a high trace gasscenario. Of these totals, 1.06×109 t (31%)is the result of biomass burning under the low tracegas scenario and 1.50×109 t (39%) under thehigh trace gas scenario. The net emissions from allclearing of natural vegetation and of secondaryforests (including both biomass and soil fluxes) is2.0×109 t C, equivalent to 2.0–2.4×109 t of CO2-equivalent carbon. Adding emissions of0.4×109 t C from land-use category changesother than deforestation brings the total for land-usechange (not considering uptake of intact forest,recurrent burning of savannas or fires in intactforests) to 2.4×109 t C, equivalent to 2.4–2.9×109 t of CO2-equivalent carbon. The totalnet emission of carbon from the tropical land usesconsidered here (2.4×109 t C year-1)calculated for the 1981–1990 period is 50% higherthan the 1.6×109 t C year-1 value used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The inferred (= `missing') sink in the global carbonbudget is larger than previously thought. However,about half of the additional source suggested here maybe offset by a possible sink in uptake by Amazonianforests. Both alterations indicate that continueddeforestation would produce greater impact on globalcarbon emissions. The total net emission of carboncalculated here indicates a major global warmingimpact from tropical land uses, equivalent toapproximately 29% of the total anthropogenic emissionfrom fossil fuels and land-use change. http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png Climatic Change Springer Journals

Global Warming and Tropical Land-Use Change: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Biomass Burning, Decomposition and Soils in Forest Conversion, Shifting Cultivation and Secondary Vegetation

Fearnside, Philip
Climatic Change, Volume 46 (2) – Oct 8, 2004
44 pages
Read Article

Loading next page...
 
/lp/springer-journals/global-warming-and-tropical-land-use-change-greenhouse-gas-emissions-sBdAgNKKc0
Publisher
Springer Journals
Copyright
Copyright © 2000 by Kluwer Academic Publishers
Subject
Earth Sciences; Atmospheric Sciences; Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts
ISSN
0165-0009
eISSN
1573-1480
DOI
10.1023/A:1005569915357
Publisher site
See Article on Publisher Site

Abstract

Tropical forest conversion, shiftingcultivation and clearing of secondary vegetation makesignificant contributions to global emissions ofgreenhouse gases today, and have the potential forlarge additional emissions in future decades. Globally, an estimated 3.1×109 t of biomasscarbon of these types is exposed to burning annually,of which 1.1×109 t is emitted to the atmospherethrough combustion and 49×106 t is converted tocharcoal (including 26–31×106 t C of blackcarbon). The amount of biomass exposed to burningincludes aboveground remains that failed to burn ordecompose from clearing in previous years, andtherefore exceeds the 1.9×109 t of abovegroundbiomass carbon cleared on average each year. Above-and belowground carbon emitted annually throughdecomposition processes totals 2.1×109 t C. Atotal gross emission (including decomposition ofunburned aboveground biomass and of belowgroundbiomass) of 3.41×109 t C year-1 resultsfrom clearing primary (nonfallow) and secondary(fallow) vegetation in the tropics. Adjustment fortrace gas emissions using IPCC Second AssessmentReport 100-year integration global warming potentialsmakes this equivalent to 3.39×109 t ofCO2-equivalent carbon under a low trace gasscenario and 3.83×109 t under a high trace gasscenario. Of these totals, 1.06×109 t (31%)is the result of biomass burning under the low tracegas scenario and 1.50×109 t (39%) under thehigh trace gas scenario. The net emissions from allclearing of natural vegetation and of secondaryforests (including both biomass and soil fluxes) is2.0×109 t C, equivalent to 2.0–2.4×109 t of CO2-equivalent carbon. Adding emissions of0.4×109 t C from land-use category changesother than deforestation brings the total for land-usechange (not considering uptake of intact forest,recurrent burning of savannas or fires in intactforests) to 2.4×109 t C, equivalent to 2.4–2.9×109 t of CO2-equivalent carbon. The totalnet emission of carbon from the tropical land usesconsidered here (2.4×109 t C year-1)calculated for the 1981–1990 period is 50% higherthan the 1.6×109 t C year-1 value used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The inferred (= `missing') sink in the global carbonbudget is larger than previously thought. However,about half of the additional source suggested here maybe offset by a possible sink in uptake by Amazonianforests. Both alterations indicate that continueddeforestation would produce greater impact on globalcarbon emissions. The total net emission of carboncalculated here indicates a major global warmingimpact from tropical land uses, equivalent toapproximately 29% of the total anthropogenic emissionfrom fossil fuels and land-use change.

Journal

Climatic Change – Springer Journals

Published: Oct 8, 2004

References

  • The African Husbandman
    Allan, W.
  • Biomass-Burning Emissions and Associated Haze Layers over Amazonia
    Andreae, M. O.; Browell, E. V.; Garstang, M.; Gregory, G. L.; Harriss, R. C.; Hill, G. F.; Jacob, D. J.; Pereira, M. C.; Sachse, G. W.; Setzer, A. W.; Silva Dias, P. L.; Talbot, R. W.; Torres, A. L.; Wofsy, S. C.
  • Investigação das Taxas de Dióxido de Carbono Gerado em Queimadas na Região Amazônica
    Araujo, T. M.
  • Estimativa de Taxas de Liberação de Carbono em Experimento de Queimada no Estado do Pará
    Araujo, T. M.; Carvalho, J. A.; Higuchi, N.; Brasil, A. C. P.; Mesquita, A. L. A.
  • VI Simpósio sobre Cerrado
    Azevedo, L. G.; Adamoli, J.
  • Efeito Estufa na Amazônia: Estimativa da Biomassa e a Quantificação do Estoque e Liberação de Carbono na Queima de Pastagens Convertidas de Florestas Tropicais em Roraima, Brasil
    Barbosa, R. I.
  • Avaliação da Área dos Sistemas Naturais e Agroecossistemas Atingida por Incêndios no Estado de Roraima (01.12.97 a 30.04.98)
    Barbosa, R. I.
  • Pasture Burning in Amazonia: Dynamics of Residual Biomass and the Storage and Release of Aboveground Carbon
    Barbosa, R. I.; Fearnside, P. M.
  • In the Heat of the Night: Warmer Nights May Be Slowing Tropical Forest Growth and Raising Carbon Dioxide Levels
    Beardsley, T.
  • Land Use Change and Carbon Exchange in the Tropics: III. Structure, Basic Equations, and Sensitivity Analysis of the Model
    Bogdonoff, P.; Detwiler, R. P.; Hall, C. A. S.
  • O Desafio do Desenvolvimento Sustentável: Relatório do Brasil para a Conferência das Nações Unidas Sobre Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento
  • Subsídio Técnico para Elaboração do Relatório Nacional do Brasil para a Conferência das Nações Unidas Sobre Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento
  • Mapa de Vegetação do Brasil’, Map Scale 1:5,000,000
  • Projeto PRODES. Levantamento das Áreas Desflorestadas na Amazônia Legal no Período 1991-1994. Resultados
  • Amazônia: Desflorestamento 1995-1997
  • Monitoramento da Floresta Amazônica Brasileira por Satélite/Monitoring of the Brazilian Amazon Forest by Satellite: 1997-1998
  • Estimating Biomass and Biomass Change of Tropical Forests: A Primer
    Brown, S.
  • Tropical Secondary Forests
    Brown, S.; Lugo, A. E.
  • Aboveground Biomass Estimates for Tropical Moist Forests of the Brazilian Amazon
    Brown, S.; Lugo, A. E.
  • Biomass Estimation Methods for Tropical Forests with Applications to Forest Inventory Data
    Brown, S.; Gillespie, A. J. R.; Lugo, A. E.
  • A Tropical Rainforest Clearing Experiment by Biomass Burning in the Manaus Region
    Carvalho, J. A.; Santos, J. M.; Santos, J. C.; Leitão, M. M.; Higuchi, N.
  • Trace Gas Emissions from a Mid-Latitude Prescribed Chaparral Fire
    Cofer, W. R.; Levine, J. S.; Riggan, P. H.; Sebacher, D. I.; Winstead, E. L.; Shaw, E. F.; Brass, J. A.; Ambrosia, V. G.
  • Biomass Burning in the Tropics: Impact on Atmospheric Chemistry and Biogeochemical Cycles
    Crutzen, P. J.; Andreae, M. O.
  • Tropospheric Chemical Composition Measurements in Brazil during the Dry Season
    Crutzen, P. J.; Delany, A. C.; Greenberg, J.; Haagenson, P.; Heidt, L.; Lueb, R.; Pollock, W.; Seiler, W.; Wartburg, A.; Zimmerman, P.
  • Ecologia de Subsistência de uma População Cabocla na Amazônia Brasileira
    da Silva, M. C.
  • Ecosystem Structure in Brazilian Cerrado: A Vegetation Gradient of Aboveground Biomass, Root Mass and Consumption by Fire
    de Castro, E. A.; Kauffman, J. B.
  • Alternativas de Desenvolvimento dos Cerrados: Manejo e Conservação dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis
    Dias, B. F. S.
  • Slash and Burn Impacts on a Costa Rican Wet Forest Site
    Ewel, J.; Berish, C.; Brown, B.; Price, N.; Raich, J.
  • Forest Resources Assessment 1990: Tropical Countries
  • Forest Resources Assessment 1990: Global Synthesis
  • Forest Resources Assessment 1990: Survey of Tropical Forest Cover and Study of Change Processes
  • Tropical Rain Forest: The Leeds Symposium
    Fearnside, P. M.
  • Simulation of Meteorological Parameters for Estimating Human Carrying Capacity in Brazil's Transamazon Highway Colonization Area
    Fearnside, P. M.
  • Human Carrying Capacity of the Brazilian Rainforest
    Fearnside, P. M.
  • Burn Quality Prediction for Simulation of the Agricultural System of Brazil's Transamazon Highway Colonists
    Fearnside, P. M.
  • The Rate and Extent of Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia
    Fearnside, P. M.
  • Fire in the Tropical Biota: Ecosystem Processes and Global Challenges
    Fearnside, P. M.
  • Global Biomass Burning: Atmospheric, Climatic, and Biospheric Implications
    Fearnside, P. M.
  • Forest Biomass in Brazilian Amazonia: Comments on the Estimate by Brown and Lugo
    Fearnside, P. M.
  • Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, Carbon Emissions and Sequestration in Forests: Case Studies from Developing Countries, Vol. 2, LBL-32758, UC-402
    Fearnside, P. M.
  • Desmatamento na Amazônia: Quem tem razão-o INPE ou a NASA?
    Fearnside, P. M.
  • Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: The Effect of Population and Land Tenure
    Fearnside, P. M.
  • Biomass of Brazil's Amazonian Forests: Reply to Brown and Lugo Revisited
    Fearnside, P. M.
  • Anais do Seminário Emissão × Seqüestro de CO 2
    Fearnside, P. M.
  • Potential Impacts of Climatic Change on Natural Forests and Forestry in Brazilian Amazonia
    Fearnside, P. M.
  • Hydroelectric Dams in the Brazilian Amazon as Sources of “Greenhouse” Gases
    Fearnside, P. M.
  • Biomass Burning and Global Change. Volume 2: Biomass Burning in South America, Southeast Asia and Temperate and Boreal Ecosystems and the Oil Fires of Kuwait
    Fearnside, P. M.
  • Amazonian Deforestation and Global Warming: Carbon Stocks in Vegetation Replacing Brazil's Amazon Forest
    Fearnside, P. M.
  • Greenhouse Gases from Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: Net Committed Emissions
    Fearnside, P. M.
  • Environmental Services as a Strategy for Sustainable Development in Rural Amazonia
    Fearnside, P. M.
  • Plantation Forestry in Brazil: Projections to 2050
    Fearnside, P. M.
  • A Conservation Gap Analysis of Brazil's Amazonian Vegetation
    Fearnside, P. M.; Ferraz, J.
  • Jari Revisited: Changes and the Outlook for Sustainability in Amazonia's Largest Silvicultural Estate
    Fearnside, P. M.; Rankin, J. M.
  • Carbon Uptake by Secondary Forests in Brazilian Amazonia
    Fearnside, P. M.; Guimarães, W. M.
  • Soil Carbon Changes from Conversion of Forest to Pasture in Brazilian Amazonia
    Fearnside, P. M.; Barbosa, R. I.
  • Rainforest Burning and the Global Carbon Budget: Biomass, Combustion Efficiency and Charcoal Formation in the Brazilian Amazon
    Fearnside, P. M.; Leal Filho, N.; Fernandes, F. M.
  • The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests: The Americas
    Fearnside, P. M.; Sayer, J. A.; Cleary, D.; Bierregaard, R. O.; Prance, G.
  • Tropical Forest Burning in Brazilian Amazonia: Measurements of Biomass Loading, Burning Efficiency and Charcoal Formation at Altamira, Para
    Fearnside, P. M.; Graça, P. M. L. A.; Leal Filho, N.; Rodrigues, F. J. A.; Robinson, J. M.
  • Effects of Land-Use Change on Atmospheric CO 2 Concentrations: South and Southeast Asia as a Case Study
    Flint, E. P.; Richards, J. F.
  • Mata Atlântica
  • ConteÚdo de Carbono na Biomassa Florestal da Amazônia e Alterações após à Queima
    Graça, P. M. L. A.
  • Burning of Amazonian Forest in Ariquemes, Rondônia, Brazil: Biomass, Charcoal Formation and Burning Efficiency
    Graça, P. M. L. A.; Fearnside, P. M.; Cerri, C. C.
  • Carbon Dioxide Uptake by an Undisturbed Tropical Rain Forest in Southwest Amazonia, 1992 to 1993
    Grace, J.; Lloyd, J.; McIntyre, J.; Miranda, A. C.; Meir, P.; Miranda, H. S.; Nobre, C.; Moncrieff, J.; Massheder, J.; Malhi, Y.; Wright, I.; Gash, J.
  • Global Terrestrial Productivity: Past, Present, and Future
    Grace, J.; Malhi, Y.; Higuchi, N.; Meir, P.
  • Liberação de Carbono e Mudanças nos Estoques dos Nutrientes Contidos na Biomassa Aérea e no Solo Resultante de Queimadas de Florestas Secundárias em Áreas de Pastagens Abandonadas, em Altamira, Pará
    Guimarães, W. M.
  • Methane Production from Global Biomass Burning
    Hao, W. M.; Ward, D. E.
  • Fire in the Tropical Biota
    Hao, W. M.; Liu, M. H.; Crutzen, P. J.
  • Anais do Seminário Emissão × Seqüestro de CO 2
    Higuchi, N.; Carvalho, J. A.
  • Bionte: Biomassa e Nutrientes Florestais, Relatório Final
    Higuchi, N.; dos Santos, J.; Ribeiro, R. J.; de Freitas, J. V.; Vieira, G.; Cöic, A.; Minette, L. J.
  • Tropical Deforestation and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
    Houghton, R. A.
  • Changes in the Carbon Content of the Terrestrial Biota and Soils between 1860 and 1980: A Net Release of CO2 to the Atmosphere
    Houghton, R. A.; Hobbie, J. E.; Melillo, J. M.; Moore, B.; Peterson, B. J.; Shaver, G. R.; Woodwell, G. M.
  • The Flux of Carbon from Terrestrial Ecosystems to the Atmosphere in 1980 Due to Changes in Land Use: Geographic Distribution of the Global Flux
    Houghton, R. A.; Boone, R. D.; Fruchi, J. R.; Hobbie, J. E.; Melillo, J. M.; Palm, C. A.; Peterson, B. J.; Shaver, G. R.; Woodwell, G. M.; Moore, B.; Skole, D. L.; Myers, N.
  • Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emission Scenarios
  • Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change
  • Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reporting Instructions, IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
  • Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Summary for Policy Makers
  • Global Biomass Burning: Atmospheric, Climatic, and Biospheric Implications
    Joshi, V.
  • Relationships of Fire, Biomass and Nutrient Dynamics along a Vegetation Gradient in the Brazilian Cerrado
    Kauffman, J. B.; Cummings, D. L.; Ward, D. E.
  • Fire in the Brazilian Amazon: Biomass, Nutrient Pools, and Losses in Slashed Primary Forest
    Kauffman, J. B.; Cummings, D. L.; Ward, D. E.; Babbitt, R.
  • Fire in the Tropical Biota: Ecosystem Processes and Global Challenges
    Kaufman, Y. J.; Setzer, A. W.; Justice, C.; Tucker, C. J.; Pereira, M. G.; Fung, I.
  • Effects of Tropical Deforestation on Global and Regional Atmospheric Chemistry
    Keller, M.; Jacob, D. J.; Wofsy, S. C.; Harriss, R. C.
  • Cerrado: Processo de Ocupação e Implicações para a Conservação e Utilização da sua Diversidade Biológica
    Klink, C. A.; Macedo, R. H.; Mueller, C. C.
  • Toward a Global Estimate of Black Carbon in Residues of Vegetation Fires Representing a Sink of Atmospheric CO2 and a Source of O2
    Kuhlbusch, T. A. J.; Crutzen, P. J.
  • Biomass Collapse in Amazonian Forest Fragments
    Laurance, W. F.; Laurance, S. G.; Ferreira, L. V.; Rankin-de-Merona, J. M.; Gascon, C.; Lovejoy, T. E.
  • Tropical Forest Fragmentation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
    Laurance, W. F.; Laurance, S. G.; Delamonica, P.
  • Carbon Dioxide Transfer over a Central Amazonian Rain Forest
    Malhi, Y.; Nobre, A. D.; Grace, J.; Kruijt, B.; Pereira, M. G. P.; Culf, A.; Scott, S.
  • Remote Sensing of Forest Fires: Kalimantan and North Borneo in 1982-1983
    Malingreau, J. P.; Stephens, G.; Fellows, L.
  • Methane Emission from Wood-Feeding Termites in Amazonia
    Martius, C.; Wassmann, R.; Thein, U.; Bandeira, A. G.; Rennenberg, H.; Junk, W.; Seiler, W.
  • Deforestation and Methane Release from Termites in Amazonia
    Martius, C.; Fearnside, P. M.; Bandeira, A. G.; Wassmann, R.
  • The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests: Asia and the Pacific
    McNeely, J.; Sayers, J.; Anspach, P.; Ng, F.; Singhapant, S.; Nuevo, C.; Van der Heide, J.
  • Archeological Evidence for the Impact of Mega-Niño Events on Amazonia During the Past Two Millennia
    Meggers, B. J.
  • Integrating Amazonian Vegetation, Land-Use, and Satellite Data
    Moran, E. F.; Brondizio, E.; Mausel, P.; Wo, Y.
  • Tropical Forests: Present Status and Future Outlook
    Myers, N.
  • The Soil under Shifting Cultivation
    Nye, P. H.; Greenland, D. J.
  • Changes in the Carbon Balance of Tropical Forests: Evidence from Long-Term Plots
    Phillips, O. L.; Malhi, Y.; Higuchi, N.; Laurance, W. F.; NÚñez, P. V.; Vásquez, R. M.; Laurance, S. G.; Ferreira, L. V.; Stern, M.; Brown, S.; Grace, J.
  • On Uncertainty in the Computation of Global Emissions from Biomass Burning
    Robinson, J. M.
  • Tropical Deforestation: Small Farmers and Land Clearing in the Ecuadorian Amazon
    Rudel, T. K.; Horowitz, B.
  • Indonesia Ablaze
    Runyan, C.
  • Farming Systems in the Tropics
    Ruthenberg, H.
  • Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change
    Schimel, D. o.
  • Assessing Brazil's Carbon Budget: I. Biotic Carbon Pools
    Schroeder, P. E.; Winjum, J. K.
  • Estimates of Gross and Net Fluxes of Carbon between the Biosphere and the Atmosphere from Biomass Burning
    Seiler, W.; Crutzen, P. J.
  • Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment
    Shine, K. P.; Derwent, R. G.; Wuebbles, D. J.; Morcrette, J-J.
  • Brazilian Amazonian Caboclo Agriculture: Effect of Fallow Period on Maize Yield
    Silva-Forsberg, M. C.; Fearnside, P. M.
  • Amounts, Dynamics and Sequestering of Carbon in Tropical and Subtropical Soils
    Sombroek, W. G.; Nachtergaele, F.; Hebel, A.
  • A Map of the Vegetation of South America Based on Satellite Imagery
    Stone, T. A.; Schlesinger, P.; Houghton, R. A.; Woodwell, G. M.
  • Effect of Interanual Climate Variability on Carbon Storage in Amazonian Ecosystems
    Tian, H.; Mellilo, J. M.; Kicklighter, D.W.; McGuire, A. D.; Helfrich, J. V. K.; Moore, B.; Vörösmarty, C.
  • A Disturbing Synergism between Cattle-Ranch Burning Practices and Selective Tree Harvesting in the Eastern Amazon
    Uhl, C.; Buschbacher, R.
  • Deforestation, Fire Susceptibility, and Potential Tree Responses to Fire in the Eastern Amazon
    Uhl, C.; Kauffman, J. B.
  • Abandoned Pastures in Eastern Amazonia. I. Patterns of Plant Succession
    Uhl, C.; Buschbacher, R.; Serrão, E. A. S.
  • Effects of Land-Use Change on Atmospheric CO 2 Concentrations: South and Southeast Asia as a Case Study
    Uhlig, J.; Hall, C. A. S.; Nyo, T.
  • Tropical Forest Ecosystems: A State of Knowledge Report
  • Population Pressure and Crop Rotational Changes among the Tiv of Nigeria
    Vermeer, D. E.
  • Technical Paper Presented at the Defense Nuclear Agency Global Effects Review
    Ward, D. E.
  • Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment
    Watson, R. T.; Rodhe, H.; Oeschger, H.; Siegenthaler, U.
  • Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment
    Watson, R. T.; Meira Filho, L. G.; Sanhueza, E.; Janetos, A.
  • Atmospheric Input of Carbon Dioxide from Burning Wood
    Wong, C. S.
  • Model Complexity and Data Worth: An Assessment of Changes in the Global Carbon Budget
    Yearsley, J. R.; Lettenmaier, D. P.
  • Farmers in the Forest: Economic Development and Marginal Agriculture in Northern Thailand
    Zinke, P. J.; Sabhasri, S.; Kunstadter, P.

You’re reading a free preview. Subscribe to read the entire article.

Try 2 weeks free now

DeepDyve is your
personal research library

It’s your single place to instantly
discover and read the research
that matters to you.

Enjoy affordable access to
over 18 million articles from more than
15,000 peer-reviewed journals.

All for just $49/month

Explore the DeepDyve Library

or browse the journals available

Search

Query the DeepDyve database, plus search all of PubMed and Google Scholar seamlessly

Organize

Save any article or search result from DeepDyve, PubMed, and Google Scholar... all in one place.

Access

Get unlimited, online access to over 18 million full-text articles from more than 15,000 scientific journals.

Your journals are on DeepDyve

Read from thousands of the leading scholarly journals from SpringerNature, Elsevier, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford University Press and more.

All the latest content is available, no embargo periods.

See the journals in your area

DeepDyve

Freelancer

DeepDyve

Pro

Price

FREE

$49/month
$360/year

Save searches from
Google Scholar,
PubMed

Create folders to
organize your research

Export folders, citations

Read DeepDyve articles

Abstract access only

Unlimited access to over
18 million full-text articles

Print

20 pages / month

PDF Discount

20% off

Sign up
for free
Start 14 day
Free Trial