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A. Belyakov, Yuji Kimura, K. Tsuzaki (2006)
Microstructure evolution in dual-phase stainless steel during severe deformationActa Materialia, 54
(2000)
Influence of Flow-Forming Parameters and Microstructure on the Quality of a D6ac
K. Lo, C. Shek, J. Lai (2009)
Recent developments in stainless steelsMaterials Science & Engineering R-reports, 65
(2013)
http://www.aksteel.com/pdf/markets_products/stainless/prec ipitation/17-4_ph_data_bulletin.pdf
W. Yoo, Jong Lee, K. Youn, Y. Rhyim (2006)
Study on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Depending on Heat Treatment and Aging TimeSolid State Phenomena, 118
C. Wong, T. Dean, Jianguo Lin (2003)
A review of spinning, shear forming and flow forming processesInternational Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 43
J. Shimizu (1969)
Review of Spinning
M. Hadji, R. Badji (2002)
Microstructure and mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels after cold rollingJournal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 11
R. Valiev (2014)
Superior Strength in Ultrafine-Grained Materials Produced by SPD ProcessingMaterials Transactions, 55
H. Mirzadeh, A. Najafizadeh (2009)
Aging kinetics of 17-4 PH stainless steelMaterials Chemistry and Physics, 116
(2006)
Rhyim, Study on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Depending on Heat Treatment and Aging Time, Solid State Phenom
Z. Hsiao, D. Chen, J. Kuo, D. Lin (2017)
Effect of prior deformation on microstructural development and Laves phase precipitation in high‐chromium stainless steelJournal of Microscopy, 266
J. Hamada, N. Ono (2010)
Effect of Microstructure before Cold Rolling on Texture and Formability of Duplex Stainless Steel SheetMaterials Transactions, 51
M. Mohebbi, A. Akbarzadeh (2010)
Experimental study and FEM analysis of redundant strains in flow forming of tubesJournal of Materials Processing Technology, 210
(2009)
Recent Developments in Stainless Steels, Mater
Jun Wang, H. Zou, Cong Li, S. Qiu, Bao-luo Shen (2006)
The effect of microstructural evolution on hardening behavior of type 17-4PH stainless steel in long-term aging at 350 °CMaterials Characterization, 57
R. Molak, M. Kartal, Z. Pakieła, W. Manaj, M. Turski, S. Hiller, S. Gungor, L. Edwards, K. Kurzydłowski (2007)
Use of Micro Tensile Test Samples in Determining the Remnant Life of Pressure Vessel SteelsApplied Mechanics and Materials, 7-8
M. Jahazi, G. Ebrahimi (2000)
The influence of flow-forming parameters and microstructure on the quality of a D6ac steelJournal of Materials Processing Technology, 103
O. Music, J. Allwood, K. Kawai (2010)
A review of the mechanics of metal spinningJournal of Materials Processing Technology, 210
(2006)
The Effect of Microstructural Evolution on Hardening Behavior of Type 17-4 PH Stainless Steel in Long-Term Aging
JMEPEG (2018) 27:6435–6442 The Author(s) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3724-9 1059-9495/$19.00 Formability, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Flow-Formed 17-4 PH Stainless Steel P. Maj, B. Adamczyk-Cieslak, M. Lewczuk, J. Mizera, S. Kut, and T. Mrugala (Submitted January 23, 2018; in revised form August 27, 2018; published online November 1, 2018) The subject of the research that has been conducted in this paper was to analyze precipitation-hardened martensitic stainless steel 17-4 PH after flow forming with four different strains and subsequent standard heat treatment. Four cylinders were obtained with a 16, 30, 48 and 68% reduction in thickness, respectively. The samples were analyzed in terms of their mechanical properties and microstructural changes before and after the heat treatment. The results showed that a higher strain resulted in an overall higher strength (up to 1200 MPa UTS) and refinement of the structure, although at a cost of the elongation. High deformation influenced the precipitation process, and the ratio of the grain boundaries significantly increased. Nonetheless, comparing the obtained results with other similar research, it seems that the formation of nano-precipitates of Cu is the key-strengthening mechanism. Strain hardening contributes to an increase in the strength of the steel, although the effect decreases after heat treatment. The relatively small values of residual stress in the steel, especially after the heat treatment, confirmed these claims. Overall, flow forming allowed high deformations of the 17-4 PH steel to be obtained although it did not significantly change the mechanical properties of the material due to the dominant precipitation hardening mechanism. martensitic steel, hardened with additional Cu nano-precipitates Keywords 17-4 PH steel, flow forming, mechanical properties, to further strengthen the material. Thanks to its good corrosion TEM resistance, excellent mechanical properties and relatively low price; it is becoming more commonly used in demanding applications. However, due to the complex microstructure, it is very susceptible to heat treatment which is also deformation dependent which strongly influences the physical properties of 1. Introduction the material. According to Hsiao et al. (Ref 5), deformation may decrease the size of the precipitation in martensitic steels The main parameters of the flow-forming process are due to a higher concentration of nucleation sites. The precip- thickness reductions, roller speed (mm/min) and mandrel itation begins with coherent (bcc) Cu-rich precipitates, which rotations (rev/min). Thickness reduction is proportional to the have been reported to transform to non-coherent fcc-Cu-rich deformation induced in the material. This value is primarily particles after extended aging at 400 C (Ref 6). Furthermore, controlled by the gap between the roller and the mandrel, after a prolonged time at 350 C, a brittle mixture of a + a¢ can although other variables like the stiffness of the tooling and the be observed in the microstructure (Ref 7). Due to this process parameters also have a significant impact. The ratio of transformation, the maximum working temperature of 17-4 the feed rate of the roller to the rotational speed is also called PH steel is just 300 C. the feed ratio and, according to many research papers (Ref 1, The microstructure of 17-4 PH stainless steel is a mix of 2), it is the most important parameter which determines the various phases, primarily martensite and, depending on the overall forces of the process. Generally, a higher rotating speed annealing conditions, retained austenite and d ferrite with decreases the tendency of defects to develop as well as the additional small precipitates of Cr and Nb carbides and nano- surface quality of the obtained product, although lower Cu precipitates (Ref 8). Due to the complex chemical accuracy can be achieved with increased process time (Ref composition of the steel, complex phase transformations may 3). On the other hand, too low a rotation speed will lead to occur due to thermo-mechanical reactions in the material. cracking and higher stress concentrations but better dimen- According to Lo et al. (Ref 9), there are over 13 phases sional accuracy. Other important parameters are nose radius, encountered in stainless steels, which may also occur in 17-4 roller diameter and attack angle (Ref 4). PH depending on the process conditions and temperature. The tested material was 17-4 PH stainless steel obtained Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the annealing according to AMS 5604 with a chemical composition of ca. conditions may significantly differ, which can strongly influ- 16.25 Cr 4.0, 4.0 Ni, 4.0 Cu, 0.07C and 0.45 Nb/Ta. It is a ence the precipitation process. Yoo et al. (Ref 8) reported that by the appropriate selection of parameters, it was possible to achieve a tensile strength of 1379 MPa and a yield strength P. Maj, B. Adamczyk-Cieslak, M. Lewczuk, and J. Mizera, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of (YS) of 1275 MPa, but with a significant decrease in strain Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; S. Kut, Faculty until it breaks, and impact strength. Nonetheless, it is possible of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of to influence the process even further by introducing additional Technology, al. Powstancow Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland; preformation which will change the nucleation of the precip- and T. Mrugala, Pratt & Whitney Rzeszow S.A., Hetman´ska 120, 35- 078 Rzeszow, Poland. Contact e-mail: piotr.maj@pw.edu.pl. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Volume 27(12) December 2018—6435 itates. According to the current authors reasoning, this should the dimensions of the mini-samples used in the experiment are enhance the mechanical properties of the material. shown in Fig. 1(b). The samples that were tested were extracted The main aim of the results of this research was to determine from the middle part of the cylinders. Three hardness tests for the formability of 17-4 PH steel in the flow-forming method each condition were carried out in the experiment, and the and furthermore the microstructure changes that may be a result spread of the results was relatively small. The highest of high deformation and heat treatment. However, as it turned differences were observed in case of the yield strength which out, the mechanical properties of the material were only slightly was a result of the high sensitivity of the parameter (stress at altered in comparison to the initial state. 0.2% plastic strain). The Vickers hardness measurements were performed in air at room temperature under a constant loading condition, using a load of 9.8 N for a holding time of 15 s. The hardness was measured at a minimum of four points on each 2. Experimental Work specimen. For the optical microscope (OM), the material specimens The 17-4 PH stainless steel that was used in the experiment were etched using Vilellas etchant (1 g picric acid, 5 ml HCl was obtained according to AMS 5604. Sheets of 1.9-mm-thick and 100 ml ethanol). The residual stresses were measured using metal were deep drawn to the geometry shown in Fig. 1(a). To a Bruker D8 Discover x-ray diffractometer with a point beam collimated to approximately 1 mm Cr Ka1 (2.29 A) radiation. homogenize the metal, the standard heat treatment was used. The metal-forming process was conducted using a prototype Measurements were provided by the sin W method which is SFC 800 V500 machine, and different thickness reductions considered to be a nondestructive method among the many were used to determine the formability of the material. The gap stress determination methods. X-ray diffraction residual stress between the roller and the mandrel was first kept constant and measurement uses the distance between crystallographic planes, then changed in the individual technological tests to obtain d, as a strain gauge. The deformations cause changes in the d thickness reductions of different amounts. The deformation was spacing of the lattice planes from their stress-free value, to a performed in one movement of the tool. new value that corresponds to the magnitude of the residual Tensile tests were carried out using mini-samples of the steel stress. Due to Poissons ratio effect, if a tensile stress is applied with gauge lengths of 10 mm. The experiment was conducted to a material, the lattice spacing will increase for planes using a Zwick/Roell 005 machine with an initial strain rate of perpendicular to the stress direction and decrease for planes 10 1/s. The tests were carried out at room temperature, and parallel to the stress direction. The diffraction angle (2H)is three samples were used for each treatment. Optical non-contact measured experimentally and then plotted versus sin W.(W is displacement measurement by the digital image correlation the specimen tilt angle.) technique was used for precise elongation measurement, Additional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) char- according to the procedures described by Molak et al. (Ref acterization was also carried out. The samples (100-lm-thick 10). The cylinders were then tested in the radial direction, and disks with a diameter of 3 mm) were cut from heat-treated Fig. 1 (a) The geometry of the prefabricate with the marked location of (b) the mini-tensile sample used in the experiment Table 1 Samples used in the experiment and their hardness Total strain, % Average hardness, HV10 Sample mark Set strain Obtained strain Before HT After HT IN …… 349 ± 3.2 351 ± 2.8 C1 30 16 353 ± 2.4 352 ± 2.7 C2 50 30 361 ± 2.1 354 ± 1.9 C3 70 48 382 ± 3.1 359 ± 2.7 C4 90 68 408 ± 3.2 351 ± 2.3 IN initial state material, HT heat treatment. 6436—Volume 27(12) December 2018 Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance sheets of Inconel 17-4 PH using wire electro-discharge (Fig. 3). Similar results have been observed in many other machining (WEDM). The foils were then electropolished using metallic materials due to strain hardening. However, the A2 electrolyte, provided by Struers, in a similar manner. The sensitivity of this process was relatively low in comparison observations were done using a STEM 5500 Hitachi micro- with similar materials subjected to high deformation, for scope. example multiple rolling (Ref 11). This is most probably due to a large proportion of precipitation hardening which is the 2.1 Sample Preparation The aim of this research was to induce high strain in the material using the flow-forming method and analyze the changes that occurred in it. Additional heat treatment was conducted to investigate the impact of the deformation on the precipitation processes. Overall, the experiment demonstrated good formability of 17-4 PH steel. Large strains (over 67% reduction in thickness) were induced in the material in one technological process without additional intermediate anneal- ing. After the flow-forming process, cylinders were obtained using the same process parameters. Four different thickness reductions were induced in the material, as seen in Table 1. The process assumed that the thickness value was equal to the offset value between the mandrel and the roller. As it turned out, the difference was significantly higher and was a result of the spring-back effect and the clearances of the machine. Nonethe- less, the visual quality of the surface was even better than that after extrusion of the prefabricate. The next step involved the heat treatment of the material in standard aging conditions. No cracks or any defects were observed in the elements obtained. The metal-formed cylinders are shown in Fig. 2. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Mechanical Tests Results The tests that were conducted showed that with the increase in the thickness reduction, the hardness and the strength of the material increased, and the ductility decreased (Table 1 and 2) Fig. 3 Tensile tests—cold-formed samples Fig. 2 Cylinders obtained from the experiment Table 2 Summary of tensile properties with standard deviations of results Before HT After HT YS, MPa UTS, MPa Strain at break, % YS, MPa UTS, MPa Strain at break, % IN 775 ± 10 960 ± 10 26.2 ± 0.22 C1 899 ± 12 1030 ± 8 14.5 ± 1.6 717 ± 26 967 ± 8 22.3 ± 1.4 C2 948 ± 30 1091 ± 8 12.7 ± 0.6 768 ± 23 958 ± 7 21.3 ± 1.5 C3 943 ± 15 1116 ± 8 10.9 ± 0.3 816 ± 31 963 ± 4 19.3 ± 0.5 C4 1046 ± 33 1204 ± 15 7.3 ± 0.7 876 ± 11 1004 ± 7 17.6 ± 0.6 Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Volume 27(12) December 2018—6437 dominant hardening mechanism. The difference between the UTS (ultimate tensile strength) before and after the largest thickness reduction was about 300 MPa, and the elongation before breaking was three times smaller (Fig. 3). In terms of hardness, work hardening increased the value from 350 to 400 HV which was proportional to the registered mechanical properties. The heat treatment increased the plasticity of the samples, although they were still 20% higher than the initial state (Fig. 4). On the other hand, the annealing process caused a decrease in the UTS; however, the YS remained the same. After the greatest thickness reduction, the sample (C4) had a UTS of more than 1000 MPa and an elongation of 17% at the break point which was a rather small change in the mechanical properties in comparison to the initial state. The changes in the mechanical properties were gradual despite severe plastic deformation of the material. In terms of the evolution of the microstructure, elongated deformed grains and precipitates were observed using TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) and optical microscopy. Nonetheless, the changes were not particularly significant, despite the large thickness reduction, after comparing the changes to other similar materials after the same metal-forming process (Ref 12-14). The accompanying mechanical properties displayed similar relatively small changes. This may be explained by fine martensitic laths and precipitate strengthening which are the dominant mechanisms responsible for high material strength, even in the initial state. Strain hardening was limited in the 17-4 PH due to the severe distortion of the microstruc- Fig. 4 Tensile tests—cold-deformed samples after heat treatment Fig. 5 SEM micrographs of the tensile specimens after fracture (a) initial state and 68% cross-sectional reduction (b) cold-deformed sample and (c) after HT procedure 6438—Volume 27(12) December 2018 Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance ture caused by a great share of forest dislocations, even in the visible in Fig. 7 in the form of equiaxed grains. In comparison initial state. with the initial state, it caused an increase in the grain size and the disappearance of the morphological texture was due to 3.2 SEM Fractography metal forming. When comparing the grain sizes in the initial state and after heat treatment, a slight refinement was observed Complementary tests were done for the samples after tensile with gradual thickness reduction. tests to analyze the fracture surface of the samples. The material in the initial stage displayed a typical ductile fracture with 3.4 TEM Microscopy micro-dimples with a developed surface (Fig. 5a). Flow forming decreased significantly the plasticity of the material. The samples were prepared for TEM analysis after a 30 and This is reflected in the fractography of the sample after the 68% thickness reduction before and after heat treatment highest cross-sectional reduction (Fig. 5b). The surface was (Fig. 10 and 11). Additionally, for comparison, the initial state almost flat and had additional ledges and terraces which suggest of the material was also studied (Fig. 9). Martensitic laths were partially brittle fracture. On the other hand, the heat treatment seen in all the tested materials, although they had been distorted caused strength decrease and increase in plasticity which is by the flow-forming process. What is worth noting is that the reflected in the SEM micrograph (Fig. 5c) which in a greater dislocations were anchored on Cu precipitations, which can be extent reassemble the initial state of the material. seen in Fig. 8. The very dense precipitates were interconnected by forest dislocations. The metal-forming process had influ- 3.3 Optical Microscopy enced the orientation and shape of the individual grains. Additionally, various precipitates were abundant in the mate- In order to analyze the material before and after the heat rial, especially the nano-Cu and niobium carbides that were treatment, microstructure tests were done using optical grouped along shear bands, which was a result of the metal- microscopy. Blurred grain boundaries were visible and, with forming process (Fig. 9) (Table 3). The dislocation meant the the increase of the strain, an increase in the grain refinement free paths were limited by a dense precipitate structure. was observed (Fig. 6). Furthermore, in the cases of samples c Nonetheless, both microstructure elements substantially ham- and d, shear bands were observed in the microstructure in the pered dislocation movement, which reduced the effect of strain radial direction. The heat treatment caused uniform grain hardening. This was even more evident when analyzing the growth and recrystallization throughout the material, which is Fig. 6 Microstructure of the material after the flow-forming process (a) 16%, (b) 30%, (c) 48% and (d) 68% total strain Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Volume 27(12) December 2018—6439 Fig. 7 Microstructure of the material after the flow-forming process and heat treatment (a) 16%, (b) 30%, (c) 48% and (d) 68% total strain were comparable and did not have any noticeable differences. Overall, the samples had similar microstructures, which were independent of the thickness reductions. What is worth noting is that the additional stress due to the plastic deformation did not influence the precipitation process, which was good from the viewpoint of future applications. The analyzed residual stress was relatively low, and the microstructure was only slightly distorted which indicates susceptibility to plastic deformation. 3.5 XRD Residual Stress Analysis Complementary tests were carried out using XRD analysis. The main aim was to analyze the residual stress, depending on the thickness reduction and applied heat treatment. The obtained results (as seen in Table 4) showed an increase in the residual stress with the thickness reduction. Furthermore, the difference between the values before and after the heat Fig. 8 Dense dislocation network anchored on Cu precipitates treatment increased with the reduction in thickness. The main stress on the surface was compressive, with a maximum value of 255 MPa (C4 sample). The heat treatment reduced this value results of Yoo (Ref 8), who achieved a UTS of 1379 MPa by to 88 MPa, which was slightly lower than in the lowest using heat treatment on the material at 900 F (482 C). thickness reduction (C4-HT). In case of the lowest deformation, Comparing individual microstructures, it could be observed the difference between the cold-formed sample and the heat- that the induced strain only slightly influenced the microstruc- treated sample was within measurement error limits. ture even at the largest deformation causing distortions in the From the viewpoint of the overall cold metal-forming grain shapes. The heat treatment (Fig. 10b and 11b) caused a process, the currently used method (flow forming) was able to significant increase in the density of the precipitates, especially obtain a relative high thickness reduction (up to 67%) in one when compared to the cold-formed samples (Fig. 10a and 11a). technological process. What is also worth noting is that the The reductions in thickness (induced strain) did not influence the precipitation process, and the C2-HT and C4-HT samples changes in the mechanical properties were rather small, 6440—Volume 27(12) December 2018 Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Fig. 9 Initial state of the 17-4 PH stainless steel and precipitation interaction with the dislocations. (a) Small clusters of precipitates and (b) conglomerates of Cu precipitates Table 3 Chemical composition of the points in Fig. 8, wt.% Mg-K Al-K Si-K P-K Cr-K Mn-K Fe-K Ni-K Cu-K Nb-L 1 … 3.32 0.27 … 11.22 0.68 68.32 9.21 6.98 … 2 … 4.34 0.44 … 11.79 0.35 66.63 3.95 5.77 6.95 3 … 5.61 …… 10.80 0.24 54.67 3.50 6.45 18.50 4 … 6.71 …… 7.93 0.52 39.25 2.43 6.93 26.01 5 0.43 4.13 0.59 … 11.17 0.53 68.63 3.93 10.72 … 6 0.15 1.13 0.15 0.16 4.90 0.47 25.66 2.03 63.22 … 7 0.15 1.21 0.19 0.21 5.57 0.23 30.87 2.38 55.78 … 8 0.16 1.06 0.18 0.27 0.39 30.50 2.47 56.82 Fig. 10 TEM images of the microstructures for 30% thickness reduction (a) after flow forming and (b) heat treatment considering the induced deformation. As it turned out, the stresses caused by strain hardening. It is worth noting that, reason for this was the very dense precipitation concentration according to the literature, the formability of the 17-4 PH steel and arrangement of the dislocations which significantly was limited to only mild operations. However, it can be greatly decreased the mean free path of their movement. The plastic improved by hot-forming methods (Ref 15). Flow forming also resistance caused by the Cu precipitation was very high, has good formability at room temperature, which is beneficial limiting the grain refining and the increase in the internal in terms of further processing of the 17-4 PH steel. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Volume 27(12) December 2018—6441 Fig. 11 Microstructures for the 68% thickness reduction (a) after flow forming and (b) heat treatment Table 4 Residual stress analysis using the XRD method a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Residual stress, MPa Sample Flow forming Flow forming + HT References C1 70 61 1. C.C. Wong, T.A. Dean, and J. Lin, A Review of Spinning, Shear C2 76 67 Forming and Flow Forming Processes, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf., C3 165 76 2003, 43(14), p 1419–1435 C4 255 88 2. M.S. Mohebbi and A. Akbarzadeh, Experimental Study and FEM Analysis of Redundant Strains in Flow Forming of Tubes, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2010, 210(2), p 389–395 3. O. Music, J.M. Allwood, and K. Kawai, A Review of the Mechanics of Metal Spinning, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2010, 210(1), p 3–23 4. Conclusion 4. M. Jahazi and G. Ebrahimi, Influence of Flow-Forming Parameters and Microstructure on the Quality of a D6ac Steel, J. Mater. Process. • Cold flow forming allowed for a maximum of thickness Technol., 2000, 103(3), p 362–366 reduction of up to 67% to be obtained without any cracks 5. Z.-W. Hsiao, D. Chen, J.-C. Kuo, and D.-Y. Lin, Effect of Prior and with a good surface finish. Deformation on Microstructural Development and Laves Phase • The main strengthening mechanism was precipitation Precipitation in High-Chromium Stainless Steel, J. Microsc., 2017, 266(1), p 35–47 hardening, and strain hardening was visible in the 6. H. Mirzadeh and A. Najafizadeh, Aging Kinetics of 17-4 PH Stainless microstructure in the form of dense forest dislocations. Steel, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2009, 116(1), p 119–124 This meant that the dislocation free path length was short, 7. J. Wang, H. Zou, C. Li, S. Yu Qiu, and B. Luo Shen, The Effect which significantly increased the plastic resistance and of Microstructural Evolution on Hardening Behavior of Type hampered grain refining. As a result, the residual stress 17-4 PH Stainless Steel in Long-Term Aging at 350 C, Mater. Charact., 2006, 57(4–5), p 274–280 was relatively low about 250 MPa. 8. W. Do Yoo, J.H. Lee, K.T. Youn, and Y.M. Rhyim, Study on the Strain hardening increased the UTS of the steel by Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 17-4 PH Stainless Steel 400 MPa (1210 Ma) and decreased the elongation at Depending on Heat Treatment and Aging Time, Solid State Phenom., break up by 15% in comparison to the initial state. 2006, 118, p 15–20 9. K.H. Lo, C.H. Shek, and J.K.L. Lai, Recent Developments in Stainless Steels, Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep., 2009, 65, p 39–104 10. R.M. Molak et al., Use of Micro Tensile Test Samples in Determining the Remnant Life of Pressure Vessel Steels, Appl. Mech. Mater., 2007, Acknowledgment 7–8, p 187–194 11. M. Hadji and R. Badji, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of The financial support of the National Center for Research and Austenitic Stainless Steels After Cold Rolling, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., Development in the Program INNOLOT CASELOT INNOLOT/I/ 2002, 11(April), p 145–151 9/NCBR/2013 is gratefully acknowledged. 12. J. Hamada and N. Ono, Effect of Microstructure before Cold Rolling on Texture and Formability of Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet, Mater. Trans., 2010, 51(4), p 635–643 13. R.Z. Valiev, Superior Strength in Ultrafine-Grained Materials Produced Open Access by SPD Processing, Mater. Trans., 2014, 55(7), p 13–18 14. A. Belyakov, Y. Kimura, and K. Tsuzaki, Microstructure Evolution in This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Dual-Phase Stainless Steel During Severe Deformation, Acta Mater., Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativec 2006, 54(9), p 2521–2532 ommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, 15. http://www.aksteel.com. 17-4 PH stainless steel. Product Data Bullet- distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give ing. 2013. http://www.aksteel.com/pdf/markets_products/stainless/prec ipitation/17-4_ph_data_bulletin.pdf. Accessed 13 Dec 2016 appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide 6442—Volume 27(12) December 2018 Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance – Springer Journals
Published: Nov 1, 2018
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